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Undid revision 1032242156 by 43.231.57.167 (talk)

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{{short description|Sufi mystic of the Chishtiyya order}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2020}}
{{Infobox religious biography
| name = Muʿīn al-Dīn Chishtī
| native_name = {{lang|ur|{{nq| معین الدین چشتی}}}}
| image =
| alt = Mu'in al-Din Chishti, Ghareeb Nawaz , Sultan Ul Hind
| caption = A [[Mughal miniature]] representing Muʿīn al-Dīn Chishtī
| religion = [[Islam]]
| denomination = [[Sunni]]<ref name="Katherine Butler Schofield 2015 p. 463">Francesca Orsini and Katherine Butler Schofield, ''Telling and Texts: Music, Literature, and Performance in North India'' (Open Book Publishers, 2015), p. 463</ref><ref name=AryaHanafi>Arya, Gholam-Ali and Negahban, Farzin, "Chishtiyya", in: ''Encyclopaedia Islamica'', Editors-in-Chief: Wilferd Madelung and, Farhad Daftary: "The followers of the Chishtiyya Order, which has the largest following among Sufi orders in the Indian subcontinent, are Ḥanafī Sunni Muslims."</ref>
| jurisprudence = [[Hanafi]]
| creed = [[Maturidi]]
| Sufi_order = [[Chishti Order|Chisti]]
| flourished = [[Islamic golden age]]
| birth_name =
| birth_date = 1 February 1143 CE
| birth_place = [[Herat]],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/article/opr/t125/e430 |website=Oxford Islamic Studies |publisher=Oxford Islamic Studies}}</ref><ref name="eoi_cishti" /> [[Ghaznavid Empire]]
| death_date = 15 March 1236 CE (aged {{age|1143|1236}})
| death_place = [[Ajmer]], [[Delhi Sultanate]]
| resting_place = [[Ajmer Sharif Dargah]]
| resting_place_coordinates = 
| spouse =
| children =
| parents =
| influences = [[Usman Harooni]], [[Khwaja Abdullah Ansari|ʿAbdullah Ansari]],<ref name="eoi_surur">Ḥamīd al-Dīn Nāgawrī, ''Surūr al-ṣudūr''; cited in Auer, Blain, "Chishtī Muʿīn al-Dīn Ḥasan", in: ''Encyclopaedia of Islam, THREE'', Edited by: Kate Fleet, Gudrun Krämer, Denis Matringe, John Nawas, Everett Rowson.</ref> Najīb al-Dīn Nakhshabī<ref name="eoi_surur" />
| influenced = [[Qutbuddin Bakhtiar Kaki]]. Muḥammad Mubārak al-ʿAlavī al-Kirmānī,<ref name="eoi_chishti">Blain Auer, "Chishtī Muʿīn al-Dīn Ḥasan", in: ''Encyclopaedia of Islam, THREE'', Edited by: Kate Fleet, Gudrun Krämer, Denis Matringe, John Nawas, Everett Rowson.</ref> Ḥāmid b. Faḍlallāh Jamālī,<ref name="eoi_chishti" /> ʿAbd al-Ḥaqq Muḥaddith Dihlavī,<ref name="eoi_chishti" /> Ḥamīd al-Dīn Ṣūfī Nāgawrī,<ref name=Arya>{{cite encyclopedia |last1=Arya |first1=Gholam-Ali |last2=Negahban |first2=Farzin |title=Chishtiyya |encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia Islamica |editor-first1=Wilferd |editor-last1=Madelung |editor-first2=Farhad |editor-last2=Daftary}}</ref> Fakhr al-Dīn Chishtī,<ref name=Arya/> and virtually all subsequent mystics of the Chishtiyya order
| initiated =
| works = 
| profession =
| other names = Khawja Ghareeb Nawaz, Sultan Ul Hind
}}

'''Chishtī Muʿīn al-Dīn Ḥasan Sijzī''' (1143–1236 [[Common Era|CE]]), known more commonly as '''Muʿīn al-Dīn Chishtī''' or '''Moinuddin Chishti<ref name="eoi_chishti">Blain Auer, "Chishtī Muʿīn al-Dīn Ḥasan", in: ''Encyclopaedia of Islam, THREE'', Edited by: Kate Fleet, Gudrun Krämer, Denis Matringe, John Nawas, Everett Rowson.</ref>''' or '''Khwājā Ghareeb Nawaz''', or reverently as a '''Shaykh Muʿīn al-Dīn''' or '''Muʿīn al-Dīn''' or '''Khwājā Muʿīn al-Dīn''' ({{lang-ur|{{nq| معین الدین چشتی}}}}) by Muslims of the Indian subcontinent, was a [[Persian people|Persian]] [[Sunni]] [[Muslim]]<ref name="Katherine Butler Schofield 2015 p. 463">Francesca Orsini and Katherine Butler Schofield, ''Telling and Texts: Music, Literature, and Performance in North India'' (Open Book Publishers, 2015), p. 463</ref> [[preacher]] and [[Sayyid]],<ref name="eoi_chishti" /> [[ascetic]], [[Ulama|religious scholar]], [[philosopher]], and [[Sufism|mystic]] from [[Sistan]],<ref name="eoi_chishti" /> who eventually ended up settling in the [[Indian subcontinent]] in the early 13th-century, where he promulgated the famous [[Chishti Order|Chishtiyya order]] of Sunni mysticism.<ref name="eoi_chishti" /><ref name=Arya/> This particular ''[[tariqa]]'' (order) became the dominant Muslim spiritual group in medieval India and many of the most beloved and venerated Indian [[wali|Sunni saints]]<ref name=AryaHanafi/><ref>See Andrew Rippin (ed.), ''The Blackwell Companion to the Quran'' (John Wiley & Sons, 2008), p. 357.</ref><ref>M. Ali Khan and S. Ram, ''Encyclopaedia of Sufism: Chisti Order of Sufism and Miscellaneous Literature'' (Anmol, 2003), p. 34.</ref> were [[Chishti]] in their affiliation, including [[Nizamuddin Awliya]] (d. 1325) and [[Amir Khusrow]] (d. 1325).<ref name="eoi_chishti" />

Having arrived in [[Delhi]] during the reign of the [[sultan]] [[Iltutmish]] (d. 1236), Muʿīn al-Dīn moved from Delhi to [[Ajmer]] shortly thereafter, at which point he became increasingly influenced by the writings of the famous [[Sunni]] [[Hanbali]] [[ulama|scholar]] and [[Mysticism|mystic]] [[Khwaja Abdullah Ansari|ʿAbdallāh Anṣārī]] (d. 1088), whose famous work on the lives of the early Islamic saints, the ''Ṭabāqāt al-ṣūfiyya'', may have played a role in shaping Muʿīn al-Dīn's worldview.<ref name="eoi_chishti" /> It was during his time in Ajmer that Muʿīn al-Dīn acquired the reputation of being a charismatic and compassionate spiritual preacher and teacher; and biographical accounts of his life written after his death report that he received the gifts of many "spiritual marvels (''karāmāt''), such as miraculous travel, clairvoyance, and visions of angels"<ref name="eoi_chishti" /><ref>Muḥammad b. Mubārak Kirmānī, ''Siyar al-awliyāʾ'', Lahore 1978, pp. 54-58.</ref> in these years of his life. Muʿīn al-Dīn seems to have been unanimously regarded as a great saint after his passing.<ref name="eoi_chishti" />

As such, Muʿīn al-Dīn Chishtī's legacy rests primarily on his having been "one of the most outstanding figures in the annals of Islamic mysticism."<ref name="eoi_cishti">Nizami, K.A., "Čis̲h̲tī", in: ''Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition'', Edited by: P. Bearman, Th. Bianquis, C.E. Bosworth, E. van Donzel, W.P. Heinrichs.</ref> Additionally Muʿīn al-Dīn Chishtī is also notable, according to John Esposito, for having been one of the first major Islamic mystics to formally allow his followers to incorporate the "use of music" in their devotions, liturgies, and hymns to [[Allah|God]], which he did in order to make the foreign Arab faith more relatable to the indigenous peoples who had recently entered the religion or whom he sought to convert.<ref>John Esposito (ed.), ''The Oxford Dictionary of Islam'' (Oxford, 2004), p. 53</ref>

==Early life==
Born in 1143 in [[Sistan]], Muʿīn al-Dīn Chishtī was sixteen years old when his father, Sayyid G̲h̲iyāt̲h̲ al-Dīn (d. c. 1155), died,<ref name="eoi_cishti" /> leaving his grinding mill and orchard to his son.<ref name="eoi_cishti" /> G̲h̲iyāt̲h̲ al-Dīn and mother, Bibi Ummalwara (alias Bibi Mahe-Noor), were [[Sayyid]]s,<ref name="eoi_chishti" /> or descendants of Muhammad, through his grandsons [[Hasan ibn Ali|Hassan]] and [[Husayn ibn Ali|Hussain]].<ref name="Shah Baba 2009">Shah Baba, Nawab Gudri, ''Muinul Arwahʾ'' (2009)</ref>

Despite planning to continue his father's business, he developed mystic tendencies in his personal piety<ref name="eoi_cishti" />{{Clarify|date=April 2021}} and soon entered a life of destitute itineracy. He enrolled at the [[madrasa|seminaries]] of [[Bukhara]] and [[Samarkand]], and (probably) visited the shrines of [[Muhammad al-Bukhari]] (d. 870) and [[Abu Mansur al-Maturidi]] (d. 944), two widely venerated figures in the Islamic world.<ref name="eoi_cishti" />

While traveling to [[Iraq]], in the district of [[Nishapur]], he came across the famous Sunni mystic Ḵh̲wāj̲a ʿUt̲h̲mān, who initiated him.<ref name="eoi_cishti" /> Accompanying his spiritual guide for over twenty years on the latter's journeys from region to region, Muʿīn al-Dīn also continued his own independent spiritual travels during the time period.<ref name="eoi_cishti" /> It was on his independent wanderings that Muʿīn al-Dīn encountered many of the most notable Sunni mystics of the era, including [[Abdul-Qadir Gilani]] (d. 1166) and [[Najmuddin Kubra]] (d. 1221), as well as Naj̲īb al-Dīn ʿAbd al-Ḳāhir Suhrawardī, Abū Saʿīd Tabrīzī, and ʿAbd al-Waḥid G̲h̲aznawī (all d. c. 1230), all of whom were destined to become some of the most highly venerated saints in the Sunni tradition.<ref name="eoi_cishti" />

==South Asia==
Arriving at South Asia in the early thirteenth century, Muʿīn al-Dīn first travelled to [[Lahore]] to meditate at the tomb-shrine of the famous Sunni [[Mysticism|mystic]] and [[jurist]] [[Ali Hujwiri]] (d. 1072).<ref name="eoi_cishti" />

From Lahore, he continued towards [[Ajmer]] where he settled and married two wives, the first was a daughter of Saiyad Wajiuddin, which he married in the year 1209/10 at the age of 66-67. Second was the daughter of a local [[Hindu]] [[raja]] who had been seized in a war.<ref name="eoi_cishti" /><ref name="Sayyad Athar Abbas Rizvi 1978 124">{{Cite book|last=Sayyad Athar Abbas Rizvi|url=https://archive.org/details/AHistoryOfSufismInIndiaVol.OneSaiyidAtharAbbasRizvi/page/n145/mode/2up|title=A History of Sufism in India|publisher=Munshiram Manoharlal Publishers|year=1978|volume=1|pages=124}}</ref> He went on to have three sons—Abū Saʿīd, Fak̲h̲r al-Dīn and Ḥusām al-Dīn — and one daughter Bībī Jamāl.<ref name="eoi_cishti" /> Both sons are believed to be from the daughter of Hindu raja.<ref name="Sayyad Athar Abbas Rizvi 1978 124"/> After settling in Ajmer, Muʿīn al-Dīn strove to establish the [[Chishti order]] of Sunni mysticism in [[India]]; many later biographic accounts relate the numerous [[karamat|miracles]] wrought by God at the hands of the saint during this period.<ref name="eoi_cishti" />

===Preaching in India===

Muʿīn al-Dīn Chishtī was not the originator or founder of the Chishtiyya order of mysticism as he is often erroneously thought to be. On the contrary, the Chishtiyya was already an established Sufi order prior to his birth, being originally an offshoot of the older Adhamiyya order that traced its spiritual lineage and titular name to the early Islamic saint and mystic [[Ibrahim ibn Adham]] (d. 782). Thus, this particular branch of the Adhamiyya was renamed the Chishtiyya after the 10th-century Sunni mystic Abū Isḥāq al-Shāmī (d. 942) migrated to [[Chishti Sharif]], a town in the present-day [[Herat Province]] of Afghanistan in around 930, in order to preach Islam in that area. The order spread into the [[Indian subcontinent]], however, at the hands of the Persian Muʿīn al-Dīn in the 13th-century,<ref name=Arya/> after the saint is believed to have had a dream in which the [[Prophet Muhammad]] appeared and told him to be his "representative" or "envoy" in [[India]].<ref>ʿAlawī Kirmānī, Muḥammad, ''Siyar al-awliyāʾ'', ed. Iʿjāz al-Ḥaqq Quddūsī (Lahore, 1986), p. 55</ref><ref>Firishtah, Muḥammad Qāsim, ''Tārīkh'' (Kanpur, 1301/1884), 2/377</ref><ref>Dārā Shukūh, Muḥammad, ''Safīnat al-awliyāʾ'' (Kanpur, 1884), p. 93.</ref>

According to the various chronicles, Muʿīn al-Dīn's tolerant and compassionate behavior towards the local population seems to have been one of the major reasons behind conversion to Islam at his hand.<ref>Rizvi, Athar Abbas, ''A History of Sufism in India'' (New Delhi, 1986), I/pp. 116-125</ref><ref>Nizami, Khaliq Ahmad, 'Ṣūfī Movement in the Deccan', in H. K. Shervani, ed., ''A History of Medieval Deccan'', vol. 2 (Hyderabad, 1974), pp. 142-147.</ref> Muʿīn al-Dīn Chishtī is said to have appointed [[Bakhtiar Kaki]] (d. 1235) as his spiritual successor, who worked at spreading the Chishtiyya in [[Delhi]]. Furthermore, Muʿīn al-Dīn's son, Fakhr al-Dīn (d. 1255), is said to have further spread the order's teachings in Ajmer, whilst another of the saint's major disciples, Ḥamīd al-Dīn Ṣūfī Nāgawrī (d. 1274), preached in [[Nagaur|Nagaur, Rajasthan]].<ref name=Arya/>

==Spiritual lineage==
[[File:Talisman Louvre MAO905.jpg|thumb|19th century die with the genealogy of the [[Chishti Order]]]]
As with every other major Sufi order, the Chishtiyya proposes an unbroken [[silsilah|spiritual chain of transmitted knowledge]] going back to the Islamic prophet [[Muhammad]] through one of his [[sahaba|Companions]], which in the Chishtiyya's case is [[Ali]] (d. 661).<ref name=Arya/> His spiritual lineage is traditionally given as follows:<ref name="Arya" />

# [[Muhammad]].
# [[Ali|ʿAlī b. Abī Ṭālib]] (d. 661),
# [[Hasan of Basra|Ḥasan al-Baṣrī]] (d. 728),
# [[Abdul Wahid bin Zaid]] (d. 786),
# [[Fuzail ibn Ayaz|al-Fuḍayl b. ʿIyāḍ]] (d. 803),
# [[Ibrahim ibn Adham]] al-Balkhī (d. 783),
# [[Ḥudhayfa al-Marʿashī]] (d. 890),
# [[Abu Hubayra al-Basri]] (d. 900),
# [[Khwaja Mumshad Uluw Al Dīnawarī]](d. 911),
# [[Abu Ishaq Shami]] (d. 941),
# [[Abu Aḥmad Abdal Chishti]] (d. 966),
# [[Abu Muḥammad Chishti]] (d. 1020),
# [[Abu Yusuf ibn Saman]] Muḥammad Samʿān Chishtī (d. 1067),
# [[Maudood Chishti]] (d. 1133),
# [[Shareef Zandani]] (d. 1215),
# [[Usman Harooni]] (d. 1220).

==Dargah Sharif==
[[File:Dargah of Sufi saint Moinuddin Chishti Ajmer India (5).JPG|thumb|[[Ajmer Sharif Dargah|Dargah of Muʿīn al-Dīn Chishtī]], [[Ajmer]], [[Rajasthan]], [[India]]]]
{{Main|Ajmer Sharif Dargah}}
The [[Ajmer Sharif Dargah|tomb (''dargāh'') of Muʿīn al-Dīn]] became a deeply venerated site in the century following the preacher's death in March 1236. Honoured by members of all social classes, the tomb was treated with great respect by many of the era's most important Sunni rulers, including [[Muhammad bin Tughluq]], the [[Sultan of Delhi]] from 1324–1351, who paid a famous visit to the tomb in 1332 to commemorate the memory of the saint.<ref>ʿAbd al-Malik ʿIṣāmī, ''Futūḥ al-salāṭīn'', ed. A. S. Usha, Madras 1948, p. 466.</ref> In a similar way, the later [[Mughal emperor]] [[Akbar]] (d. 1605) visited the shrine no less than fourteen times during his reign.<ref>Abū l-Faḍl, ''Akbar-nāma'', ed. ʿAbd al-Raḥīm, 3 vols., Calcutta 1873–87.</ref> In the present day, the tomb of Muʿīn al-Dīn continues to be one of the most popular sites of religious visitation for Sunni Muslims in the Indian subcontinent,<ref name="eoi_chishti" /> with over "hundreds of thousands of people from all over the Indian sub-continent assembling there on the occasion of [the saint's] ''ʿurs'' or death anniversary."<ref name="eoi_cishti" /> Additionally, the site also attracts many [[Hindu]]s, who have also venerated the Islamic saint since the medieval period.<ref name="eoi_cishti" /> A bomb blast on 11 October 2007 in the Dargah of Sufi Saint Khawaja Moinuddin Chishti at the time of Roza Iftaar had left three pilgrims dead and 15 injured. A special National Investigation Agency (NIA) court in Jaipur punished with life imprisonment the two convicts in the 2007 Ajmer Dargah bomb blast case.<ref>https://m.timesofindia.com/india/life-sentence-to-two-in-ajmer-dargah-blast-case/articleshow/57773081.cms</ref>

==Popular culture==
Indian films about the saint and his dargah at Ajmer include ''Mere Gharib Nawaz'' by G. Ishwar, ''Sultan E Hind'' (1973) by K. Sharif, ''Khawaja Ki Diwani'' (1981) by Akbar Balam, ''Mere Data Garib Nawaz'' (1994) by M Gulzar Sultani.<ref>{{cite book|title=Screen World Publication's 75 Glorious Years of Indian Cinema: Complete Filmography of All Films (silent & Hindi) Produced Between 1913-1988|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=q7UEAQAAIAAJ|year=1988|publisher=Screen World Publication|page=85}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Ramnath|first=Nandini|title=Prophets and profit: The miraculous world of Indian devotional films|url=http://scroll.in/article/753217/prophets-and-profit-the-miraculous-world-of-indian-devotional-films|access-date=2021-01-06|website=Scroll.in|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Sultan E Hind |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lF5PBwJ3UKI |publisher=Eagle Home Entertainments |date=Mar 3, 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Mere Data Garib Nawaz VCD (1994) |url=https://www.induna.com/1000008598-productdetails/ |website=Induna.com}}</ref> A song in the 2008 Indian film ''[[Jodhaa Akbar]]'' named "Khwaja Mere Khwaja," composed by [[A. R. Rahman]], pays tribute to Muʿīn al-Dīn Chishtī.<ref>{{cite web|title=Jodhaa Akbar Music Review|url=http://www.planetbollywood.com/displayReview.php?id=m011908100122|publisher=Planet Bollywood|access-date=25 May 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170729132255/http://www.planetbollywood.com/displayReview.php?id=m011908100122|archive-date=29 July 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Khwaja Mere Khwaja|url=http://lyricstranslate.com/en/khwaja-mere-khwaja-khwaja-my-khwaja.html|publisher=Lyrics Translate|access-date=25 May 2015}}</ref>

Various [[qawwali]]s portray devotion to the saint including [[Nusrat Fateh Ali Khan]]'s "Khwaja E Khwajgan" and [[Sabri Brothers]]' "Khawaja Ki Deewani".{{citation needed|date=March 2021}}

==See also==
{{Commons category}}
* [[Index of Sufism-related articles]]
* [[List of Sufis]]
* [[Ajmer Dargah bombing]]
* [[Ali Hujwiri]]
* [[Ata Hussain Fani Chishti]]
* [[Alaul Haq Pandavi]]
* [[Urs festival, Ajmer]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{South Asian Muslim Saints}}
{{Hanafi scholars}}
{{Maturidi}}
{{Authority control}}
{{Wikiquote}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Chishti, Moinuddin}}
[[Category:13th-century Iranian people]]
[[Category:Indian Sufi saints]]
[[Category:Hanafis]]
[[Category:Maturidis]]
[[Category:Indian people of Arab descent]]
[[Category:1143 births]]
[[Category:1236 deaths]]
[[Category:12th-century Iranian people]]
[[Category:Hashemite people]]
[[Category:Sufi poets]]
[[Category:History of Ajmer]]
[[Category:Chishti Order]]
[[Category:Indian male philosophers]]
[[Category:People from Sistan]]
[[Category:Iranian emigrants to India]]

Mu'in al-Din Chishti - Revision history

>HistoryofIran: Undid revision 1032242156 by 43.231.57.167 (talk)