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{{Short description|Sultan of the Suri Empire from 1554 to 1555}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2019}}
{{more citations needed|date=October 2014}}
{{Infobox royalty
| name = Muhammad Adil Shah
| image = Copper Half Paisa of Adil Shah Suri.jpg
| caption = Copper Half Paisa of Adil Shah Suri
| succession = 4th [[Sur Empire|Sultan of the Sur Empire]]
| reign = 25 November 1554 – January 1555
| coronation =
| predecessor = [[Firuz Shah Suri]]
| successor = [[Ibrahim Shah Suri]]
| death_date = 1557
| issue =
| house = [[Sur (tribe)|Sur]]
| spouse =
| father =
| religion = [[Sunni Islam]]
| full name = Muhammad Mubāriz Khān
| dynasty = [[Sur Empire|Sur]]
}}

'''Muhammad Adil Shah''' (Muhammad Mubariz Khan; died 1557) was [[Sur Empire#List of rulers of the Sur Empire|Sultan of the Sur Empire]] from December 1554 until his defeat in January 1555.<ref name=r1>Majumdar, R.C. (ed.) (2007). ''The Mughul Empire'', Mumbai: Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan, {{Listed Invalid ISBN|81-7276-407-1}}, pp.94–6</ref> He was the last Suri ruler of the united empire, after which the empire fell into civil war.
[[File:Copper coin of Muhammad Adl Shah.jpg|thumb|Copper Dam of Muhammad Adil Shah]]

==Early life==
He was the son of Nizam Khan, the younger brother of the Sultan [[Sher Shah Suri]]. Adil's sister, Bibi Bai, was married to [[Islam Shah Suri]]. His real name was Muhammad Mubariz Khan. He was responsible for the assassination of [[Firuz Shah Suri]], the twelve-year-old son of [[Islam Shah Suri]], in 1554. Then he ascended the throne as the last sultan of the united empire. He appointed [[Hemu]] as his [[Vizier|Wazir]].

==Biography==
Dil Shah (also known as Adil Shah) tried to win over the nobles and the army by giving them large sums of money and titles. However, his act of killing the rightful ruler led to serious consequences and marked the beginning of the end for the Sur dynasty. Although he was weak and ineffective as a ruler, he appointed a very capable minister named [[Hemu]]—a Hindu from a modest background who had risen through important positions under the previous ruler, Islam Shah.<ref>{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qoRDAAAAYAAJ | title=Military History of India | publisher=Orient Longmans | last=Sarkar | first=Jadunath | author-link=Jadunath Sarkar | orig-date=1960 | date = 1970 | pages=66–69 | isbn=9780861251551 }}</ref><ref name=r1/><ref name="Jalali Afghanistan">{{Cite book |last1=Jalali |first1=Ali Ahmad |title=Afghanistan: A Military History from the Ancient Empires to the Great Game |year=2021 |publisher=University Press of Kansas |isbn=9780700632633 |language=English|pages=250-251}}</ref> Despite Hemu's abilities, Dil Shah's weak leadership allowed different parts of the empire to break apart. Ibrahim Khan Sur, who was in charge of Agra, rebelled by defeating the army sent against him and took over Delhi for himself. At the same time, Ahmad Khan Sur, the governor of Lahore, declared independence under the title Sikandar Shah, and Muhammad Khan Sur in Bengal also revolted, calling himself Shams-ud-din Muhammad Shah Ghazi. The once-unified empire split into four main regions,<ref name=r1/> [[Delhi]] and [[Agra]] under [[Ibrahim Shah Suri]],<ref name=r1/> [[Panjab]] under [[Sikandar Shah Suri]],<ref name="Jalali Afghanistan"/><ref name=r1/> Bengal under Shams-ud-din Muhammad Shah, and<ref name=r1/> the area from Agra to Bihar under Muhammad Adil Shah.<ref name=r1/> [[Sikandar Shah Suri]] went on to fight Ibrahim near Agra in 1555 and won, capturing both Delhi and Agra. As the internal conflicts continued, [[Humayun]] seized the opportunity to return from [[Kabul]] in November 1554. His forces quickly took over important areas like [[Lahore]], [[Jalandhar]], and [[Sirhind]]. In the process, Mughal troops, led by Akbar’s generals, defeated their Afghan opponents and captured [[Delhi]].<ref name=r1/>

Meanwhile, the fighting among the Afghan rulers did not stop. [[Hemu]], acting as Dil Shah’s prime minister, won two battles against one of the rebel leaders near Kalpi and Khanua, forcing him to hide in the fort of [[Bayana]]. Later, after Humayun’s death in January 1556 and the accession of young Akbar, Hemu advanced with a large force from Gwalior, capturing Agra when its governor fled, and then took Delhi after defeating its governor.<ref name=r1/>

Feeling strong after these victories, [[Hemu]] declared himself independent with the title Raja Vikramaditya and distributed wealth generously among his officers to secure their loyalty. He prepared to resist the Mughal forces, and a large battle took place on November 5, 1556, at Panipat. Although his army was larger, an arrow struck Hemu in the eye, and he fell unconscious. Believing their leader was dead, his troops lost heart and fled. Hemu was captured and later killed by Mughal forces under Akbar and his general Bairam Khan.<ref name=r1/> After this decisive battle, Mughal rule was firmly established in [[Delhi]] and [[Agra]].<ref name=r1/>

== In the [[Panjab]] ==
In [[Panjab]], Sikandar Shah Suri actively fought his enemies and defeated Khizr KhWaja Khan near [[Lahore]] at Chamiari. When [[Akbar]] and [[Bairam Khan]] moved against him, he took shelter in the fort of [[Mankot]] and held out for about six months, hoping that a distraction from Adil Shah, still holding [[Chunar]], might help him. However, when Adil Shah was defeated and killed by [[Ghiyasuddin Bahadur Shah|Khizr Khan Sur]] of [[Bengal]] in 1557,<ref name="Qanungo Sher Shah">{{Cite book |last1=Qanungo |first1=Kalika Ranjan |title=Sher Shah and His Times |year=1965 |publisher=Orient Longmans |language=English |pages=138-140 }}</ref> Sikandar lost his resolve and surrendered. He was given a post in [[Bihar]] but was soon expelled by [[Akbar]] and died in Bengal about two years later. Meanwhile, [[Ibrahim Shah Suri]] fled to [[Orissa]], where he was defeated around 1567–1568. With these rival leaders gone, the turmoil in northern [[India]] ended, clearing the way for [[Akbar]] to re-establish firm Mughal rule.<ref name=r1/>

==See also==
* [[Suri Empire]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{s-start}}
{{succession box |
before=[[Firuz Shah Suri]]|
title=[[Shah|Shah of Delhi]]|
years=1554–1555|
after=[[Ibrahim Shah Suri]]}}
{{s-end}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Muhammad Adil Shah}}
[[Category:Sultans of the Sur Empire]]
[[Category:16th-century Indian Muslims]]
[[Category:Indian people of Pashtun descent]]
[[Category:Indian people of Afghan descent]]
[[Category:1557 deaths]]
[[Category:1554 in India]]
[[Category:1555 in India]]
[[Category:Year of birth unknown]]
[[Category:16th-century Indian monarchs]]
[[Category:16th-century Afghan people]]

Muhammad Adil Shah Suri - Revision history

Vishal Meena Phagi: Made Stub!