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{{Short description|13th century Turko-Afghan military general of the Ghurid dynasty}}
{{EngvarB|date=March 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2017}}
{{infobox royalty
| name = Ikhtiyar al-Din Muhammad Bakhtiyar Khalji
| image = The end of Buddhist Monks, A.D. 1193.jpg
| caption = Muhammad bin Bakhtiyar Khalji and his fellow warrior Subahdar Awlia Khan leading troops in the slaughter of Buddhist monks. Early 20th-century illustration.<ref>{{cite book |title=Hutchinson's story of the nations, containing the Egyptians, the Chinese, India, the Babylonian nation, the Hittites, the Assyrians, the Phoenicians and the Carthaginians, the Phrygians, the Lydians, and other nations of Asia Minor |date=1906 |publisher=London, Hutchinson |page=169 |url=https://archive.org/details/hutchinsonsstory00londuoft/page/169/mode/1up}}</ref>
| successor = [[Muhammad Shiran Khalji]]
| occupation = Military general, ruler
| birth_place = [[Garmsir]], [[Helmand Province|Helmand]], [[Afghanistan]]
| death_place = [[Devkot]], [[Dakshin Dinajpur|South Dinajpur]], [[Bengal]]
| death_date = 1206
| burial_place = Pirpal Dargah, Narayanpur, [[Gangarampur (community development block)|Gangarampur]], [[Dakshin Dinajpur district|South Dinajpur]]
| burial_date = 1206
| house-type = Clan
| house = [[Khalaj people|Khilji]]
}}
'''Ikhtiyār al-Dīn Muḥammad Bakhtiyār Khaljī''',<ref>{{Cite encyclopedia |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Ikhtiyar-al-Din-Muhammad-Bakhtiyar-Khalji |title=Ikhtiyār al-Dīn Muḥammad Bakhtiyār Khiljī {{!}} Muslim general |encyclopedia=Encyclopedia Britannica |access-date=2018-09-09}}</ref> ({{lang-fa|اختیارالدین محمد بختیار خلجی}}, {{lang-bn|ইখতিয়ারউদ্দীন মুহম্মদ বখতিয়ার খলজী}}) also known as '''Bakhtiyar Khalji''',<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Faruqui |first=Munis D. |year=2005 |title=Review of The Bengal Sultanate: Politics, Economy and Coins (AD 1205-1576) |journal=The Sixteenth Century Journal |volume=36 |issue=1 |pages=246–248 |doi=10.2307/20477310 |issn=0361-0160 |quote=Hussain argues ... was actually named Muhammad Bakhtiyar Khalji and not the broadly used Muhammad bin Bakhtiyar Khalji |jstor=20477310}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |title=The Bengal Sultanate: Politics, Economy and Coins (AD 1205-1576) |last=Hussain |first=Syed Ejaz |publisher=Manohar |year=2003 |page=27 |isbn=9788173044823 |location=New Delhi}}</ref> was a [[Khalaj people|Turko]]-[[Pashtuns|Afghan]]<ref>{{Cite book|last=|first=|title=Know Your State West Bengal|publisher=Arihant Experts|year=2019|isbn=|location=|pages=15|quote=Turk-Afghan Rule: Muhammad Bakhtiyar Khilji's invasion to Bengal marked the advent of Turk-Afghan rule in Bengal.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Chandra|first=Satish|title=Medieval India: From Sultanat to the Mughals-Delhi Sultanat (1206-1526)|publisher=|year=2004|isbn=|location=|pages=226|quote=Although the Afghans formed a large group in the army of the Delhi Sultanat, only few Afghan nobles had been accorded important positions . That is why Bakhtiyar Khalji who was part - Afghan had to seek his fortune in Bihar and Bengal .}}</ref> military general of the [[Ghurid dynasty]],<ref>{{cite book |title=Turkish History and Culture in India: Identity, Art and Transregional Connections |date=17 August 2020 |publisher=BRILL |isbn=978-90-04-43736-4 |page=237 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ml75DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA237 |language=en}}</ref> who led the [[Muslim conquests in the Indian subcontinent|Muslim conquests]] of the eastern Indian regions of [[Bengal]] and [[Bihar]] and established himself as their ruler.<ref>{{cite book |last=Majumdar |first=R. C. |year=1973 |title=History of Mediaeval Bengal |location=Calcutta |publisher=G. Bharadwaj & Co. |oclc=1031074 |pages=1–2 |quote=Tradition gives him credit for the conquest of Bengal but as a matter of fact he could not subjugate the greater part of Bengal ... All that Bakhtyār can justly take credit for is that by his conquest of Western and a part of Northern Bengal he laid the foundation of the Muslim State in Bengal. The historians of the 13th century never attributed the conquest of the whole of Bengal to Bakhtyār.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Mehta |first1=Jaswant Lal |year=1986 |orig-year=First published 1979 |title=Advanced Study in the History of Medieval India |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iUk5k5AN54sC&pg=PA81 |volume=I |edition=2nd |publisher=Sterling Publishers |isbn=978-81-207-0617-0 |oclc=883279992 |pages=81–82 |quote=The Turkish arms penetrated into Bihar and Bengal, through the enterprising efforts of Ikhtiyaruddin Muhammad bin Bakhtiyar Khalji ... he started plundering raids into Bihar and, within four or five years, occupied a large part of it ... Nadia was sacked by the Turks and a few districts of Bengal (Malda, Dinajpur, Murshidabad and Birbhum) were occupied by them ... Bathtiyar Khalji could not retain his hold over Nadia and made Lakhnauti or Gaur as his capital.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DnZuAAAAMAAJ&q=Bakhtiyar+Khalji+bengal+and+bihar|title=India and the Afghans: A study of a neglected region, 1370-1576 A.D |isbn=9788185078687 |last1=Thakur |first1=Amrendra Kumar | year=1992| page=148}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Szfqq7ruqWgC&pg=PA59|title=Bangladesh: Past and Present |isbn=9788176484695 |last1=Ahmed |first1=Salahuddin |year=2004 |page=59}}</ref> He was the founder of the [[Khalji dynasty of Bengal]], which ruled Bengal for a short period, from 1203 to 1227 CE.

Khalji's invasions of the [[Indian subcontinent]] between A.D. 1197 and 1206 led to mass flight and murder of [[Buddhist monasticism|Buddhist monks]], and caused grave damage to the traditional Buddhist institutions of higher learning in Northern India.<ref name="Hartmut_2002">{{cite book |author=Hartmut Scharfe |title=Handbook of Oriental Studies |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7s19sZFRxCUC&pg=PA150 |year=2002 |publisher=BRILL |isbn=90-04-12556-6 |page=150 |quote=Nalanda, together with the colleges at Vikramasila and Odantapuri, suffered gravely during the conquest of Bihar by the Muslim general Muhammad Bhakhtiyar Khalji between A.D. 1197 and 1206, and many monks were killed or forced to flee.}}</ref> In Bengal, Khalji's reign was responsible for displacement of Buddhism by [[Islam]].<ref name="Arnold1896">{{cite book |last=Arnold |first=Sir Thomas Walker |url=https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_O45CAAAAIAAJ/page/n245 |title=The Preaching of Islam: A History of the Propagation of the Muslim Faith |publisher=Archibald Constable and Co |year=1896 |pages=227–228}}</ref><ref>Hindu-Muslim Relations in Bengal, 1905-1947: Study in Cultural Confrontation, Page 11, Nachiketa Publications, 1974, Hossainur Rahman</ref> His rule is said to have begun the [[Muslim rule in India|Islamic rule]] in Bengal, most notably those of [[Bengal Sultanate]] and [[Mughal Bengal]].<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gKhChF3yAOUC |title=The Rise of Islam and the Bengal Frontier, 1204-1760 |first=Richard Maxwell |last=Eaton |pages=28–34 |year=1996 |publisher=University of California Press |isbn=9780520205079}}</ref>

Bakhtiyar launched an ill-fated [[Bakhtiyar Khalji's Tibet campaign|Tibet campaign]] in 1206 and was assassinated upon returning to Bengal.<ref name="Sengupta2011" /><ref name="GillYule2010" /> He was succeeded by [[Muhammad Shiran Khalji]].

==Early life==
Bakhtiyar Khalji was born and raised in [[Garmsir]], [[Helmand Province|Helmand]], in present-day southern [[Afghanistan]]. He was member of the [[Khalaj people|Khalaj]] tribe,<ref name="Siraj-548">{{cite book |author=Minhāju-s Sirāj |year=1881 |title=Tabaḳāt-i-nāsiri: a general history of the Muhammadan dynastics of Asia, including Hindustān, from A.H. 194 (810 A.D.) to A.H. 658 (1260 A.D.) and the irruption of the infidel Mughals into Islām |series=Bibliotheca Indica #78 |publisher=Royal Asiatic Society of Bengal (printed by Gilbert & Rivington) |location=Calcutta, India |volume=1 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=u_ixTEEz8ssC&pg=548 |page=548 |translator= [[Henry George Raverty]]}}</ref><ref name="EB-Khalji">''the Khiljī tribe had long been settled in what is now Afghanistan ...'' [http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9045252/Khalji-Dynasty Khalji Dynasty]. ''[[Encyclopædia Britannica]]''. 2010. ''Encyclopædia Britannica''. 23 August 2010.</ref><ref>{{cite book |author=Satish Chandra |title=Medieval India: From Sultanat to the Mughals-Delhi Sultanat (1206-1526) - Part One |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=L5eFzeyjBTQC&pg=PA41 |year=2004 |publisher=Har-Anand |isbn=978-81-241-1064-5 |page=41 |quote=The Khaljis were a Turkish tribe from southwest Ghur. However, Bakhtiyar was ungainly in appearance...}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |editor-last=Sarkar |editor-first=Jadunath |editor-link=Jadunath Sarkar |year=1973 |orig-year=First published 1948 |title=The History of Bengal |volume=II |location=Patna |publisher=Academica Asiatica |pages=3, 8 |oclc=924890}}</ref> which is of [[Turkic peoples|Turkic]] origin<ref>{{cite book |last1=Chaurasia |first1=Radhey Shyam |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8XnaL7zPXPUC |title=History of medieval India: from 1000 A.D. to 1707 A.D. |publisher=Atlantic Publishers & Distributors |year=2002 |isbn=81-269-0123-3 |page=28 |quote=The Khiljis were a Turkish tribe but having been long domiciled in Afghanistan, and adopted Afghan habits and customs. They were treated as [[Afghanistan|Afghan]]s in [[Delhi Sultanate|Delhi Court]] |access-date=2010-08-23}}</ref> and after being settled in south-eastern [[Afghanistan]] for over 200 years, eventually led to the creation of the [[Ghilji]] tribe.<ref name="iri3">{{cite encyclopedia |title=ḴALAJ i. TRIBE |encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia Iranica |url=http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/khalaj-i-tribe-turkistan |access-date=4 July 2020 |date=15 December 2010 |quote=Indeed, it seems very likely that [the Khalaj] formed the core of the Pashto-speaking Ghilji tribe, the name [Ghilji] being derived from Khalaj. |author=Pierre Oberling}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author=Ashirbadi Lal Srivastava |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Bdw9AAAAMAAJ |title=The History of India, 1000 A.D.-1707 A.D. |publisher=Shiva Lal Agarwala |year=1966 |edition=Second |page=98 |oclc=575452554 |quote=His ancestors, after having migrated from Turkistan, had lived for over 200 years in the Helmand valley and Lamghan, parts of Afghanistan called Garmasir or the hot region, and had adopted Afghan manners and customs. They were, therefore, wrongly looked upon as Afghans by the Turkish nobles in India as they had intermarried with local Afghans and adopted their customs and manners. They were looked down as non Turks by Turks.}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author=Abraham Eraly |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vyEoAwAAQBAJ&pg=PT178 |title=The Age of Wrath: A History of the Delhi Sultanate |publisher=Penguin Books |year=2015 |isbn=978-93-5118-658-8 |page=126 |quote=The prejudice of Turks was however misplaced in this case, for Khaljis were actually ethnic Turks. But they had settled in Afghanistan long before the Turkish rule was established there, and had over the centuries adopted Afghan customs and practices, intermarried with the local people, and were therefore looked down on as non-Turks by pure-bred Turks. |author-link=Abraham Eraly}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author=Radhey Shyam Chaurasia |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8XnaL7zPXPUC |title=History of medieval India: from 1000 A.D. to 1707 A.D. |publisher=Atlantic |year=2002 |isbn=81-269-0123-3 |page=28 |quote=The Khaljis were a Turkish tribe but having been long domiciled in Afghanistan, had adopted some Afghan habits and customs. They were treated as Afghans in Delhi Court. They were regarded as barbarians. The Turkish nobles had opposed the ascent of Jalal-ud-din to the throne of Delhi.}}</ref> Bakhtiyar Khalji was of common birth,<ref name="Siraj-549">{{harvcol|Minhāju-s Sirāj|1881|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=u_ixTEEz8ssC&pg=549 549]}}</ref> had long arms extending below his knees,<ref name="Siraj-556">{{harvcol|Minhāju-s Sirāj|1881|pp=[https://books.google.com/books?id=u_ixTEEz8ssC&pg=556 556–557]}}</ref> a short physical stature, and an unfavorable countenance. He was first appointed as the ''Dewan-i-Ard'' at [[Ghor]]. Then he approached [[India]] in about the year 1193 and tried to enter in the army of [[Qutb al-Din Aibak]], but was refused rank. Then he went further eastward and took a job under Malik Hizbar al-Din, then in command of a platoon at Badayun in northern India.<ref name="Siraj-549"/> After a short period he went to [[Oudh]], where Malik Husam al-Din recognised him for his worth.<ref name="Siraj-549"/> Husam gave him a landed estate in the south-eastern corner of modern [[Mirzapur district]]. Khalji soon established himself there and carried out successful raids into the east.<ref>{{cite book |editor-last=Sarkar |editor-first=Jadunath |editor-link=Jadunath Sarkar |year=1973 |orig-year=First published 1948 |title=The History of Bengal |volume=II |location=Patna |publisher=Academica Asiatica |pages=2–3 |oclc=924890 |quote=granting him in ''jagir'' two ''parganas'' in the south-eastern corner of the modern Mirzāpur district ... having supplanted the petty Gahadvār chiefs of this tract, he began ravaging the open country to the east ... he confined himself to scouring the open country undefended by the field army of any organised State.}}</ref>

== Conquest of Bengal ==
Khalji was head of the [[Ghurid Empire]] military force that conquered parts of eastern India at the end of the 12th century and at the beginning of the 13th century.<ref>{{cite book |title=Turkish History and Culture in India: Identity, Art and Transregional Connections |date=17 August 2020 |publisher=BRILL |isbn=978-90-04-43736-4 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ml75DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA237 |language=en}}</ref>

[[File:Nalanda University ruins.JPG|thumb|300px|The ruins of [[Nalanda]].]]
[[File:Bengal. Muhammad Bakhtiyar Khalji. 1204-1206.Struck in the name of Mu'izz al-Din Muhammad bin Sam, Dated Samvat 1262 (1204 AD).jpg|thumb|300px|[[Bengal]] coinage of [[Bakhtiyar Khalji]] (1204–1206 CE). Struck in the name of Mu'izz al-Din Muhammad, dated [[Samvat]] 1262 (1204 CE).<br>''Obverse'': Horseman with [[Nagari script|Nagari]] legend around: ''[[samvat]] 1262 [[Bhadra (Hindu calendar)|bhadrapada]]'' "August, year 1262". ''Reverse'': Nagari legend: ''srima ha/ mira mahama /da saamah'' "Lord Emir [[Mu'izz al-Din Muhammad|Mohammed [ibn] Sam]]".<ref name="FBF">{{cite book |last1=Flood |first1=Finbarr B. |title=Objects of Translation: Material Culture and Medieval "Hindu-Muslim" Encounter |date=20 March 2018 |publisher=Princeton University Press |isbn=978-0-691-18074-8 |pages=115–117 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8MhJDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA116 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Goron |first1=Stan |last2=Goenka |first2=J. P. |last3=Robinson (numismatist.) |first3=Michael |title=The Coins of the Indian Sultanates: Covering the Area of Present-day India, Pakistan, and Bangladesh |date=2001 |publisher=Munshiram Manoharlal |isbn=978-81-215-1010-3 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kE8aAAAAYAAJ |language=en|quote="Obverse: horseman to left holding a mace, margin with date in Nagari Samvat 1262 Bhadrapada . Reverse : legend in Nagari śrīmat mahamada sāmaḥ . Issued in AD 1204"}}</ref>]]
[[File:Bengal. Muhammad Bakhtiyar Khalji. AH 601-602 AD 1204-1206. AV Fractional Tanka of 20 rati (17mm, 2.30 g, 12h). In the name of Mu'izz al-Din Muhammad bin Sam, Sultan of Delhi. Struck AD 1204-1205.jpg|thumb|300px|Another type of Bengal coinage of Muhammad Bakhtiyar Khalji as governor (1204–1206 CE). ''Obverse'': horseman galloping, holding lance with Devanagari legend around (''[[Sri|śrimat]] [[Mu'izz al-Din Muhammad bin Sam|mahamada samah]]'' "Lord Mohammed [ibn] Sam"). ''Reverse'': name and titles of [[Mu'izz al-Din Muhammad bin Sam]] in Arabic. Struck AD 1204–1205.<ref name="FBF"/> This is his earliest coinage in Bengal, using both Sanskrit and Arabic legends.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Kundra |first1=D. N. |last2=Prakashan |first2=Goyal Brothers |title=I.C.S.E. History & Civics for Class IX |date=1 December 2019 |publisher=Goyal Brothers Prakashan |isbn=978-93-88676-77-9 |page=176 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iGs8EAAAQBAJ&pg=PA176 |language=en}}</ref>]]
He subjugated [[Bihar]] in 1200.<ref>{{cite book |editor-last=Sarkar |editor-first=Jadunath |editor-link=Jadunath Sarkar |year=1973 |orig-year=First published 1948 |title=The History of Bengal |volume=II |location=Patna |publisher=Academica Asiatica |page=3 |oclc=924890 |quote=Bakhtyār led his army a second time in the direction of Bihar in the year following the sack of the fortified monastery of that name. This year, ''i.e.'' 1200 A.D., he was busy consolidating his hold over that province.}}</ref> His invasions severely damaged the Buddhist establishments at [[Odantapuri]], [[Vikramashila]], and destroyed [[Nalanda|Nalanda University]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Roy |first1=Himanshu |title=Political Thought in Indic Civilization |date=30 August 2021 |publisher=SAGE Publishing India |isbn=978-93-5479-159-8 |page=6 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rAVBEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA6 |language=en|quote="After the arrival of Islam, the universities such as Nalanda and Vikramshila were no longer existent. The destruction of Nalanda by Bakhtiyar Khalji was the last nail in this pre-Islamic Indic university, which had survived three major destructions"}}</ref><ref name="Hartmut_2002" /> Minhaj-i-Siraj's ''[[Tabaqat-i Nasiri]]'' documents Bakhtiyar Khalji's sack of a Buddhist monastery,<ref name="Hartmut_2002" /> which the author equates in his description with a city he calls "Bihar", from the soldiers' use of the word ''[[vihara]]''.<ref name="Andre_2002">{{cite book |author=André Wink |title=Al-Hind: The Slave Kings and the Islamic conquest, 11th-13th centuries |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uQ7k2vQlYxEC&pg=PA147 |year=2002 |publisher=BRILL |isbn=0-391-04174-6 |pages=146–148}}</ref> According to the early 17th-century Buddhist scholar [[Taranatha]], the invaders massacred many monks at Odantapuri, and destroyed Vikramashila.<ref name="Andre_2002"/>

In 1203, Khalji took his forces into [[Bengal]]. With the [[octogenarian]] emperor [[Lakshmana Sena]] at the helm, [[Sena dynasty]] was in a state of decline, and could not provide much resistance. As Khalji came upon the city of [[Nabadwip]], it is said that he advanced so rapidly that only 18 horsemen from his army could keep up.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Juzjani |first=Minhaj-i Siraj |url=http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.211405 |title=Tabakat-i-Nasiri Vol-I |publisher=Gilbert And Rivington |year=1881 |location=London |pages=557}}</ref> The small horde entered the city unchallenged and took the emperor and his army by shock .<ref name="BDID&EL1996">{{cite book |editor-last=Kalam |editor-first=Abul |title=Bangladesh: Internal Dynamics and External Linkages |date=1996 |publisher=University Press Limited |page=311 |isbn= 9789840513352 |url=https://www.google.co.id/books/edition/Bangladesh/7s7sAAAAMAAJ?hl=en&gbpv=0}}</ref><ref name="ShawkatAli1965">{{cite book |last1=M. Shawkat Ali |first1=S. |title=Social History & Political Sociology for Degree Students |date=1965 |publisher=Salma Shawkat via Majid Publishing House |page=93 |url=https://www.google.co.id/books/edition/Social_History_Political_Sociology_for_D/dfh0X92bVY8C?hl=en&gbpv=0 |access-date=25 December 2021 |language=English}}</ref> This caused Lakhsmana Sena to flee with his retainers to east Bengal.<ref name="Awan1991">{{cite book |last1=Tariq Awan |first1=Muhammad |title=History of India and Pakistan - Volume 1 |date=1991 |publisher=Ferozsons |pages=93–94 |isbn=9789690100344 |url=https://www.google.co.id/books/edition/History_of_India_and_Pakistan/qghuAAAAMAAJ?hl=en&gbpv=0 |access-date=25 December 2021}}</ref><ref name="Nazimuddin1980">{{cite book |last1=Ahmad |first1=Nazimuddin |title=Islamic Heritage of Bangladesh |date=1980 |publisher=Department of Films and Publications, Ministry of Information & Broadcasting, Government of the People's Republic of Bangladesh |page=6 |url=https://www.google.co.id/books/edition/Islamic_Heritage_of_Bangladesh/QquvJozv-KcC?hl=en&gbpv=0}}</ref><ref name="Encyclopedia of the Peoples of Asia and Oceania">{{cite book |url=https://www.google.co.id/books/edition/Encyclopedia_of_the_Peoples_of_Asia_and/pCiNqFj3MQsC?hl=en&gbpv=0 |title=Encyclopedia of the Peoples of Asia and Oceania |date=2010 |publisher=Facts On File, Incorporated |isbn=9781438119137 |page=99 |language=en |type=History / Reference, Asia -- History, Culture, Ethnology -- Encyclopedias -- Asia -- Oceania, Geography, Oceania, World history |format=ebook |ref=Barbara A. West |access-date=14 March 2022}}</ref> Khalji subsequently went on to capture [[Gauḍa (city)|Gauda]] (ancient Lakhnauti), the capital and the principal city of Bengal<ref>{{cite book |editor-last=Sarkar |editor-first=Jadunath |editor-link=Jadunath Sarkar |year=1973 |orig-year=First published 1948 |title=The History of Bengal |volume=II |location=Patna |publisher=Academica Asiatica |page=8 |oclc=924890 |quote=Bakhtyār fairly completed his conquest of the Varendra tract with the ... city of Gaur before the year 599 A.H.}}</ref> and intruded into much of Bengal.<ref>{{cite book |last=Sen |first=Amulyachandra |date=1954 |title=Rajagriha and Nalanda |series=Institute of Indology |volume= 4 |location=Calcutta |publisher=Calcutta Institute of Indology, Indian Publicity Society |page=52 |oclc=28533779}}</ref>

Muhammad Bakhtiyar's rule was related by [[Minhaj al-Siraj]], as he visited Bengal about 40 years later:<ref name="RME">{{cite book |last1=Eaton |first1=Richard M. |title=The Rise of Islam and the Bengal Frontier, 1204–1760 |date=1993 |publisher=UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA PRESS |location=Berkeley · Los Angeles · London |page=Chapter 1–2 |url=https://publishing.cdlib.org/ucpressebooks/view?docId=ft067n99v9&chunk.id=ch02&toc.depth=1&toc.id=ch02&brand=ucpress}}</ref>

{{blockquote|After Muhammad Bakhtiyar possessed himself of that territory he left the city of [[Nabadwip|Nudiah]] in desolation, and the place which is (now) [[Gauḍa (city)|Lakhnauti]] he made the seat of government. He brought the different parts of the territory under his sway, and instituted therein, in every part, the reading of the ''[[khutbah]]'', and the coining of money; and, through his praiseworthy endeavours, and those of his [[Amir]]s, [[masjid]]s [mosques], colleges, and monasteries (for [[Dervish]]es), were founded in those parts.|Account of the conquest of Bengal, [[Minhaj al-Siraj]].<ref name="RME"/>}}

==Death and aftermath==
[[File:Map of the Khaljis of Bengal.png|thumb|Muhammad bin Bakhtiyar Khalji founded the [[Khalji dynasty of Bengal]].]]
Ikhtiyar al-Dīn Muḥammad Khalji left the town of [[Devkot]] in 1206 to [[Bakhtiyar Khalji's Tibet campaign|attack Tibet]], leaving [[Ali Mardan Khalji]] in [[Ghoraghat Upazila]] to guard the eastern frontier from his headquarters at [[Barisal]]. Bakhtiyar Khalji's forces suffered a disastrous defeat at the hands of Tibetan guerrilla forces at [[Chumbi Valley]], which forced him to retreat to Devkot with only about a hundred surviving soldiers. As he lay ill and exhausted in Devkot, Bakhtiyar Khalji was assassinated by Ali Mardan Khalji.<ref name="Sengupta2011">{{cite book |author=Nitish K. Sengupta |title=Land of Two Rivers: A History of Bengal from the Mahabharata to Mujib |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kVSh_TyJ0YoC&pg=PA63 |date=1 January 2011 |publisher=Penguin Books India |isbn=978-0-14-341678-4 |pages=63–64}}</ref><ref name="GillYule2010">{{cite book |author1=William John Gill |author2=Henry Yule |title=The River of Golden Sand: The Narrative of a Journey Through China and Eastern Tibet to Burmah |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Uuk2OQeMwsMC&pg=PA43 |year=2010 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-1-108-01953-8 |pages=43}}</ref>

The Khalji noblemen then appointed [[Muhammad Shiran Khalji]] as Bakhtiyar's successor. Loyal troops under Shiran Khalji and Subedar Aulia Khan avenged Ikhtiyar's death, imprisoning Ali Mardan Khalji. Eventually Ali Mardan fled to Delhi and provoked the Sultan of Delhi [[Qutb al-Din Aibak]] to invade Bengal, who sent an army under Qayemaz Rumi, the governor of [[Awadh]], to dethrone Shiran Khalji . Shiran fled to Dinajpur where he later died.<ref>[http://www.historyfiles.co.uk/KingListsFarEast/IndiaBengal.htm#Khilji Khilji Malik]</ref> [[Ghiyasuddin Iwaj Shah|Ghiyas-ud-din Iwaz Khalji]] assisted the invasion and assumed the governorship of Bengal in 1208. But shortly after, he yielded power to Ali Mardan willingly, when the latter returned from Delhi in 1210. However, the nobles of Bengal conspired against and assassinated Ali Mardan in 1212. Iwaj Khalji assumed power again and proclaimed his independence from the Delhi sultanate.<ref name="Chandra4143">{{cite book |last=Chandra |first=Satish |date=2004 |title=Medieval India: From Sultanat to the Mughals-Delhi Sultanat (1206–1526) – Part One |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=L5eFzeyjBTQC |publisher=Har-Anand Publications |pages=41–43 |isbn=9788124110645}}</ref>

== Legacy ==
Muhammad Bakhtiyar Khalji had the [[Khutbah]] read and coins struck in his name. Mosques, [[madrasas]], and [[khanqah]]s arose in the new abode of Islam through Bakhtiyar's patronage, and his example was imitated by his subordinates.<ref>{{cite book |last=Ichimura |first=Shōhei |title=Buddhist Critical Spirituality: Prajñā and Śūnyatā |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xTW6XNxOxbkC&pg=PA65 |year=2001 |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |isbn=978-81-208-1798-2 |page=65 (note 87)}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Sen |first=Gertrude Emerson |date=1964 |title=The Story of Early Indian Civilization |publisher=Orient Longmans |oclc=610346317}}</ref> Khalji's conquest began 500 years of Muslim rule over Bengal which ended with the [[Battle of Plassey]] in 1757. [[Al Mahmud]], a leading Bangladeshi poet, composed a book of poetry titled ''Bakhtiyarer Ghora'' (''Horses of Bakhtiyar'') in the early 1990s, in which Khalji was depicted as the praiseworthy hero of Muslim conquest of Bengal.<ref>{{cite web |title=Al Mahmud |url=http://www.trulybangladesh.com/en/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=335:al-mahmud-&catid=90:contemporary-authors&Itemid=110 |access-date=22 January 2014 |publisher=Truly Bangladesh}}</ref>Several Indians see him as an oppressor who destroyed the world-renowned educational institutions and he remains a topic in Indian politics.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-09-13 |title=What name change! Bakhtiyarpur my birthplace: Nitish Kumar |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/what-name-change-bakhtiyarpur-my-birthplace-nitish-kumar-101631552035077.html |access-date=2022-08-09 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[List of rulers of Bengal#Delhi Sultanate era]]
* [[Mahmud of Ghazni|Sultan Mahmud Ghaznavi]]
* [[Ghazi Saiyyad Salar Masud]]
* [[Bakhtiarpur]]

==References==
{{Islam in Bangladesh}}
{{reflist|30em}}

==External links==
{{Wikiquote}}
* History of the Muslims of Bengal – Volume 1A: Muslim Rule in Bengal (600-170/1203-1757), by Muhammad Mohar Ali, [[Imam Muhammad ibn Saud Islamic University]], Department of Culture and Publications.
* {{cite Banglapedia|author=Ahmed, ABM Shamsuddin|article=Bakhtiyar Khalji}}
* {{cite Banglapedia|author=Chowdhury, AM|article=Sena Dynasty}}

{{S-start}}
{{Succession box
| before=[[Sena dynasty]]<br />[[Lakshman Sen|King Lakshman Sen]]
| title=[[Khalji dynasty of Bengal]]
| years=1204–1206
| after=[[Muhammad Shiran Khalji]]}}
{{S-end}}
{{Khalji dynasty}}

[[Category:Mamluk dynasty (Delhi)]]
[[Category:Medieval India]]
[[Category:Rulers of Bengal]]
[[Category:1206 deaths]]
[[Category:12th-century Indian monarchs]]
[[Category:Indian Muslims]]
[[Category:Year of birth unknown]]
[[Category:Buddhism and Islam]]
[[Category:Indian people of Turkic descent]]

Muhammad Bakhtiyar Khalji - Revision history

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