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{{Short description|1526–1779 conflicts in India}}
{{Infobox military conflict
| conflict = Mughal–Rajput Wars
| image =
| caption =
| date = 1526–1779
| place = Modern day [[Haryana]], [[Rajasthan]], [[Gujarat]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[Madhya Pradesh]], [[Bihar]], [[Jammu]], [[Himachal Pradesh]], [[Uttarakhand]]
| result = * Expansion of Mughal influence in [[Northern India]] after [[Battle of Khanwa|Khanwa]] in 1527 and continued Mughal conquest of many Rajput territories.
* Many Rajput nobles joined the Mughal court during [[Akbar]]'s reign and gained influence in Mughal politics in a period of peace and harmony.
* Major rebellions during [[Aurangzeb|Aurangzeb's]] reign of religious intolerance, and after his death in 1707, Rajputs had a stream of success, regaining their independence.
| territory =
| combatant1 = [[Mughal Empire]]
| combatant2 = [[Rajput|Rajput Confederation]]
| commander1 = [[Babur]] [[Humayun]] [[Akbar]] [[Jahangir]] [[Shah Jahan]] [[Aurangzeb]] [[Bahadur Shah I]] [[Farrukhsiyar]]
| commander2 = [[Rana Sanga]] [[Medini Rai]] [[Prithviraj Singh I]] [[Maldeo Rathore]] [[Udai Singh II]] [[Maharana Pratap|Pratap Singh I]] [[Chandrasen Rathore]] [[Amar Singh I]] [[Durgadas Rathore]] [[Raj Singh I]] [[Sangram Singh II]] [[Ajit Singh of Marwar|Raja Ajit Singh]] [[Jai Singh of Mewar|Jai Singh]] [[Jai Singh II|Sawai Jai Singh]]<ref name="RZ">{{Cite book|first=Jadunath|last=Sarkar|title=A History of Jaipur: C. 1503-1938|publisher=Orient Blackswan|year=1994|pages=162|isbn=9788125003335|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=O0oPIo9TXKcC&q=bahadur+shah+was+absent}}</ref>
}}

The '''Mughal–Rajput Wars''' were a series of battles fought between the [[Rajput|Rajput Confederacy]] and the [[Mughal Empire]] which started with the Timurid ruler [[Babur]]'s invasion of northwestern India and the head of the Rajput confederacy [[Rana Sanga]]'s resistance to it. In 1526, when Babur invaded [[Hindustan]], he faced stiff resistance from Rana Sanga in the [[Battle of Bayana]], but defeated Rana in the [[Battle of Khanwa]] in 1527. The wars were, however, continued by the [[List of Rajput dynasties and states|Rajput states]],<ref>The Cambridge History of India, Volume 3, pp. 322, 323</ref> also by the descendants of both Rana Sanga and Babur.
Babur's grandson Emperor [[Akbar the Great]] faced heavy resistance from [[Rana Udai Singh II]] and [[Rana Pratap]]; [[Jahangir]] was opposed by [[Rana Amar Singh]].{{sfn|Pant|2012|p=129}} But Akbar achieved a decisive victory in the [[Battle of Haldighati]] led by [[Man Singh I]], a Rujput descent turned ally of the Mughal Empire. The victory led to tremendous gains for the Mughal Empire. Subsequently Mughals and Rajputs established a peaceful relation with Emperor Akbar accepting many Rajput leaders into Mughal court and giving them top political positions.<ref>{{harvnb|Chandra|2005|p=243}}</ref>

The peace established during the time of Emperor Akbar was broken by the religious intolerant policies of his great grandson Aurangzeb. In 1679, the States of [[Mewar]] and [[Marwar]] rebelled against Aurangzeb. While a peace treaty was signed with Mewar after a year, war with Marwar went on until the death of Aurangzeb and concluded with the capture of Marwar by Rathore forces after Aurangzeb's death.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Sen |first=Sailendra |title=A Textbook of Medieval Indian History |publisher=Primus Books |year=2013 |isbn=978-9-38060-734-4 |pages=183}}</ref>

During the [[Rajput Rebellion (1708–1710)|Rajput rebellion of 1708–10]], the Mughals were forced to accept a humiliating peace treaty with the Rajput Rajas.<ref>''The Cambridge History of India'', Volume 3, p. 322</ref> The Rajputs forced the Mughals to make them governors of [[Malwa]], [[Sindh]] and [[Gujarat]].

[[Durgadas Rathore]] fought the Mughals for 30 years, until [[Ajit Singh of Marwar|Ajit Singh]] was made the Raja of Marwar<ref>{{cite book |title=The Cambridge History of India |pages=248–252, 281 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yoI8AAAAIAAJ |access-date=2011-09-15|last1=Dodwell |first1=Henry Herbert |year=1928 }}</ref> who became so influential in Mughal politics that he challenged the Mughal Emperor [[Farrukhsiyar]] by making an alliance with the [[Sayyid brothers]]. On 28 February 1719 Farrukhsiyar was deposed by Ajit Singh.<ref>Irvine p. 390</ref>

Since the time of Emperor Aurangzeb his hardline Islamism policies isolated his non-Muslim allies and the power of the Mughal Military had greatly diminished by the time of his death in 1707. The Mughals tried to collect taxes in Rajputana during the late 18th century, however they were met with resistance in every town and village, leading to unsuccessful invasions by the Mughal generals. These campaigns affected the Mughal Empire financially and caused arrears and the disbanding of large amounts of troops. The Mughal capital itself was affected, leaving only a few retainers to guard the palace and man the artillery.<ref name=FM>{{Cite book|last=Sarkar|first=Jadunath|url=http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.43007|title=Fall Of The Mughal Empire Vol. 1|date=1964|pages=216,223}}</ref>

== Battles ==

===Early Mughal-Rajput Wars (1527–1616)===
* [[Battle of Bayana]]
:[[Rana Sanga]] led the Rajput army and besieged the fortress of Bayana held by the Afghans under Nizam Khan in February 1527. Mughal Emperor [[Babur]] sent a Mughal contingent under Abdil Aziz, which was defeated by Rana Sanga.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Chandra|first=Satish|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0Rm9MC4DDrcC|title=Medieval India: From Sultanat to the Mughals Part - II|date=2005|publisher=Har-Anand Publications|isbn=978-81-241-1066-9|pages=33|language=en|quote=Babur sent a detachment to Bayana which was defeated and scattered by the Ranas forces. Baburs forces was already demoralised, hearing news of the valour of the Rajputs and the formidable force they had collected.}}</ref><ref name=HC>{{Cite book|first=Rima|last=Hooja|title=A History of Rajasthan|publisher=Rupa|year=2006|pages=454|isbn=9788129115010|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qqd1RAAACAAJ&q=rajasthan%20hooja|quote=From Baburs memoirs we learn that Sanga's success against the Mughal advance guard commanded by Abdul Aziz and other forces at Bayana, severely demoralised the fighting spirit of Baburs troops encamped near Sikri.}}</ref>
* [[Battle of Khanwa]]
:The Rajput Confederacy under [[Rana Sanga]] was defeated by [[Babur]] in 1527. This was the largest battle ever between the Mughals and the Rajputs involving a total of more than 150,000 soldiers and resulted in massive territorial expansions for the Mughal Empire.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Barua|first=Pradeep|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BBhuAAAAMAAJ|title=The State at War in South Asia|date=2005|publisher=University of Nebraska Press|isbn=978-0-8032-1344-9|pages=34|language=en}}</ref>
* [[Battle of Chanderi|Siege of Chanderi]]
:[[Babur]] besieged and captured Chanderi Fort in Malwa and its ruler [[Medini Rai]] was defeated and killed.
* Siege of Bikaner
:Rao Jaitsi of Bikaner successfully defended his capital and defeated a Mughal army under Kamran, brother of Mughal emperor Humayun.<ref>{{Cite book|first=Rima|last=Hooja|title=A History of Rajasthan|publisher=Rupa and company|year=2006|pages=541|isbn=9788129108906|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tosMAQAAMAAJ&q=1538+kamran}}</ref>
* [[Siege of Chittorgarh (1567–1568)|Siege of Chittorgarh]]
:[[Akbar]] led the Mughal army in besieging the famed Chittorgarh fort in 1567, which was then under the command of [[Jaimal Rathore]] and [[Patta Singh Sisodia]], commanders of [[Udai Singh II|Udai Singh]]. The siege went on for four months, with the fortress walls being breached after the death of Jaimal, ensuring that the Mughals emerged victorious.{{sfn|Chandra|2005|pp=107–108}}
* [[Siege of Ranthambore (1568)|Siege of Ranthambore]] (1568)
:[[Rao Surjan Hada]] had to surrender [[Ranthambore Fort]] to [[Akbar]] after the latter successfully put the fort under siege.
* [[Battle of Haldighati]]
:The Mughal army under the command of [[Man Singh I|Man Singh]] defeated [[Maharana Pratap]]'s Mewari army in the field of Haldighati in 1576. [[Gogunda]] was annexed by the Mughals.<ref name="Internet Archive 2022">{{cite web | title=MILITARY HISTORY OF INDIA : SARKAR, JADUNATH : Free Download, Borrow, and Streaming : Internet Archive | website=Internet Archive | date=2022-01-14 | url=https://archive.org/details/dli.bengal.10689.21517 | access-date=2022-05-30}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Singh|first=Kesri|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AXIjYAAACAAJ|title=Maharana Pratap: The Hero of Haldighati|date=2002|publisher=Books Treasure|pages=18–35|language=en}}</ref>
* [[Battle of Dewair (1606)|Battle of Dewair]]
:Both [[Amar Singh I]] and [[Abu'l-Hasan Asaf Khan|Asaf Khan]] claimed victory in an indecisive battle. III in 1606
* [[Mughal conquest of Mewar]], [[Amar Singh I|Amar Singh]] I surrendered to [[Shah Jahan]] in 1615. The Mughals achieved victory the following year in 1616.

===Later Mughal-Rajput Wars (1679–1779)===
* [[Rajput War (1679–1707)]] – A war between the Rathores and the Mughals that lasted for almost 30 years. The war was a result of Mughal Emperor [[Aurangzeb]]'s religious intolerant policies that broke years long peace between the Mughals and the Rajputs.
** Battle of Khanana (1681–1687) – [[Rathore]] rebels under Veer [[Durgadas Rathore]] defeated [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] force. This battle resulted in major victory for Rathores. Kumpawat [[rathore]]s captured [[Siwana]] town from Mughals. Mughal Commander Purdil Khan was killed in this battle.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Jones |first1=Kenneth W. |last2=Hallissey |first2=Robert C. |date=December 1978 |title=The Rajput Rebellion Against Aurangzeb, A Study of the Mughal Empire in Seventeenth-Century India. |journal=Military Affairs |volume=42 |issue=4 |pages=218 |doi=10.2307/1986509 |jstor=1986509 |issn=0026-3931}}</ref>
** Battle of Ajmer (1690) – Veer [[Durgadas Rathore]] defeated Safi khan.
** Battle of Jodhpur (1707) – Veer [[Durgadas Rathore]] took advantage of the disturbances following the death of Aurangzeb in 1707 to seize [[Jodhpur]] and eventually evict the occupying [[Mughal Army|Mughal]] force out of [[Marwar]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=H. |first=Dodwell, Henry Herbert. Dodwell, H. |title=The Cambridge history of India. |date=1929 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |pages=304 |oclc=1120895318}}</ref>
* [[Rajput Rebellion 1708-1710]]<ref>{{Cite book |last=Sarkar |first=Jadunath |title=A history of Jaipur: c. 1503–1938 |date=1994 |publisher=Orient Longman |editor=Raghubīra Siṃha |isbn=81-250-0333-9 |edition=Rev. |location=Hyderabad |oclc=312542101}}</ref>
**July 1708 – Jai Singh and Ajit Singh storm Amber and Jodhpur and retake their capitals from the Mughal garrisons.<ref>{{Cite book|first=Jadunath|last=Sarkar|title=A History of Jaipur: C. 1503–1938|publisher=Orient Blackswan|year=1994|pages=162|isbn=9788125003335|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=O0oPIo9TXKcC&q=bahadur+shah+was+absent}}</ref>
** 4–7 October 1708 – Battle of Kama – Ajit Singh [[Kachwaha]], the [[Rajput]] zamindar of Kama defeated the combined armies of Mughal and Jats. The Mughal-Jat army numbered 18,000 while the Kachwahas had 10,000 horsemen. After a bitter fight the Mughal Fauzdar Raza Bahadur was killed and the injured [[Churaman]] retreated to Thun.
** October 1708 – Sayyid Hussain Barha of Mewat and Churaman Jat defeated near Sambhar by the [[Rathore]]–[[Kachhwaha]] army. Barha shot dead with his two brothers.<ref name="RZ" />
** January 1710 – Mir Khan of Narnaul with 7000 Mughal troops and Churaman Jat with 6000 Jats effectively checked by Gaj Singh Naruka at Javli.<ref name="RZ" />
** 24 March 1710 – Battle of Tonk – Muhammad Khan of Tonk defeated by the Rathor–Kachwaha army.<ref name="RZ" />
* [[Battle of Bandanwara]]
:[[Sangram Singh II]] of [[Mewar]] along with other [[Rajput]] chiefs defeated the imperial [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] army<ref>[[#Somani|History of Mewar]], p. 324</ref>
* [[Battle of Mandan]]
:The Shekhawati Rajputs defeated a Mughal force under Mitrasen Ahir, Peero Khan and Kale Khan. After heavy losses Peero Khan died and Mitra Sen fled.<ref name=JP>{{Cite book|first=Rima|last=Hooja|title=A History of Rajasthan|publisher=Rupa and company|year=2006|pages=694|isbn=9788129115010|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qqd1RAAACAAJ&q=rime%20hooja%20rajasthan|quote=in a pitched battle at Mandan, both sides suffered heavily. Peero Khan died and Mitra Sen fled the field, leaving the Shekhawat chiefs victorious....Battle of Khatu–Shyamji. This last occurred when Murtaza Khan Bhadech was sent into Shekhawati to collect revenue arrears.....Devi Singh of Sikar defeated the intruder.}}</ref>
*Siege of Kanud
:A small garrison of 400 Rajputs under the ailing Nawal Singh Shekhawat repelled Mughal attacks until Nawal died from his illness. The mughals negotiated with the Rajputs and exchanged Kanud fort for other villages, which were given to Nawal's widow.<ref name=MA>{{Cite book|first=R.K., S.R|last=Gupta, Bakshi|title=Rajasthan Through the Ages|publisher=Sarup & Sons|year=2008|pages=215-216|quote=The Rajputs however made a long and desperate defence.....400 men of the garrison made a sortie and attacked the trenches of Mitra sen Ahir, inflicting a hundred casualties.....Nawal Singh Shekhawat, who was severely ill within the fort...and died.}}</ref>
* [[Battle of Khatu Shyamji]] :Devi Singh Shekhawat defeated the imperial army under Murtaza Khan Bhadech.<ref name=JP/>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Conflicts in 1525]]
[[Category:1525 in India]]
[[Category:Babur]]
[[Category:Rajput era]]
{{DEFAULTSORT:Mughal-Rajput Wars}}

Mughal–Rajput Wars - Revision history

Ajay Kumar: Add new article