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{{Short description|16th to 18th century conflicts in India}}
{{Infobox military conflict
| conflict = Mughal–Portuguese conflicts
| image = Hugli Battle.jpg
| image_size = 300px
| caption = [[Siege of Hooghly]]
| partof = [[Portuguese presence in Asia]]
| date = 1535–1693 <br>({{Age in years, months, weeks and days|year1=1535|year2=1693}})
| place = [[Gujarat Subah|Gujarat]], [[Bengal Subah|Bengal]], [[Mughal India|India]]
| result =
| combatant1 = {{plainlist |
*{{flag|Portuguese Empire|1521}}
}}
| combatant2 = {{plainlist |
*{{flagicon image|Alam of the Mughal Empire.svg}} [[Mughal Empire]]
*'''Supported by:'''
*[[Janjira State]]}}
| commander1 = {{plainlist |
*{{flagicon|Portugal|1578}} Vasco Pires de Sampayo
*{{flagicon|Portugal|1578}} João de Sousa
*{{flagicon|Portugal|1578}} Nuno Velho Pereira
*{{flagicon|Portugal|1578}} Ayres Telles de Menezes
*{{flagicon|Portugal|1578}} Dom Pedro de Almeida
*{{flagicon|Portugal|1578}} Martim Afonso de Melo
*{{flagicon|Portugal|1578}} [[Jerónimo de Azevedo]]
*{{flagicon|Portugal|1578}} Luiz de Brito
*{{flagicon|Portugal|1578}} Luiz de Mello e Sampayo
*{{flagicon|Portugal|1578}} António Telles de Menezes
*{{flagicon|Portugal|1578}} Dom Braz de Castro
*{{flagicon|Portugal|1578}} Pedro António de Meneses Noronha de Albuquerque
}}
| commander2 = {{plainlist |
*{{flagicon image|Alam of the Mughal Empire.svg}} Qutub ud-Din Khan
*{{flagicon image|Alam of the Mughal Empire.svg}} Caliche Mahamed
*{{flagicon image|Alam of the Mughal Empire.svg}} [[Qasim Khan Juvayni]]
*{{flagicon image|Alam of the Mughal Empire.svg}} [[Aurangzeb|Prince Muhi-al-Din]]
*{{flagicon image|Alam of the Mughal Empire.svg}} Matabar Khan}}
}}
{{Portuguese colonial campaigns}}

'''Mughal–Portuguese conflicts''' refers to the various armed engagements between the forces of the [[Portuguese Empire]] in India and the [[Mughal Empire]], between the 16th century and the 18th century.

The Mughal Empire came into direct contact with the Portuguese Empire in 1573 after [[Akbar]] annexed [[Gujarat Sultanate|Gujarat]], which bordered the Portuguese territories of [[Diu, India|Dio]], [[Daman, India|Damaon]] & [[Bassein (Vasai)]] near [[Portuguese Bombay]]. The Portuguese governor António de Noronha then signed a treaty with Akbar, officially establishing bilateral relations between Portugal and the Moghal Empire.<ref name=melo>João Vicente Melo: ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=jHFuEAAAQBAJ&dq=mughals%20cartaz&pg=PA10 Jesuit and English Experiences at the Mughal Court, c. 1580–1615]'', Springer Nature, 2022, p. 10.</ref>

Hostilities usually broke out because of diplomatic blunders, {{cns|Portuguese support of the [[Maratha Empire]]|date=June 2024}} or steadfast Portuguese rejection of Mughal demands for tribute.

Despite occasional incidents, Mughal-Portuguese relations were usually pragmatic in practice, as the Moghals prioritised land and Portuguese authorities the sea. Starting in 1573, the Mughals agreed not to harbour pirate fleets, welcomed Portuguese ambassadors and [[Jesuits|Jesuit]] missions in [[Agra]] and in return the Portuguese Crown granted a single naval license or [[cartaz]] each year to the [[Mughal emperors]], who in effect tacitly acknowledged Portuguese naval supremacy.<ref name=melo/><ref>''[https://books.google.com/books?id=v9vzDQAAQBAJ&dq=mughals%20daman&pg=PA112 Christian-Muslim Relations. A Bibliographical History Volume 11 South and East Asia, Africa and the Americas (1600-1700)]'', BRILL, 2016, p. 112.</ref><ref name=matthew/>

Conflict with the Portuguese also caused the Mughal Empire to favour relations with the [[English East India Company]], who were allowed to open a trading post at [[Surat]], in the hopes that the [[Kingdom of England|English]] might be of assistance against the Portuguese.<ref>João Vicente Melo: ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=jHFuEAAAQBAJ&dq=mughals%20siege%20daman&pg=PA219 Jesuit and English Experiences at the Mughal Court, c. 1580–1615]'', Springer Nature, 2022, p. 219.</ref>

==Early engagements 1535-1573==
Between the signing of the Treaty of Bassein in 1534 and the annexation of Gujarat in 1573, the Portuguese occasionally engaged invading Mughal troops in defense of their territory or in support of the [[Gujarat Sultanate|Sultanate of Gujarat]].{{citation needed|date=November 2025}}

===Siege of Verivene, 1535===
At the request of the Sultan of Gujarat, the Portuguese governor of India [[Nuno da Cunha]] dispatched Vasco Pires de Sampayo at the head of a naval squadron with 250 soldiers to recover the fort of Verivene by the mouth of the [[Indus River]], which had been taken by the Mughals.<ref name=danvers407-408/> An attack was made one morning, but before the Portuguese could land their artillery the Mughals abandoned the fort during the night and it was recovered for Gujarat the following day.<ref name=danvers407-408>Frederick Charles Danvers: The Portuguese in India, A.D. 1481-1571, Being A History of the Rise and Decline of Their Eastern Empire, W.H. Allen & Company, limited, 1894, pp. 407-408.</ref>

===Siege of Daman, 1565===
[[File:A Mughal nobleman on horseback, a Mughal miniature, c.1656-1661.jpg|thumb|17th century sketch of a Mughal horseman.]]

When the Mughals invaded the [[Gujarat Sultanate|Sultanate of Gujarat]] in 1565, 3000 Mughal horsemen invaded the Portuguese territory of Daman.<ref name=coutoviii39-43/> After receiving reinforcements from Goa, [[Chaul]] and [[Bassein (Vasai)|Bassein]], the captain of Daman João de Sousa marched north beyond the [[Daman Ganga River]] with a force of 600 [[arquebusiers]], 120 horse cavalry and some field guns to Pernel, where the Mughals had set up camp but the Mughals immediately withdrew, leaving behind all their material, which was captured.<ref name=coutoviii39-43>Diogo do Couto: ''Ásia'', VIII, pp. 39-43.</ref>

===Gujarat campaigns, 1569===
In 1569, Nuno Velho Pereira was dispatched from Daman with a naval squadron to clear the [[Gulf of Khambhat|Gulf of Cambay]] of Portuguese enemies.<ref name=danvers543-544/> He burnt two settlements, ships, captured prisoners and later attacked a Mughal stronghold three leagues away from Daman at Pernel, which was abandoned after six days of artillery bombardment and razed.<ref name=danvers543-544/>

Ayres Telles de Menezes helped Rustum Khan resist a Mughal siege on [[Bharuch]] with a squadron of seven ships.<ref name=danvers543-544/> Rustum Khan offered to become a tributary vassal of Portugal in exchange but after the Mughals were driven off Rustum Khan repudiated his part of the agreement.<ref name=danvers543-544>Danvers, volume I, 1894, pp. 543-544.</ref>

[[File:Portuguese Discoveries and Empire Flag.svg|thumb|Portuguese naval and war banner featuring the [[Order of Christ Cross|Cross of the Order of Christ]].]]

While the siege of Bharuch was ongoing, the captain of Daman sailed to Surat and confiscated two large merchant ships loaded by the lord of Surat ''Agaluchem'' without the authorization of the Portuguese viceroy of India.<ref name=danvers543-544/> They were valued at 100,000 [[Ducat|ducats]].<ref name=danvers543-544/>

== Siege of Surat, 1572 ==
In 1572, the [[Mughal Empire]] annexed [[Gujarat]] and acquired its first access to the sea, but local officials informed Akbar that the Portuguese had begun to exert control in the Indian Ocean. Akbar obtained a ''[[cartaz]]'' (permit) from the Portuguese to sail in the [[Persian Gulf]] region.<ref>{{Harvnb|Habib|1997|pp=256–257}}</ref> At the initial meeting of the Mughals and the Portuguese during the Siege of Surat, the Portuguese, recognising the superior strength of the Mughal army, chose to pursue diplomacy to resolve their conflict. The Portuguese Governor, upon the request of Akbar, sent him an ambassador to establish friendly relations.<ref>{{Harvnb|Habib|1997|p=259}}</ref>

==Siege of Daman, 1581==
{{Main article|Siege of Daman (1581)}}

In 1580, Diogo Lopes Coutinho de Santarém at the head of a force of eight ships had a village near [[Surat]] burned, after its garrison had killed six Portuguese who had gone ashore.<ref name="danvers">Frederick Charles Danvers: ''The Portuguese in India, A.D. 1571-1894, Being A History of the Rise and Decline of Their Eastern Empire'', W.H. Allen & Company, limited, 1894, pp.42-43</ref> At the request of the Mughal governor of Surat ''Caliche Mahamed'', the Mughal governor of [[Bharuch]] Qutub ud-Din Khan (''Cutubidicam'' in Portuguese<ref name="couto"/>) joined forces into an army of 15,000 men, [[War elephant|war elephants]] and a cannon to attack Daman.<ref name="couto">Diogo do Couto: ''Da Asia de João de Barros e de Diogo de Couto'', volume 20, decade I, part I, Regia Officina Typographica, 1786 edition, pp.184-198.</ref>

Portuguese reinforcements flowed into Daman by sea while the Mughals attacked the surrounding territory of Daman. Despite their numerical advantage, facing stiffer resistance than anticipated the Mughals hesitated in assaulting the unwalled city and withdrew their army after six months of maneuvers and skirmishes.

==Battle of Valsad, 1582==
[[File:Officer of the Mughal Army, c.1585 (colour litho).jpg|thumb|Mughal officer with matchlock, c. 1585.]]

Wishing to undertake the [[Hajj]] pilgrimage to [[Mecca]], Emperor [[Akbar]]'s aunt [[Gulbadan Begum]] gifted [[Valsad]] to the Portuguese in 1572 while waiting for a Portuguese naval pass at Surat so as to ensure a safe passage.<ref name=malekandathil/><ref name=monserrate>Antonio Monserrate: ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=6IqJm7qEuIkC&dq=bulsar%20portuguese%201582&pg=RA1-PA166 The Commentary of Father Monserrate: S. J., on His Journey to the Court of Akbar]'' p. 166.</ref> Upon her return and no longer needing to be on good terms with the Portuguese she demanded that Valsad be retaken and troops were dispatched from Surat to occupy the town but they were routed by the Portuguese with considerable loss.<ref name=malekandathil>Pius Malekandathil: ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=viUlDwAAQBAJ&dq=mughals%20daman&pg=PA252 The Indian Ocean in the Making of Early Modern India]'', Taylor & Francis, 2016, pp. 252-253.</ref><ref name=monserrate/>

==Luso-Mughal War 1613-1615==

The years up to 1613 were marked by affinity between the Mughal capital and the capital of the [[Portuguese India|Portuguese State of India]].<ref>Jorge Flores: ''The Mughal Padshah: A Jesuit Treatise on Emperor Jahangir’s Court and Household'', BRILL, 2015, p. 15.</ref> After the [[Battle of Swally]] however, the Mughals allowed the [[East India Company]] to set up a trading post at Surat and as reprisal the Portuguese seized the imperial Mughal merchant ship ''[[Rahīmī|Rahimi]]'', belonging to Emperor [[Jahangir]]'s mother [[Mariam-uz-Zamani]], worth 200,000 pounds and carrying 700 persons.<ref name=findly>Ellison Banks Findly: ''Nur Jahan: Empress of Mughal India'', Oxford University Press, 1993, pp. 130-131.</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=William Foster |url=http://archive.org/details/LettersReceivedByTheEastIndiaCompanyVolII |title=Letters Received By The East India Company|volume=II|date=1897 |pages=229 |language=English}}</ref>{{sfn|Findly|1993|p=130}} Although she was carrying the necessary [[Cartaz|Portuguese pass]] and did not violate any terms applied on it, still, out of greed/anger at the new Mughal friendship with the English, the Portuguese acted "contrary to their pass" and carried off "the Rahimi" with all of her richly laden cargo, worth 100,000 pounds, equivalent to today's currency, half a billion rupees, and the approximately 700 passengers still on board to Goa.<ref name=":17">{{Cite book |last=Foster |first=William |url=http://archive.org/details/earlytravelsinin00fostuoft |title=Early travels in India, 1583-1619 |date=1921 |publisher=London: Oxford University Press |others=Robarts - University of Toronto |pages=191, 192, 203}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Bocarro |first1=António |url=http://archive.org/details/b2935237x_0001 |title=Decada 13 da historia da India |last2=Felner |first2=Rodrigo José de Lima |date=1876 |publisher=Lisboa: Typ. da Academia real das sciencias |others=Wellcome Library |pages=192}}</ref> [[Jeronimo de Azevedo]] celebrated the capture of the Rahimi as "worthy prey that was brought and for giving the Mughals a cause of sorrow."<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Bocarro |first1=António |url=http://archive.org/details/b2935237x_0001 |title=Decada 13 da historia da India |last2=Felner |first2=Rodrigo José de Lima |date=1876 |publisher=Lisboa: Typ. da Academia real das sciencias |others=Wellcome Library |pages=192}}</ref>

When it became clear that the Portuguese had no intention of returning the Queen Mother's ship, Jahangir sent Muqarrab Khan, his governor, to stop all shipping activities at Surat, the major Indian fort for seagoing trade and to lay siege to the Portuguese town of [[Daman and Diu|Daman]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Rogers |first=Alexander |url=http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.70311 |title=Tuzuk-i-jahangiri Or Memoirs Of Jahangir Vol.1 |date=1909 |pages=255}}</ref>

In response to the Rahimi seizure, the Mughal launched. combined land and naval campaign against Portuguese outposts in Surat and Cambay, spearheaded by Khwaja Jahan; The Mughal forces, capitalizing on their numerical strength and control over Gujarat, besieged Portuguese fortifications, severed their trade routes, and captured goods and personnel. Logistically, the Mughals deployed local garrisons and coastal vessels to blockade Portuguese supply lines, leveraging their dominance over the region’s hinterland.<ref name="JASB1896" /><ref name="SatChandra2005" /> Jahangir also threaten to launch attacks against Portuguese controlled settlements across the [[Konkan]] coast.<ref name=DaurilJahangir>{{Cite book |last=Alden |first=Dauril |title=The Making of an Enterprise: The Society of Jesus in Portugal, Its Empire, and Beyond, 1540-1750 |publisher=Stanford University Press |year=1996 |isbn=9780804722711 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7nVIBhrRb9AC |access-date=2025-11-26|pages=163-165 }}</ref>

In November 1614, Jahangir escalated the conflict as he ordered the imperial forces to besiege several colonies and ports of the Portuguese, including Daman. Facing with this development, the Portuguese tried to negotiate peace by compensation for the Emperor for the goods and ships they had seized. However, Jahangir out right rejected the offer, as he declared that all of the realm will be no longer subjected to the Portuguese. The Emperor followed this by expelling all the Portuguese from the imperial court and imprison two Jesuits.<ref name=bpage398>{{cite book
| publisher = Brill
| year = 2022
|title = Merchant Cultures: A Global Approach to Spaces, Representations and Worlds of Trade, 1500–1800
| page = 58
| isbn =9789004506572
| editor1 = Cátia A.P. Antunes
| editor2 = Francisco Bethencourt
|url = https://www.google.com/books/edition/Merchant_Cultures/mplcEAAAQBAJ?hl=en
}}</ref> Due to this conflict, all the trading activities of the Portuguese in India ceased to exist, while the English gained favor in the court of Mughal.<ref name=EllisonBanks>{{cite book
| publisher = [[Oxford University]] press
| year = 1993
|title = Nur Jahan: Empress of Mughal India
| pages = 130-131
| isbn = 9780195360608
| author1 = Ellison Banks Findly
|url = https://www.google.com/books/edition/Nur_Jahan/ugxFjVDk3I8C?hl=en
}}</ref> The territory of Daman was invaded by a Mughal detachment from [[Surat]] and in mid 1614 they clashed with reinforcements dispatched from Goa under the command of Luiz de Brito, who forced the Mughals to withdraw.<ref name=bocarro301-314>António Bocarro: ''Década 13 da História da Índia'', parte I, Academia Real das Sciencias de Lisboa, 1876, pp. 301-314.</ref> The city of [[Bharuch]] was then sacked and the surrounding region pillaged by the forces of Brito.<ref name=bocarro301-314/> Portuguese trade with the Mughal Empire ceased during the conflict, providing the English East India Company with an unexpected windfall.<ref name=findly/>

By mid-1615, the Portuguese, overwhelmed by sustained Mughal pressure and unable to secure reinforcements, surrendered, releasing the Rahimi’s passengers and cargo and accepting Mughal trade terms. This resounding victory solidified Mughal authority along the Gujarat coast, diminished Portuguese regional influence, and set a precedent for asserting Mughal dominance in dealings with European powers.<ref name="JASB1896">{{Cite journal
| last = Anonymous
| title = The Mughal-Portuguese Conflict in Gujarat
| journal = Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal
| volume = 65
| issue = 1
| year = 1896
| pages = 54–56
| url = https://www.hathitrust.org/
| access-date = 2025-09-06
}}</ref><ref name="SatChandra2005">{{Cite book
| last = Chandra
| first = Satish
| title = Medieval India: From Sultanat to the Mughals, Part II
| publisher = Har-Anand Publications
| year = 2005
| isbn = 978-81-241-1066-9
| page = 165
| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=3uwDAAAACAAJ
| access-date = 2025-09-06
}}</ref> The Jesuit church in Agra was closed.<ref name=findly/>

[[File:D. Jerónimo de Azevedo, no Lyvro das Plataformas das Fortalezas da India.jpg|thumb|Viceroy of India Dom Jerónimo de Azevedo.]]

the Portuguese Viceroy of India [[Jerónimo de Azevedo|Dom Jerónimo de Azevedo]] compensated the Mughals and reestablished bilateral relations. Azevedo then sent Jerónimo Xavier, grandnephew of Jesuit missionary [[Francis Xavier]] to negotiate peace. However, the Portuguese envoy was unable to extract promise from Jahangir to expel the English and the Dutch from India due to the emperor being so impressed by the outcome of the two english victories against the Portuguese in naval battle in Surat in 1614 and 1615, and also probably because Jahangir started to favor [[Thomas Roe]], the English envoy at the Mughal court.<ref name=DaurilJahangir />

==Mughal-Arakan conflict 1614-1616 and 1666==
Between 1614-1616, Mughal Subahdar of Bengal [[Qasim Khan Chishti]] faced a combined attack of Arakanese and Portuguese forces. Because of a rift between these forces, Qasim Khan managed to thwart the expedition.<ref name=bpediaQasimKhan>{{cite book |last=Karim |first=KM |year=2012 |chapter=Qasim Khan Chisti |chapter-url=http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Qasim_Khan_Chisti |editor1-last=Islam |editor1-first=Sirajul |editor1-link=Sirajul Islam |editor2-last=Jamal |editor2-first=Ahmed A. |title=Banglapedia: National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh |edition=Second |publisher=[[Asiatic Society of Bangladesh]]}}</ref>

On 27 January 1666 AD, the allied forces of the [[Portuguese Empire]] and Arakan [[Kingdom of Mrauk U]] were defeated by the Mughal forces under the command of [[Buzurg Umed Khan]], the son of Mughal Subedar [[Shaista Khan]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=[[Abdul Karim (historian)|Abdul Karim]] |url=https://archive.org/details/mittabadider-mukhush-unmuchon/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%82%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%20%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B8/page/n85/mode/2up |script-title=bn:বাংলার ইতিহাস: মুসলিম বিজয় থেকে সিপাহী বিপ্লব পর্যন্ত [১২০০-১৮৫৭ খ্রিঃ] |publisher=বড়াল প্রকাশনী |date=August 1999 |location=[[Dhaka]] |pages=182–183 |language=bn}}</ref>

==Luso-Mughal Crisis, 1630==
A crisis between the Portuguese State of India and the Mughal Empire erupted in March 1630 when captain Dom Francisco Coutinho de Ocem captured two large Mughal trade ships in the Surat harbour for lacking [[Cartaz|cartazes]], one of which belonged to [[Shah Jahan]]. Another large Mughal trade ship was apprehended by Dom Francisco in September, however a treaty was negotiated in November and further conflict averted.<ref>Jorge Flores: ''Nas Margens do Hindustão: O Estado da Índia e a Expansão Mogol ca. 1570-1640'', Imprensa da Universidade de Coimbra, 2015, pp. 359-370.</ref>

==Siege of Hooghly, 1632==
{{Main article|Siege of Hooghly}}
In 1578, the Portuguese merchant Pedro Tavares had obtained authorization from the Mughal Court for Portuguese merchants to settle at [[Hugli-Chuchura|Hooghly]]. Although the city came to contain a large community of Portuguese traders, churches and monasteries, it was not officially part of the Portuguese Empire.<ref>"It was the preserve of the deserters, renegades and offenders of various sorts." in Jayanta Kumar Ray: ''Aspects of India's International Relations, 1700 to 2000: South Asia and the World'', Pearson Education India, 2007, p.13.</ref>

Having received complaints of illegal Portuguese activities in the region and angered that the Portuguese did not support his revolt, [[Shah Jahan]] ordered the destruction of Hooghly. Although the city was unwalled and defended by no more than 300 Portuguese it was only taken after a three-month siege and its inhabitants taken captive to Agra. The viceroy of India interceded on behalf of the Portuguese traders and they were allowed to resettle in Bengal the following year.<ref>Jayanta Kumar Ray: ''Aspects of India's International Relations, 1700 to 2000: South Asia and the World'', Pearson Education India, 2007, p.13.</ref>

==Luso-Mughal War 1638-1639==
[[File:Fortes de Damão.jpg|thumb|The forts of Daman.]]
{{Main article|Siege of Daman (1638–1639)}}

After being appointed viceroy of the Deccan, Prince [[Aurangzeb]] determined to attack Daman. In late 1638 a Mughal army of 10,000 to 40,000 men invaded Portuguese territory and set up camp at Magravará, two miles from the city.<ref name="machado"/><ref>Sir Charles Fawcett: ''The Travels of the Abbarrn India and the Near East, 1672 to 1674'' Hakluyt Society, London, 1947, p.167.</ref>

Reinforcements flowed into Daman by sea and the Portuguese conducted limited attacks against the Mughals. Although the siege was closely fought, on the evening of January 5, 1639, the Portuguese captain of the city nevertheless offered [[William Methwold]] refreshments when his ship docked there.<ref name="review">''The Calcutta Review'', Volume 75, 1882, p.87.</ref> Because the Mughals were unable to cut the naval supply lines to Daman, the Portuguese were able to continuously reinforce the city.<ref name="review"/>

Unable to break through Portuguese defenses despite their numerical superiority, the Mughals requested peace through the Governor of [[Surat]] Mir Musa, with the help of the president of the [[English East India Company]] factory at Surat, and later lifted the siege, having lost between 700 and 7000 men in the action.<ref name="machado">Ignacio Barbosa Machado: ''Fastos Politicos, e Militares da Antigua, e Nova Lusitania'', Officina de Ignacio Rodrigues, 1745, pp.681-682,</ref><ref name="commissariat">M. S. Commissariat: ''Mandelslo's Travels In Western India'', Asian Educational Services, 1995, p.57.</ref>

== 1665-1666 conflicts in Bengal ==
On November 9, 1665, Mughal naval commander Abul Hussain (also known as Ibn Husain), under orders from Bengal Subahdar [[Shaista Khan]], launched an expedition from Dhaka against the pirate stronghold of [[Sandwip]] Island, ruled independently by the 80-year-old Dilawar Khan (Raja Dilal) for nearly 50 years. In the initial engagement, Dilawar's forces wounded Hussain, who hesitated to pursue the ruler into the island's jungles and withdrew to Noakhali after spotting an approaching Arakanese relief fleet that ultimately retreated without clashing. Shaista Khan swiftly reinforced the Mughals with 141 additional boats, 1,500 musketeers and gunners, and 400 cavalry under commanders Jamal Khan, Serandaz Khan, Qaramal Khan, and Muhammad Beg. On November 18, the bolstered fleet renewed the assault, capturing Dilawar's son Sharif Khan (after wounding him) and, following severe fighting, Dilawar himself along with his followers; the defenders were then imprisoned and sent to Jahangirnagar (Dhaka). This "long and bloody" victory, aided by Dutch military support and recent Portuguese defections from Arakanese service, secured Sandwip as a vital naval base for the impending Chittagong campaign.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Rizvi |first=S. N. H. |title=Chittagong District Gazetteer |publisher=Dhaka |year=1970 |pages=82–84 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240304141335/https://www.scribd.com/doc/150840424/Chittagong-District-Gazetteer |archive-date=2024-03-04 |url=https://www.scribd.com/doc/150840424/Chittagong-District-Gazetteer }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Sarkar |first=Jadunath |title=History of Aurangzib: Based on Original Sources |volume=3 |publisher=M. C. Sarkar & Sons |location=Calcutta |year=1919 |pages=226–228 |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.36055 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ahmad |first=Shafaat |title=Anglo-Portuguese Negotiations Relating to Bombay, 1660–1677 |journal=Journal of Indian History |volume=13 |pages=1–22 |date=1934 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/44140983 |via=JSTOR}}</ref>
In 1666, [[Shaista Khan]] led the campaign to Chittagong and expelled the [[Portuguese Empire|Portuguese]] and Magh defender with 300 flotillas.<ref name="Advanced Study in the History of Modern India 1707-1813">{{cite book |last1=Lal Mehta |first1=Jaswant · |title=Advanced Study in the History of Modern India 1707-1813 |year=2005 |publisher=New Dawn Press, Incorporated |isbn=9781932705546 |page=330 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=d1wUgKKzawoC |access-date=5 June 2023 |language=en |format=Hardcover}}</ref>

==Luso-Mughal War, 1692-1693==
[[File:Fortaleza de bacaim.jpg|thumb|The Portuguese [[Fort Vasai|fortress of Bassein]].]]
{{main article|Mughal–Portuguese War (1692–1693)}}
While at war with the [[Maratha Empire]], a Mughal army sought to pass through Portuguese territory near Bassein, however this was refused by the Portuguese.<ref name=lobato>Alexandre Lobato: Relações Luso-Maratas 1658-1737, Centro de Estudos Históricos Ultramarinos, Lisboa, 1965, pp. 35-36.</ref> As the Mughal general Matabar Khan accused the Portuguese of favouring the Marathas and harbouring the families of their officers, in 1692 he invaded Portuguese territory and pillaged the region of Bassein.

By diplomatic means however, the Portuguese viceroy Pedro António de Meneses Noronha de Albuquerque got Emperor Aurangzeb to order the cessation of hostilities.<ref name=lobato/> Matabar Khan was instructed to return any prisoners of war and compensate the Portuguese with 200,000 rupees.

==Aftermath==
Conflict with the Portuguese caused the Mughal Empire to gradually turn to the English East India Company for trade.

Portuguese maritime supremacy was complete as far as the Mughals were concerned, as the Mughals paid the Portuguese tolls to sail the Indian Ocean.<ref name=matthew>K. M. Mathew: ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=Kl3IR3RJTIEC&dq=mughals%20cartaz&pg=PA138 History of the Portuguese Navigation in India 1497-1600]'', Mittal Publications, 1988, p. 138.</ref>

As a land-based power, the Mughals did not wish to hostilize the Portuguese because it could result in reprisals against Mughal merchant ships and most importantly disturb the naval [[Hajj]] pilgrimage route from Surat to Mecca, which they sought to present themselves as sponsors and protectors of.<ref name=matthew/> Mughal trade ships were still required to acquire Portuguese naval licenses to sail the Indian Ocean and they cost between 3000 and 8000 ''mahmudis''.<ref name=matthew/><ref>Monika Sharma: ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=rwjQBQAAQBAJ&dq=mughals%20cartaz&pg=PT67 Socio-Cultural Life of Merchants in Mughal Gujarat]'' p. .</ref> They also sought the sympathy of the Portuguese to check the activities of the Marathas in the [[Konkan]].<ref>A. R. Kulkarni: "[https://books.google.com/books?id=yjXJOFEIIMkC&pg=PA115 Portuguese in the Deccan Politics: A Study of New Marathi Documents From Lisbon]" in Teotonio R. De Souza: ''Indo-Portuguese History: Old Issues, New Questions'', Concept Publishing Company, 1985, p. 115.</ref> The Portuguese sought to preserve their territory in India against the Mughals.

Although open conflicts tended to be avoided, the Portuguese Viceroy of India covertly supported the Marathas against the Mughals and promoted anti-Mughal alliances in the [[Deccan Plateau|Deccan]] with [[Ahmadnagar Sultanate|Ahmadnagar]], [[Adil Shahi dynasty|Bijapur]] and [[Golkonda Sultanate|Golkonda]].<ref>Sanjay Subrahmanyam: ''The Portuguese Empire in Asia, 1500-1700: A Political and Economic History'', John Wiley & Sons, 2012, p. 157.</ref>

After the Maratha conquest of Konkan and Gujarat in the 18th century, contact between Portuguese India and the by then declining Mughal Empire ceased.

==See also==
*[[Military history of Portugal]]
*[[Portuguese India]]
*[[Adil Shahi–Portuguese conflicts]]
*[[Gujarati-Portuguese conflicts]]
**[[Portuguese conquest of Daman]]
*[[Foreign relations of the Mughal Empire]]
*[[Mughal weapons]]
*[[Mughal artillery]]
**[[Prangi]]
*[[Mughal conquest of Gujarat]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

== Bibliography ==
* {{cite journal |last=Findly |first=Ellison Banks |title=The Capture of Maryam-uz-Zamānī's Ship: Mughal Women and European Traders |publisher=American Oriental Society|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/603650 | journal=Journal of the American Oriental Society
|volume=108 |number=2 |date=April–June 1988 |pages=227–238|doi=10.2307/603650 |jstor=603650 |url-access=subscription }}
* {{cite book |last1=Habib |first1=Irfan |author-link=Irfan Habib |year=1997 |title=Akbar and His India |publisher=Oxford University Press |place=New Delhi |isbn=978-0-19-563791-5}}

[[Category:Military of the Mughal Empire]]
[[Category:Military history of Portugal]]
[[Category:Military history of India]]
[[Category:History of Daman and Diu]]

Mughal–Portuguese conflicts - Revision history

FosterDevito009 at 10:37, 31 January 2026