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{{Short description|Mughal Persian wars}}
{{Infobox military conflict
| conflict = Mughal–Safavid War (1637–1638)
| image = File:Qulij Khan accepts the keys to a city in Badakhshan (probably Bust). Attributed to Murad. Mughal, ca. 1646. Musée Guimet, Paris.jpg
| caption = Surrender of the Safavids under [[Mihrab Khan]] to the Mughal general [[Qulij Khan Turani]] at the [[Siege of Bost (1638)]].<ref name="Met">{{cite book |last1=Welch |first1=Stuart Cary |title=India: art and culture, 1300-1900 |date=1985 |publisher=Metropolitan Museum of Art : Holt, Rinehart, and Winston |location=New York |isbn=978-0030061141 |pages=247-248 |url=https://www.metmuseum.org/met-publications/india-art-and-culture-1300-1900}} "In the miniature, Qulij Khan accepts the keys of a conquered city, probably Bust, which was captured in the eleventh year of the reign from Mihrab Khan, one of the Iranian shah's abler generals. (...) . In the foreground, the Mughal general accepts his enemy's submission, while the background itemizes incidents of the siege"</ref>
| partof = [[Mughal–Persian Wars]]
| date = 1637–1638
| place = [[Kandahar]], [[Lashkargah|Bost]]
| result = Mughal victories.<ref name="Iranica">Iranica 2011</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OIzreCGlHxIC&dq=siege+of+kandahar+1605&pg=PT349 |title=''Dictionary of Wars''|isbn=9781932705546|accessdate=4 April 2014|last1=kohn|first1=George C.|date=January 2006|publisher=Infobase }}</ref>
| territory = [[Kandahar]], [[Lashkargah|Bost]] fall back to [[Mughal Empire|Mughal India]]
| combatant1 = [[Image:Safavid Flag.svg|23px|border]] [[Safavid Empire|Safavid Iran]]
| combatant2 = [[File:Flag of the Mughal Empire.png|23px]] [[Mughal Empire|Mughal India]]
| commander1 = [[File:Safavid Flag.svg|20px]] [[Safi of Persia]] [[File:Safavid Flag.svg|20px]] [[Ali Mardan Khan]]{{Surrendered}} [[File:Safavid Flag.svg|20px]] [[Siyavush Qullar-aqasi]]
| commander2 = [[File:Flag of the Mughal Empire.png|20px]] [[Shah Jahan]] [[File:Flag of the Mughal Empire.png|20px]] [[Dara Shikoh]] [[File:Flag of the Mughal Empire.png|20px]] [[Qulij Khan Turani]] [[File:Flag of the Mughal Empire.png|20px]] Sa‘id Khan
| strength1 =
| strength2 =
| casualties1 =
| casualties2 =
}}
{{Campaignbox Mughal–Persian wars}}
The '''Mughal–Persian war (1637–1638)''' is a conflict which took place in 1638, between [[Safavid Iran|Safavid Empire]] of Persia and [[Mughal Empire]] of Hindustan. The main events were the Mughal victories of the [[Fall of Kandahar (1638)]] and the [[Siege of Bost (1638)]], which the additional capture of several smaller [[Afghanistan]] fortresses previously under the control of the Safavids.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OIzreCGlHxIC&dq=Mogul-Persian+War+of+1638%3A+Exactly+one+century+before+the+PERSIAN+INVASION+OF+MOGUL+INDIA%2C+the+forces+of+Mogul+emperor+Shah+Jahan+%281592-1666%29+recaptured+the+city+of+Kandahar%2C+lost+in+the+MOGUL-PERSIAN+WAR+OF+1622-23.&pg=PT349|quote=Mogul-Persian War of 1638: Exactly one century before the PERSIAN INVASION OF MOGUL INDIA, the forces of Mogul emperor Shah Jahan (1592-1666) recaptured the city of Kandahar, lost in the MOGUL-PERSIAN WAR OF 1622-23.|title=Dictionary of wars|author= George C. Kohn
|date=2006 |publisher=Facts On File, Incorporated |page=337|isbn=978-1-4381-2916-7 }}</ref>
The war resulted in a decisive victory for the Mughals, especially marked by the surrender of Kandahar by [[Ali Mardan Khan]].<ref>{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/oxfordhistoryofi00smituoft/page/401/mode/1up?q=1638 |title=''Early history of India by Oxford ''|isbn=9781932705546|accessdate=4 April 2014|last1=Smith|first1=Vincent Arthur|date=1919|publisher=Sterling Publishers Pvt. }}</ref>

==Background==
{{Main|Mughal–Safavid war (1622–1623)}}
Mughals had previously lost the city of Kandahar to the Safavids. It was considered vital for the Mughal Empire that the twin ''gateway-cities'' to Hindustan, i.e. [[Kabul]] and [[Kandahar]], be brought under Mughal rule.
Central Asian trade provided the Mughals with warhorses, without which not only the military forces would be incapacitated, but could also potentially spark tribal revolts and foreign invasions.<ref name="Kinra">Kinra 2015, p.157</ref> Kandahar in particular was at the crossroads of a number of major commercial trade routes in Central Asia. The two cities were thus the subject of deep strategic concern.<ref name="dlx.b-ok.org">{{Cite web|url=http://dlx.b-ok.org/genesis/628000/06ae9010b197a442876290ce257027ff/_as/|title=Z-Library single sign on}}</ref>

==War==
In 1639, the armies of [[Safi of Persia|Shah Safi of Persia]] captured Bamyan and it appeared that they would attack Kandahar next. In 1646, [[Shah Jahan]], assisted by Kamran Khanand Malik Maghdood, had marched on Kandahar and negotiated the surrender from the Persian commander, [[Ali Mardan Khan]]. He expected the Persians to attempt to regain the city soon and so he ordered that the wall be repaired rapidly while a large Mughal army based in Kabul protected the area. In 1646, when no Persian attack came, the Emperor sent his son, Murad Baksh, to invade Uzbek-controlled [[Badakhshan]]. In the following year, [[Aurangzeb]], another son, routed an Uzbek force outside of [[Balkh]] and captured the city, Kandahar was captured by the Mughals in 1638 too.<ref name="Chandra226">Chandra 2005, p. 226</ref>

==Surrender of Ali Mardan==

Ali Mardan khan, Soon surrendered the city of Kandahar to the Mughal garrison,<ref>{{cite book|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Mughal-dynasty/Akbar-the-Great-and-the-consolidation-of-the-empire|title= Mughal Empire, Britannica |isbn=9781932705546|accessdate=|last1=Verlag|first1=Harrassowitz | date=2022|publisher= Sterling Publishers Pvt. }}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/oxfordhistoryofi00smituoft/page/401/mode/1up?q=1638 |title=''Early history of India by Oxford ''|isbn=9781932705546|accessdate=4 April 2014|last1=Smith|first1=Vincent arthur|date=1919|publisher=Sterling Publishers Pvt. }}</ref> This resulted in the Reconquest of Kandahar by the Mughals.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=neUKEvaYPZYC&dq=siege+of+kandahar+1638+Cambridge&pg=PA172|title=Illustrations of War by Cambridge University press|isbn=9781932705546|access-date=4 April 2014|last1=Black|first1=Jeremy|date=1996|publisher=Cambridge University Press }}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=s5X3EAAAQBAJ&dq=siege+of+kandahar+1605+Cambridge&pg=RA4-PA687|title=World History Encyclopedia|isbn=9781932705546|accessdate=4 April 2014|last1=Andrea|first1=Alfred J.|author-link1=Alfred J. Andrea|date=January 2011|publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing USA }}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Y6fOEAAAQBAJ&dq=siege+of+kandahar+1605+cambridge&pg=PA610|title=Conquest in the Islamic world|isbn=9781932705546|accessdate=4 April 2011|last1=Mikaberidze|first1= Alexander |date=January 2011|publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing USA }}</ref> The defection of Ali mardan khan enabled the Mughals to regain control of Kandahar which remained under their authority till the next Safavid [[Mughal–Safavid war (1649–1653)|siege]].{{citation needed|date=December 2024}}

== References ==

{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mughal-Safavid War (1637-1638)}}
[[Category:Wars involving Safavid Iran]]
[[Category:Wars involving the Mughal Empire]]
[[Category:17th century in Afghanistan]]
[[Category:Military history of India]]

Mughal–Safavid War (1637–1638) - Revision history

BrittnyFiorillo: added the pg w/ infobox.