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{{Short description|Indian Muslim scholar}}<br />
{{Infobox officeholder<br />
|name = Muḥammad Ali Mungeri<br />
|image = <br />
|caption = <br />
|office1= First [[List of chancellors and principals of Darul Uloom Nadwatul Ulama|Chancellor of Darul Uloom Nadwatul Ulama]]<br />
|term_start1= 26 September 1898<br />
|term_end1= 19 July 1903<br />
|predecessor1 = Position established <br />
|successor1 = [[Masihuzzaman Khan]]<br />
|module = {{Infobox religious biography|embed = yes|religion=Islam<br />
|birth_date = {{birth date|1846|7|28|df=y}}<br />
|birth_place = [[Kanpur]], [[Mughal India]]<br />
|death_date = {{date of death and age|1927|9|13|1846|7|28|df=y}}<br />
|alma_mater = [[Mazahir Uloom]]<br />
|founder = {{bulleted list|[[Nadwatul Ulama]]|[[Darul Uloom Nadwatul Ulama]]}}<br />
|notable_works = ''Ā'īna-e-Islām'', ''Sāti' al-Burhān'', ''Barāhīn-e-Qāti'ah'', ''Faisla Āsmāni'', ''Shahādat-e-Āsmāni''<br />
|children = [[Minnatullah Rahmani]] (son)<br />
|relatives = [[Wali Rahmani]] (grandson)<br />
}}}}<br />
'''Muḥammad Ali Mungeri''' (28 July 1846 – 13 September 1927) was an Indian Muslim scholar who was the founder [[Nadwatul Ulama]] and first chancellor of its [[Darul Uloom Nadwatul Ulama|Darul Uloom]], a major Islamic seminary in [[Lucknow]]. He extensively wrote against [[Christianity]] and [[Ahmadiyya]]. His books include ''Ā'īna-e-Islām'', ''Sāti' al-Burhān'', ''Barāhīn-e-Qāti'ah'', ''Faisla Āsmāni'' and ''Shahādat-e-Āsmāni''. <br />
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Muḥammad Ali was a student of [[Ahmad Ali Saharanpuri]] and an authorized disciple of Fazl Raḥmān Ganj Murādābādi. He resigned from the Nadwatul Ulama in 1903 and shifted to [[Munger]] where he established the Khānqah Raḥmāniya. His son [[Minnatullah Rahmani]] was among the founders of the [[All India Muslim Personal Law Board]] and his grandson [[Wali Rahmani]] established the institution of [[Rahmani30]].<br />
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==Early life and education==<br />
Muḥammad Ali Mungeri was born on 28 July 1846 in [[Kanpur]].{{Sfn|al-Hasani|2016|p=31}} His [[Arabic name#Ism|ism]] ([[given name]]) was Muḥammad Ali. His ''[[nasab]]'' ([[patronymic]]) is: Muḥammad Ali ibn Abd al-Ali ibn Ghaws Ali ibn Rāhat Ali ibn Amān Ali ibn Nūr Muḥammad ibn Muḥammad Umar ibn Āshiq Muḥammad ibn Muḥammad Shah ibn Atīqullah ibn Qutbuddīn ibn Makhdūm Abu Bakr ibn Bahā al-Haqq Habībullah Multāni ibn Ḥasan ibn Yūsuf ibn Jamāl al-Haqq ibn Ibrāhim ibn Rāji Ḥāmid ibn Mūsa Aḥmad Shibli ibn Ali ibn Muḥammad ibn Ḥasan ibn Abu Saleh ibn [[Abdul Razzaq Jilani|Abd al-Razzāq]] ibn [[Abdul Qadir Jilani]].{{Sfn|al-Hasani|2016|p=31}}<br />
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Muḥammad Ali studied the [[Quran]] with his uncle Zahoor Ali and the primary books of [[Persian language|Persian]] with Abd al-Wāhid Balgrāmi.{{Sfn|al-Hasani|2016|p=32}} He was among the early students of the Madrasa Faiz-e-Aam in Kanpur. He studied there with Ināyat Aḥmad Kākori, Sayyid Ḥussain Shah and Lutfullah Aligarhi; however left his studies incomplete as his mother insisted him to marry.{{Sfn|al-Hasani|2016|p=35-36}} Aged 22, Muḥammad Ali was married in [[Mohiuddinpur]], where he stayed for two years. Meanwhile his teacher Lutfullah Aligarhi had moved to [[Aligarh]] where he continued his teaching circle at the Madrasa Jāmi' Masjid. Muḥammad Ali shifted to Aligarh and completed his remaining course with Lutfullah Aligarhi.{{Sfn|al-Hasani|2016|p=35-36}} He completed studying rational sciences with Lutfullah and then studied the ''[[Sihah Sittah]]'' with him.{{Sfn|al-Hasani|2016|p=37-38}} He went to [[Mazahir Uloom]] in 1293 [[Hijri year|AH]] where he stayed with [[Ahmad Ali Saharanpuri]] for nine months and studied the ''Sihah Sittah'', ''Muwatta Imam Muḥammad'' and ''[[Muwatta Imam Malik]]'' with him.<ref>{{cite book |author1=Shahid Saharanpuri |title=Ulama e Mazahir Uloom aur unki Ilmi wa tasnīfi khidmāt |page= 287|volume=1|publisher=Maktaba Yādgār-e-Shaykh |location=Saharanpur |edition=2005 |language=ur}}</ref>{{Sfn|al-Hasani|2016|p=43-44}} Muḥammad Ali was an authorized disciple of [[Shah Fazl-e-Rahman|Shah Fazl-e-Rahman Ganj Muradabadi]] in [[Sufism]].{{Sfn|Arshad|2000|p=258}}<br />
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==Career==<br />
Muḥammad Ali started to teach in Dulāri Masjid in Kanpur. Impressed by his teaching method, he was invited by the rector of Madrasa Faiz-e-Aam to teach there. Muḥammad Ali taught there for few months and fell ill and discontinued teaching.{{Sfn|al-Hasani|2016|p=45-46}} Earlier he had taught at this [[madrasa]] for about two years before travelling to [[Saharanpur]], where he studied with Ahmad Ali Saharanpuri.{{Sfn|al-Hasani|2016|p=45-46}}<br />
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In 1893, during the annual congregation of the Madrasa Faiz-e-Aam, a group of scholars unanimously decided that a permanent council of scholars be formed and its meeting be followed in the next year.{{Sfn|al-Hasani|2016|p=107-109}} They named the council as [[Nadwatul Ulama]] and Muḥammad Ali was appointed as its first manager.{{Sfn|al-Hasani|2016|p=107-109}} According to Habībur Raḥmān Khān Sherwāni, Muḥammad Ali was the first person who thought of establishing the institution of Nadwa.{{Sfn|al-Hasani|2016|p=107-109}} In [[Muharram]] 1313 AH, he presented his sketch of the Darul Uloom, and five months later, he presented the draft of its educational curriculum, named ''Musawwada-e Nisāb-e-Arabi''.{{Sfn|al-Hasani|2016|p=135}} His sketch of the Darul Uloom was unanimously accepted in April 1896 in the meet of the Nadwatul Ulama at [[Bareily]].{{Sfn|al-Hasani|2016|p=145-146}} He is thus referred as the prime founder of the Nadwatul Ulama and its [[Darul Uloom Nadwatul Ulama]], one of the major Islamic seminaries in India.<ref name="asir">{{Cite book|title=Tazkirah Mashāhīr-e-Hind: Karwān-e-Rafta|author=[[Asir Adrawi]]|page=235|location=[[Deoband]]|publisher= Darul Muallifeen |language=Urdu |date = 2 April 2016}}</ref> He applied for resignation in [[Rajab]] 1313 AH, however it was not approved, and Hakīm [[Abdul Hai Hasani]] was appointed as his helper.{{Sfn|al-Hasani|2016|p=141-142}} His resignation was approved on 19 July 1903.{{Sfn|al-Hasani|2016|p=238}} He then shifted permanently to [[Munger]].{{Sfn|al-Hasani|2016|p=237}}<br />
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In 1901, Muḥammad Ali established the Khanqah Rahmāniya in Munger.<ref name="asir"/><ref>{{cite news |title=Life and work of Maulana Mohammad Wali Rahmani |url=https://www.milligazette.com/news/13-books/15250-life-and-work-of-maulana-mohammad-wali-rahmani/ |access-date=5 July 2021 |work=Milli Gazette |date=24 December 2016}}</ref> He gave religious and spiritual discourses there. His [[murid]]s (pupils) in [[Sufism]] count about four [[lakh]].{{Sfn|al-Hasani|2016|p=296}} He wrote a short treatise on Sufism, entitled ''Irshād-e-Raḥmāni''.{{Sfn|al-Hasani|2016|p=318}}<br />
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Muḥammad Ali started a newspaper ''Manshūr-e-Muḥammadi'' in 1289 [[Hijri year|AH]] to curb the spread of [[Christianity]] among Indian Muslims. The literature of Christian missionaries Munshi Safdar Ali and Imāduddīn was getting quite famous in that time. Through ''Manshūr-e-Muḥammadi'', Muḥammad Ali wrote in defense of [[Islam]] and invited Christian missionaries to debate, who did not reply, and it helped the Muslims with weak faith, to stay upon the religion of Islam.{{Sfn|al-Hasani|2016|p=57-60}} The newspaper stopped after five years as Muḥammad Ali had gone to complete his [[hadith studies]] with Ahmad Ali Saharanpuri.{{Sfn|al-Hasani|2016|p=57-60}} Muḥammad Ali also established the Islamic Orphanage Center in Kanpur to help poor Muslim kids so that they do not fell to Christianity. The center taught the Muslims kids, the skills of craftsmanship, besides education.{{Sfn|al-Hasani|2016|p=61}}<br />
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==Literary works==<br />
===On Christianity===<br />
Muḥammad Ali authored ''Mirat al-Yaqīn'' criticising Christianity. In this book, he defended [[Rahmatullah Kairanawi]]'s ''Ae'jāz-e-Īswi'', which Imāduddīn had tried to criticize through ''Hidāyat al-Muslimīn''. In ''Mirat al-Yaqīn'', Muḥammad Ali claimed that the Christian scholars accept that the [[Bible]] has been distorted, and whatever Kairanwi had written was right.{{Sfn|al-Hasani|2016|p=66}}<br />
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In 1297 AH, Muḥammad Ali wrote ''Ā'īna-e-Islām'' as a response to Safdar Ali's ''Nayā Zamāna''. He wrote ''Tarāna-e-Hijāzi'' in 1295 AH and ''Daf'a at-Talbisāt'' in 1302 AH. He later wrote ''Sāti' al-Burhān'' and ''Barāhīn-e-Qāti'ah''.{{Sfn|al-Hasani|2016|p=67-71}} He also authored ''Paighām-e-Muḥammadi'', as a response to Safdar Ali's ''Nayā Zamāna'' and ''Adm Zarūrat-e-Qur'ān'' of Thakur Das. The book is spread over two volumes and is considered Muḥammad Ali's major work.{{Sfn|al-Hasani|2016|p=67-71}}<br />
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===On Ahmadiyya===<br />
Muḥammad Ali was among the prominent Muslim scholars who debated with the [[Ahmadis]]. He authored more than one hundred books and articles against them.{{Sfn|al-Hasani|2016|p=240}} He wrote ''Faisla Āsmāni'' in three volumes.{{Sfn|al-Hasani|2016|p=253}} His other books on this include ''Shahādat-e-Āsmāni'', ''Chashma-e-Hidāyat'', ''Me'yār-e-Sadāqat'', ''Haqīqat al-Masīh'' and ''Tanziyah Rabbāni''.{{Sfn|al-Hasani|2016|p=261}}<br />
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==Death and legacy==<br />
Muḥammad Ali died on 13 September 1927.<ref name="asir" /> His son [[Minnatullah Rahmani]] was among the founding figures of the [[All India Muslim Personal Law Board]].<ref>{{cite book |author1=Noor Alam Khalil Amini |author-link=Noor Alam Khalil Amini |title=Pas-e-Marg-e-Zindah |publisher=Idara Ilm-o-Adab |location=[[Deoband]] |pages=214–238 |edition=5th |date=February 2017 |language=Urdu |chapter=Mawlāna Jalīl-ul-Qadar Aalim-o-Qā'id Amīr-e-Shariat: Hadhrat Mawlāna Sayyid Minatullah Rahmani - Chand Yaadein|trans-chapter=The Great Scholar and Leader, Amīr-e-Shariat: Hadhrat Mawlāna Sayyid Minatullah Rahmani - Few Memories}}</ref> His grandson [[Wali Rahmani]] founded the [[Rahmani30]] institute.<ref>{{cite news |title=Imarat Shariah head passes away in Patna |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/imarat-shariah-head-passes-away/articleshow/81890728.cms |access-date=5 July 2021 |work=Times of India |date=4 April 2021}}</ref><br />
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==References==<br />
===Citations===<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
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===Works cited===<br />
{{refbegin|30em|indent=yes}}<br />
* {{cite book |last1= al-Hasani|first1=Sayyid Muḥammad |title=Sīrat Hadhrat Mawlāna Muḥammad Ali Mungeri: Bāni Nadwatul Ulama |date=May 2016 |publisher=Majlis Sahāfat-o-Nashriyāt, Nadwatul Ulama |location=Lucknow |edition=4 |language=ur |oclc=1202732841}}<br />
* {{cite book |first1=Abdur Rashīd |last1=Arshad |editor1-last=Deobandi |editor1-first=Nawaz |editor1-link=Nawaz Deobandi |title=Sawaneh Ulama-e-Deoband |publisher=Nawaz Publications |location=[[Deoband]]|volume = 2 |pages=254–362 |date=January 2000 |language=Urdu |chapter=Hadhrat Mawlāna Sayyid Muḥammad Ali Mungeri}}<br />
{{refend}}<br />
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==Further reading==<br />
* {{Cite thesis |last=Siddiqi |first=Mohd. Sohaib |title=Nadwa Movement Its Contribution To The Development Of Arabic Language And Literature In India |access-date=16 April 2024 |degree=PhD |publisher=Department of Arabic, [[Aligarh Muslim University]] |url=https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in:8443/jspui/handle/10603/56142 |language=ur |pages=95–109 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231126032814/https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in:8443/jspui/handle/10603/56142 |archive-date=26 November 2023 |year=1993 |location=India |url-status=live}}<br />
* {{Cite thesis|last=Khan|first=Ghazanfar Ali|title=Nadvat al-Ulama: a centre of Islamic Learning|date=2015|page= |publisher=[[Aligarh Muslim University]]|url=https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/handle/10603/49833|pages=111–114|hdl=10603/49833 }}<br />
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{{Hanafi scholars}}<br />
{{Maturidi}}<br />
{{Authority control}}<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Mungeri, Muhammad Ali}}<br />
[[Category:1846 births]]<br />
[[Category:1927 deaths]]<br />
[[Category:Founders of Indian schools and colleges]]<br />
[[Category:Indian critics of Christianity]]<br />
[[Category:Critics of Ahmadiyya]]<br />
[[Category:Mazahir Uloom alumni]]<br />
[[Category:Indian Sufis]]<br />
[[Category:Hanafis]]<br />
[[Category:Maturidis]]<br />
[[Category:Chancellors of Darul Uloom Nadwatul Ulama]]<br />
[[Category:Managers of Nadwatul Ulama]]<br />
[[Category:Academic staff of Darul Uloom Nadwatul Ulama]]<br />
[[Category:Deobandis]]<br />
[[Category:People from Munger district]]</div>DellaPugh3766180