Mughal Empire - Revision history

Alaminsorker: enhanced structure for clarity and added references

2026-04-21T21:28:47Z

enhanced structure for clarity and added references

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LucasRowan: slightly updated intro after review and added references per sources

2026-03-21T12:21:43Z

slightly updated intro after review and added references per sources

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Bharatwiki Socrates at 03:09, 2 December 2023

2023-12-02T03:09:11Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 08:39, 2 December 2023
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	<!-- Deleted image removed: [[File:Qa'im Muhammad ibn 'Isa ibn Allahdad Lahuri, Lahore, 1627.jpeg\|thumb\|right\|Seamless [[celestial globe]] made in [[Lahore]], 1627]] -->		<!-- Deleted image removed: [[File:Qa'im Muhammad ibn 'Isa ibn Allahdad Lahuri, Lahore, 1627.jpeg\|thumb\|right\|Seamless [[celestial globe]] made in [[Lahore]], 1627]] -->
	One of the most remarkable astronomical instruments invented in Mughal India is the [[Lost-wax casting\|lost-wax cast]], hollow, seamless, [[celestial globe]]. It was invented in [[Kashmir]] by Ali Kashmiri ibn Luqman in 998 [[Anno Hegirae\|AH]] (1589–90 CE), and twenty other such [[globe]]s were later produced in [[Lahore]] and Kashmir during the Mughal Empire.<ref>[[Savage-Smith, Emilie]] (1985), ''Islamicate Celestial Globes: Their History, Construction, and Use'', Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, DC</ref>		One of the most remarkable astronomical instruments invented in Mughal India is the [[Lost-wax casting\|lost-wax cast]], hollow, seamless, [[celestial globe]]. It was invented in [[Kashmir]] by Ali Kashmiri ibn Luqman in 998 [[Anno Hegirae\|AH]] (1589–90 CE), and twenty other such [[globe]]s were later produced in [[Lahore]] and Kashmir during the Mughal Empire.<ref>[[Savage-Smith, Emilie]] (1985), ''Islamicate Celestial Globes: Their History, Construction, and Use'', Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, DC</ref>
	A 17th century celestial globe was also made by Diya’ ad-din Muhammad in [[Lahore]], 1668 (now in Pakistan).<ref>{{Cite web\|title=Celestial globe\|url=https://www.nms.ac.uk/explore-our-collections/collection-search-results/\|access-date=2020-10-15\|website=National Museums Scotland\|language=en}}</ref> It is now housed at the [[National Museum of Scotland]].		A 17th century celestial globe was also made by Diya’ ad-din Muhammad in [[Lahore]], 1668 (now in Pakistan).<ref>{{Cite web\|title=Celestial globe\|url=https://www.nms.ac.uk/explore-our-collections/collection-search-results/\|access-date=2020-10-15\|website=National Museums Scotland\|language=en}}</ref> It is now housed at the [[National Museum of Scotland]].{{Citation needed}}

	==List of Mughal Emperors==		==List of Mughal Emperors==

Bharatwiki Socrates at 03:07, 2 December 2023

2023-12-02T03:07:08Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 08:37, 2 December 2023
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	The Mughal Empire was founded by Babur (reigned 1526–1530), a Central Asian ruler who was descended from the [[Turco-Mongol tradition\|Turco-Mongol]] conqueror [[Timur]] (the founder of the [[Timurid Empire]]) on his father's side, and from [[Genghis Khan]] on his mother's side.<ref name="Berndl">{{Cite book \|last=Berndl \|first=Klaus \|title=National Geographic Visual History of the World \|publisher=National Geographic Society \|year=2005 \|isbn=978-0-7922-3695-5 \|pages=318–320}}</ref> Paternally, Babur belonged to the [[Turkification\|Turkicized]] [[Barlas]] tribe of [[Mongol]] origin.<ref>Gérard Chaliand, ''A Global History of War: From Assyria to the Twenty-First Century'', [[University of California Press]], California 2014, p. 151</ref> Ousted from his ancestral domains in Central Asia, Babur turned to India to satisfy his ambitions.<ref>{{Cite book \|last=Bayley \|first=Christopher \|title=The European Emergence. The Mughals Ascendant \|isbn=0-7054-0982-1 \|page=151}}</ref>		The Mughal Empire was founded by Babur (reigned 1526–1530), a Central Asian ruler who was descended from the [[Turco-Mongol tradition\|Turco-Mongol]] conqueror [[Timur]] (the founder of the [[Timurid Empire]]) on his father's side, and from [[Genghis Khan]] on his mother's side.<ref name="Berndl">{{Cite book \|last=Berndl \|first=Klaus \|title=National Geographic Visual History of the World \|publisher=National Geographic Society \|year=2005 \|isbn=978-0-7922-3695-5 \|pages=318–320}}</ref> Paternally, Babur belonged to the [[Turkification\|Turkicized]] [[Barlas]] tribe of [[Mongol]] origin.<ref>Gérard Chaliand, ''A Global History of War: From Assyria to the Twenty-First Century'', [[University of California Press]], California 2014, p. 151</ref> Ousted from his ancestral domains in Central Asia, Babur turned to India to satisfy his ambitions.<ref>{{Cite book \|last=Bayley \|first=Christopher \|title=The European Emergence. The Mughals Ascendant \|isbn=0-7054-0982-1 \|page=151}}</ref>
	He established himself in [[Kabul]] and then pushed steadily southward into India from [[Afghanistan]] through the [[Khyber Pass]].<ref name="Berndl" /> Babur's forces defeated [[Ibrahim Lodi]] in the [[First Battle of Panipat]] in 1526. Before the battle, Babur sought divine favour by abjuring liquor, breaking the wine vessels and pouring the wine down a well.		He established himself in [[Kabul]] and then pushed steadily southward into India from [[Afghanistan]] through the [[Khyber Pass]].<ref name="Berndl" /> Babur's forces defeated [[Ibrahim Lodi]] in the [[First Battle of Panipat]] in 1526. Before the battle, Babur sought divine favour by abjuring liquor, breaking the wine vessels and pouring the wine down a well.
	However, by this time [[Delhi Sultanate\|Lodi's empire]] was already crumbling, and it was actually the [[Rajput\|Rajput Confederacy]] which was the strongest power of Northern India under the capable rule of [[Rana Sanga]] of [[Kingdom of Mewar\|Mewar]]. He defeated Babur in the [[Battle of Bayana]].<ref name=JP>{{Cite book\|first=Rima\|last=Hooja\|title=A History of Rajasthan\|publisher=Rupa\|year=2006\|pages=454\|isbn=9788129115010\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qqd1RAAACAAJ&q=rajasthan%20hooja\|quote=From Baburs memoirs we learn that Sanga's success against the Mughal advance guard commanded by Abdul Aziz and other forces at Bayana, severely demoralised the fighting spirit of Baburs troops encamped near Sikri.}}</ref> However, in the decisive [[Battle of Khanwa]] which was fought near Agra, the Timurid forces of Babur defeated the Rajput army of Sanga. This battle was one of the most decisive and historic battles in Indian history, as it sealed the fate of Northern India for the next two centuries.		However, by this time [[Delhi Sultanate\|Lodi's empire]] was already crumbling, and it was actually the [[Rajput\|Rajput Confederacy]] which was the strongest power of Northern India under the capable rule of [[Rana Sanga]] of [[Kingdom of Mewar\|Mewar]]. He defeated Babur in the [[Battle of Bayana]].<ref name=JP>{{Cite book\|first=Rima\|last=Hooja\|title=A History of Rajasthan\|publisher=Rupa\|year=2006\|pages=454\|isbn=9788129115010\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qqd1RAAACAAJ&q=rajasthan%20hooja\|quote=From Baburs memoirs we learn that Sanga's success against the Mughal advance guard commanded by Abdul Aziz and other forces at Bayana, severely demoralised the fighting spirit of Baburs troops encamped near Sikri.}}</ref> However, in the decisive [[Battle of Khanwa]] which was fought near Agra, the Timurid forces of Babur defeated the Rajput army of Sanga. This battle was one of the most decisive and historic battles in Indian history, as it sealed the fate of Northern India for the next two centuries.{{Citation needed}}

	After the battle, the centre of Mughal power became Agra instead of Kabul. The preoccupation with wars and military campaigns, however, did not allow the new emperor to consolidate the gains he had made in India.<ref>{{Cite book \|last=Bayley \|first=Christopher \|title=The European Emergence. The Mughals Ascendant \|isbn=0-7054-0982-1 \|page=154}}</ref> The instability of the empire became evident under his son, [[Humayun]] (reigned 1530–1556), who was forced into exile in Persia by rebels. The [[Sur Empire]] (1540–1555), founded by [[Sher Shah Suri]] (reigned 1540–1545), briefly interrupted Mughal rule.<ref name="Berndl" /> Humayun's exile in Persia established diplomatic ties between the [[Safavid dynasty\|Safavid]] and Mughal Courts, and led to increasing Persian cultural influence in the later restored Mughal Empire.{{citation needed\|date=July 2019}} Humayun's triumphant return from Persia in 1555 restored Mughal rule in some parts of India, but he died in an accident the next year.<ref name="Berndl" />		After the battle, the centre of Mughal power became Agra instead of Kabul. The preoccupation with wars and military campaigns, however, did not allow the new emperor to consolidate the gains he had made in India.<ref>{{Cite book \|last=Bayley \|first=Christopher \|title=The European Emergence. The Mughals Ascendant \|isbn=0-7054-0982-1 \|page=154}}</ref> The instability of the empire became evident under his son, [[Humayun]] (reigned 1530–1556), who was forced into exile in Persia by rebels. The [[Sur Empire]] (1540–1555), founded by [[Sher Shah Suri]] (reigned 1540–1545), briefly interrupted Mughal rule.<ref name="Berndl" /> Humayun's exile in Persia established diplomatic ties between the [[Safavid dynasty\|Safavid]] and Mughal Courts, and led to increasing Persian cultural influence in the later restored Mughal Empire.{{citation needed\|date=July 2019}} Humayun's triumphant return from Persia in 1555 restored Mughal rule in some parts of India, but he died in an accident the next year.<ref name="Berndl" />

Bharatwiki Socrates at 03:06, 2 December 2023

2023-12-02T03:06:10Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 08:36, 2 December 2023
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	[[File:Joppen map-India in 1751 published 1907 by Longmans.jpg\|thumb\|right\|The remnants of the empire in 1751]]		[[File:Joppen map-India in 1751 published 1907 by Longmans.jpg\|thumb\|right\|The remnants of the empire in 1751]]
	The Mughal Emperor [[Shah Alam II]] (1759–1806) made futile attempts to reverse the Mughal decline but ultimately had to seek the protection of the Emir of Afghanistan, Ahmed Shah Abdali, which led to the [[Third Battle of Panipat]] between the Maratha Empire and the Afghans (led by Abdali) in 1761. In 1771, the Marathas recaptured Delhi from Afghan control and in 1784 they officially became the protectors of the emperor in Delhi,<ref name="Rathod1994">{{Cite book \|last=Rathod \|first=N.G. \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uPq640stHJ0C&pg=PA8 \|title=The Great Maratha Mahadaji Scindia \|publisher=Sarup & Sons \|year=1994 \|isbn=978-8185431529 \|location=New Delhi \|page=8}}</ref> a state of affairs that continued until the [[Second Anglo-Maratha War]]. Thereafter, the [[British East India Company]] became the protectors of the Mughal dynasty in Delhi.<ref name="MSA2" /> The British East India [[Company rule in India\|Company]] took control of the former Mughal province of Bengal-Bihar in 1793 after it abolished local rule (Nizamat) that lasted until 1858, marking the beginning of British colonial era over the Indian subcontinent. By 1857 a considerable part of former Mughal India was under the East India Company's control. After a crushing defeat in the [[Indian Rebellion of 1857\|war of 1857–1858]] which he nominally led, the last Mughal, [[Bahadur Shah Zafar]], was deposed by the British [[East India Company]] and exiled in 1858. Through the [[Government of India Act 1858]] the [[British Crown]] assumed direct control of East India Company-held territories in India in the form of the new [[British Raj]]. In 1876 the British [[Queen Victoria]] assumed the title of [[Empress of India]].		The Mughal Emperor [[Shah Alam II]] (1759–1806) made futile attempts to reverse the Mughal decline but ultimately had to seek the protection of the Emir of Afghanistan, Ahmed Shah Abdali, which led to the [[Third Battle of Panipat]] between the Maratha Empire and the Afghans (led by Abdali) in 1761.{{Citation needed}} In 1771, the Marathas recaptured Delhi from Afghan control and in 1784 they officially became the protectors of the emperor in Delhi,<ref name="Rathod1994">{{Cite book \|last=Rathod \|first=N.G. \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uPq640stHJ0C&pg=PA8 \|title=The Great Maratha Mahadaji Scindia \|publisher=Sarup & Sons \|year=1994 \|isbn=978-8185431529 \|location=New Delhi \|page=8}}</ref> a state of affairs that continued until the [[Second Anglo-Maratha War]]. Thereafter, the [[British East India Company]] became the protectors of the Mughal dynasty in Delhi.<ref name="MSA2" /> The British East India [[Company rule in India\|Company]] took control of the former Mughal province of Bengal-Bihar in 1793 after it abolished local rule (Nizamat) that lasted until 1858, marking the beginning of British colonial era over the Indian subcontinent. By 1857 a considerable part of former Mughal India was under the East India Company's control. After a crushing defeat in the [[Indian Rebellion of 1857\|war of 1857–1858]] which he nominally led, the last Mughal, [[Bahadur Shah Zafar]], was deposed by the British [[East India Company]] and exiled in 1858. Through the [[Government of India Act 1858]] the [[British Crown]] assumed direct control of East India Company-held territories in India in the form of the new [[British Raj]]. In 1876 the British [[Queen Victoria]] assumed the title of [[Empress of India]].
	[[File:Portrait of Bahadur Shah II as calligrapher. Delhi, ca. 1850, Royal Ontario Museum, Toronto. - копия.jpg\|thumb\|right\|upright\|Portrait of Bahadur Shah II]]		[[File:Portrait of Bahadur Shah II as calligrapher. Delhi, ca. 1850, Royal Ontario Museum, Toronto. - копия.jpg\|thumb\|right\|upright\|Portrait of Bahadur Shah II]]

Bharatwiki Socrates: /* Babur and Humayun (1526–1556) */

2023-12-02T02:59:14Z

Babur and Humayun (1526–1556)

← Older revision		Revision as of 08:29, 2 December 2023
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	===Babur and Humayun (1526–1556)===		===Babur and Humayun (1526–1556)===
	{{Main\|Babur\|Humayun}}		{{Main\|Babur\|Humayun}}
	[[File:Joppen map-India in 1525 published 1907 by Longmans.jpg\|thumb\|right\|India in 1525 just before the onset of Mughal rule]]		[[File:Joppen map-India in 1525 published 1907 by Longmans.jpg\|thumb\|right\|India in 1525 just before the onset of Mughal rule.]]
	The Mughal Empire was founded by Babur (reigned 1526–1530), a Central Asian ruler who was descended from the [[Turco-Mongol tradition\|Turco-Mongol]] conqueror [[Timur]] (the founder of the [[Timurid Empire]]) on his father's side, and from [[Genghis Khan]] on his mother's side.<ref name="Berndl">{{Cite book \|last=Berndl \|first=Klaus \|title=National Geographic Visual History of the World \|publisher=National Geographic Society \|year=2005 \|isbn=978-0-7922-3695-5 \|pages=318–320}}</ref> Paternally, Babur belonged to the [[Turkification\|Turkicized]] [[Barlas]] tribe of [[Mongol]] origin.<ref>Gérard Chaliand, ''A Global History of War: From Assyria to the Twenty-First Century'', [[University of California Press]], California 2014, p. 151</ref> Ousted from his ancestral domains in Central Asia, Babur turned to India to satisfy his ambitions.<ref>{{Cite book \|last=Bayley \|first=Christopher \|title=The European Emergence. The Mughals Ascendant \|isbn=0-7054-0982-1 \|page=151}}</ref>		The Mughal Empire was founded by Babur (reigned 1526–1530), a Central Asian ruler who was descended from the [[Turco-Mongol tradition\|Turco-Mongol]] conqueror [[Timur]] (the founder of the [[Timurid Empire]]) on his father's side, and from [[Genghis Khan]] on his mother's side.<ref name="Berndl">{{Cite book \|last=Berndl \|first=Klaus \|title=National Geographic Visual History of the World \|publisher=National Geographic Society \|year=2005 \|isbn=978-0-7922-3695-5 \|pages=318–320}}</ref> Paternally, Babur belonged to the [[Turkification\|Turkicized]] [[Barlas]] tribe of [[Mongol]] origin.<ref>Gérard Chaliand, ''A Global History of War: From Assyria to the Twenty-First Century'', [[University of California Press]], California 2014, p. 151</ref> Ousted from his ancestral domains in Central Asia, Babur turned to India to satisfy his ambitions.<ref>{{Cite book \|last=Bayley \|first=Christopher \|title=The European Emergence. The Mughals Ascendant \|isbn=0-7054-0982-1 \|page=151}}</ref>
	He established himself in [[Kabul]] and then pushed steadily southward into India from [[Afghanistan]] through the [[Khyber Pass]].<ref name="Berndl" /> Babur's forces defeated [[Ibrahim Lodi]] in the [[First Battle of Panipat]] in 1526. Before the battle, Babur sought divine favour by abjuring liquor, breaking the wine vessels and pouring the wine down a well.		He established himself in [[Kabul]] and then pushed steadily southward into India from [[Afghanistan]] through the [[Khyber Pass]].<ref name="Berndl" /> Babur's forces defeated [[Ibrahim Lodi]] in the [[First Battle of Panipat]] in 1526. Before the battle, Babur sought divine favour by abjuring liquor, breaking the wine vessels and pouring the wine down a well.

Bharatwiki Socrates: /* External links */Not related category...

2023-11-30T11:07:44Z

External links: Not related category...

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	[[Category:Empires and kingdoms of Afghanistan]]		[[Category:Empires and kingdoms of Afghanistan]]
	[[Category:Medieval India]]		[[Category:Medieval India]]
	~~[[Category:Mongol states]]~~
	[[Category:1526 establishments in the Mughal Empire]]		[[Category:1526 establishments in the Mughal Empire]]
	[[Category:1857 disestablishments in the Mughal Empire]]		[[Category:1857 disestablishments in the Mughal Empire]]
	[[Category:History of Pakistan]]		[[Category:History of Pakistan]]

Bharatwiki Socrates: /* External links */Sunil khillani documentary is not well related to Mughal.

2023-11-30T11:06:52Z

External links: Sunil khillani documentary is not well related to Mughal.

← Older revision		Revision as of 16:36, 30 November 2023
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	* [http://www.mughalindia.co.uk/index.html Mughal India] an interactive experience from the [[British Museum]]		* [http://www.mughalindia.co.uk/index.html Mughal India] an interactive experience from the [[British Museum]]
	* [https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/p004y27h The Mughal Empire], BBC Radio 4 discussion with Sanjay Subrahmanyam, Susan Stronge & Chandrika Kaul (''In Our Time'', 26 February 2004)		* [https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/p004y27h The Mughal Empire], BBC Radio 4 discussion with Sanjay Subrahmanyam, Susan Stronge & Chandrika Kaul (''In Our Time'', 26 February 2004)
	* [https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b05wq1fh Sunil Khilnani's "Akbar,"] From BBC Radio 4's Incarnations: India in 50 Lives.

	{{Mughal Empire}}		{{Mughal Empire}}

CleanupBot: clean up

2023-11-24T05:29:06Z

clean up

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Bharatwiki Socrates: /* Metallurgy */This line is not found at given book reference. Maybe " good faith " edit by someone on en-wiki page from where it imported.

2023-11-22T08:49:52Z

Metallurgy: This line is not found at given book reference. Maybe " good faith " edit by someone on en-wiki page from where it imported.

← Older revision		Revision as of 14:19, 22 November 2023
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	{{See also\|History of metallurgy in the Indian subcontinent}}		{{See also\|History of metallurgy in the Indian subcontinent}}
	<!-- Deleted image removed: [[File:Qa'im Muhammad ibn 'Isa ibn Allahdad Lahuri, Lahore, 1627.jpeg\|thumb\|right\|Seamless [[celestial globe]] made in [[Lahore]], 1627]] -->		<!-- Deleted image removed: [[File:Qa'im Muhammad ibn 'Isa ibn Allahdad Lahuri, Lahore, 1627.jpeg\|thumb\|right\|Seamless [[celestial globe]] made in [[Lahore]], 1627]] -->
	One of the most remarkable astronomical instruments invented in Mughal India is the [[Lost-wax casting\|lost-wax cast]], hollow, seamless, [[celestial globe]]. It was invented in [[Kashmir]] by Ali Kashmiri ibn Luqman in 998 [[Anno Hegirae\|AH]] (1589–90 CE), and twenty other such [[globe]]s were later produced in [[Lahore]] and Kashmir during the Mughal Empire~~. Before they were rediscovered in the 1980s, it was believed by modern [[metallurgists]] to be technically impossible to produce hollow metal globes without any [[wikt:seam\|seams]]~~.<ref>[[Savage-Smith, Emilie]] (1985), ''Islamicate Celestial Globes: Their History, Construction, and Use'', Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, DC</ref>		One of the most remarkable astronomical instruments invented in Mughal India is the [[Lost-wax casting\|lost-wax cast]], hollow, seamless, [[celestial globe]]. It was invented in [[Kashmir]] by Ali Kashmiri ibn Luqman in 998 [[Anno Hegirae\|AH]] (1589–90 CE), and twenty other such [[globe]]s were later produced in [[Lahore]] and Kashmir during the Mughal Empire.<ref>[[Savage-Smith, Emilie]] (1985), ''Islamicate Celestial Globes: Their History, Construction, and Use'', Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, DC</ref>
	A 17th century celestial globe was also made by Diya’ ad-din Muhammad in [[Lahore]], 1668 (now in Pakistan).<ref>{{Cite web\|title=Celestial globe\|url=https://www.nms.ac.uk/explore-our-collections/collection-search-results/\|access-date=2020-10-15\|website=National Museums Scotland\|language=en}}</ref> It is now housed at the [[National Museum of Scotland]].		A 17th century celestial globe was also made by Diya’ ad-din Muhammad in [[Lahore]], 1668 (now in Pakistan).<ref>{{Cite web\|title=Celestial globe\|url=https://www.nms.ac.uk/explore-our-collections/collection-search-results/\|access-date=2020-10-15\|website=National Museums Scotland\|language=en}}</ref> It is now housed at the [[National Museum of Scotland]].

← Older revision		Revision as of 08:36, 2 December 2023
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	[[File:Joppen map-India in 1751 published 1907 by Longmans.jpg\|thumb\|right\|The remnants of the empire in 1751]]		[[File:Joppen map-India in 1751 published 1907 by Longmans.jpg\|thumb\|right\|The remnants of the empire in 1751]]
	The Mughal Emperor [[Shah Alam II]] (1759–1806) made futile attempts to reverse the Mughal decline but ultimately had to seek the protection of the Emir of Afghanistan, Ahmed Shah Abdali, which led to the [[Third Battle of Panipat]] between the Maratha Empire and the Afghans (led by Abdali) in 1761. In 1771, the Marathas recaptured Delhi from Afghan control and in 1784 they officially became the protectors of the emperor in Delhi,<ref name="Rathod1994">{{Cite book \|last=Rathod \|first=N.G. \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uPq640stHJ0C&pg=PA8 \|title=The Great Maratha Mahadaji Scindia \|publisher=Sarup & Sons \|year=1994 \|isbn=978-8185431529 \|location=New Delhi \|page=8}}</ref> a state of affairs that continued until the [[Second Anglo-Maratha War]]. Thereafter, the [[British East India Company]] became the protectors of the Mughal dynasty in Delhi.<ref name="MSA2" /> The British East India [[Company rule in India\|Company]] took control of the former Mughal province of Bengal-Bihar in 1793 after it abolished local rule (Nizamat) that lasted until 1858, marking the beginning of British colonial era over the Indian subcontinent. By 1857 a considerable part of former Mughal India was under the East India Company's control. After a crushing defeat in the [[Indian Rebellion of 1857\|war of 1857–1858]] which he nominally led, the last Mughal, [[Bahadur Shah Zafar]], was deposed by the British [[East India Company]] and exiled in 1858. Through the [[Government of India Act 1858]] the [[British Crown]] assumed direct control of East India Company-held territories in India in the form of the new [[British Raj]]. In 1876 the British [[Queen Victoria]] assumed the title of [[Empress of India]].		The Mughal Emperor [[Shah Alam II]] (1759–1806) made futile attempts to reverse the Mughal decline but ultimately had to seek the protection of the Emir of Afghanistan, Ahmed Shah Abdali, which led to the [[Third Battle of Panipat]] between the Maratha Empire and the Afghans (led by Abdali) in 1761.{{Citation needed}} In 1771, the Marathas recaptured Delhi from Afghan control and in 1784 they officially became the protectors of the emperor in Delhi,<ref name="Rathod1994">{{Cite book \|last=Rathod \|first=N.G. \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uPq640stHJ0C&pg=PA8 \|title=The Great Maratha Mahadaji Scindia \|publisher=Sarup & Sons \|year=1994 \|isbn=978-8185431529 \|location=New Delhi \|page=8}}</ref> a state of affairs that continued until the [[Second Anglo-Maratha War]]. Thereafter, the [[British East India Company]] became the protectors of the Mughal dynasty in Delhi.<ref name="MSA2" /> The British East India [[Company rule in India\|Company]] took control of the former Mughal province of Bengal-Bihar in 1793 after it abolished local rule (Nizamat) that lasted until 1858, marking the beginning of British colonial era over the Indian subcontinent. By 1857 a considerable part of former Mughal India was under the East India Company's control. After a crushing defeat in the [[Indian Rebellion of 1857\|war of 1857–1858]] which he nominally led, the last Mughal, [[Bahadur Shah Zafar]], was deposed by the British [[East India Company]] and exiled in 1858. Through the [[Government of India Act 1858]] the [[British Crown]] assumed direct control of East India Company-held territories in India in the form of the new [[British Raj]]. In 1876 the British [[Queen Victoria]] assumed the title of [[Empress of India]].
	[[File:Portrait of Bahadur Shah II as calligrapher. Delhi, ca. 1850, Royal Ontario Museum, Toronto. - копия.jpg\|thumb\|right\|upright\|Portrait of Bahadur Shah II]]		[[File:Portrait of Bahadur Shah II as calligrapher. Delhi, ca. 1850, Royal Ontario Museum, Toronto. - копия.jpg\|thumb\|right\|upright\|Portrait of Bahadur Shah II]]

← Older revision		Revision as of 14:19, 22 November 2023
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	{{See also\|History of metallurgy in the Indian subcontinent}}		{{See also\|History of metallurgy in the Indian subcontinent}}
	<!-- Deleted image removed: [[File:Qa'im Muhammad ibn 'Isa ibn Allahdad Lahuri, Lahore, 1627.jpeg\|thumb\|right\|Seamless [[celestial globe]] made in [[Lahore]], 1627]] -->		<!-- Deleted image removed: [[File:Qa'im Muhammad ibn 'Isa ibn Allahdad Lahuri, Lahore, 1627.jpeg\|thumb\|right\|Seamless [[celestial globe]] made in [[Lahore]], 1627]] -->
	One of the most remarkable astronomical instruments invented in Mughal India is the [[Lost-wax casting\|lost-wax cast]], hollow, seamless, [[celestial globe]]. It was invented in [[Kashmir]] by Ali Kashmiri ibn Luqman in 998 [[Anno Hegirae\|AH]] (1589–90 CE), and twenty other such [[globe]]s were later produced in [[Lahore]] and Kashmir during the Mughal Empire~~. Before they were rediscovered in the 1980s, it was believed by modern [[metallurgists]] to be technically impossible to produce hollow metal globes without any [[wikt:seam\|seams]]~~.<ref>[[Savage-Smith, Emilie]] (1985), ''Islamicate Celestial Globes: Their History, Construction, and Use'', Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, DC</ref>		One of the most remarkable astronomical instruments invented in Mughal India is the [[Lost-wax casting\|lost-wax cast]], hollow, seamless, [[celestial globe]]. It was invented in [[Kashmir]] by Ali Kashmiri ibn Luqman in 998 [[Anno Hegirae\|AH]] (1589–90 CE), and twenty other such [[globe]]s were later produced in [[Lahore]] and Kashmir during the Mughal Empire.<ref>[[Savage-Smith, Emilie]] (1985), ''Islamicate Celestial Globes: Their History, Construction, and Use'', Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, DC</ref>
	A 17th century celestial globe was also made by Diya’ ad-din Muhammad in [[Lahore]], 1668 (now in Pakistan).<ref>{{Cite web\|title=Celestial globe\|url=https://www.nms.ac.uk/explore-our-collections/collection-search-results/\|access-date=2020-10-15\|website=National Museums Scotland\|language=en}}</ref> It is now housed at the [[National Museum of Scotland]].		A 17th century celestial globe was also made by Diya’ ad-din Muhammad in [[Lahore]], 1668 (now in Pakistan).<ref>{{Cite web\|title=Celestial globe\|url=https://www.nms.ac.uk/explore-our-collections/collection-search-results/\|access-date=2020-10-15\|website=National Museums Scotland\|language=en}}</ref> It is now housed at the [[National Museum of Scotland]].