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{{Infobox Civil Conflict
| title = Movement demanding trial of war criminals
| image = Shahbag Projonmo Square Uprising Demanding Death Penalty of the War Criminals of 1971 in Bangladesh 32.jpg
| caption =
| place = Bangladesh
| causes =
* Protest for the [[capital punishment]] of war criminals of 1971
* Ban the political rights of [[Bangladesh Jamaat-e-Islami|Jamat-e-Islami]]<ref name=dailystar-1>{{cite news |date=9 February 2013 |title=Shahbagh grand rally demands ban on Jamaat |url=http://www.thedailystar.net/newDesign/latest_news.php?nid=44631 |newspaper=[[The Daily Star (Bangladesh)|The Daily Star]] |access-date=9 February 2022}}</ref><ref name=bdnews-2>{{cite news |date=8 February 2013 |title=Cry for Jamaat ban |url=http://bdnews24.com/bangladesh/2013/02/08/cry-for-jamaat-ban |newspaper=[[bdnews24.com]] |access-date=9 February 2022}}</ref>
* Boycott all financial organizations of Jamat-e-Islami<ref name=dailystar-2>{{cite news |date=9 February 2013 |title=Vow to boycott Jamaat institutions |url=http://www.thedailystar.net/newDesign/latest_news.php?nid=44637 |work=The Daily Star |access-date=9 February 2022}}</ref>
| methods =
* Civil conflict
* Protest
* Online protest
}}

The '''movement demanding trial of war criminals''' is a protest movement in [[Bangladesh]], from 1972 to present demanding trial of the perpetrators of [[1971 Bangladesh genocide]] during the [[Bangladesh Liberation War]] from [[Pakistan]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-12-16 |title=Search for the last signs of 1971 genocide goes on |url=https://www.dhakatribune.com/bangladesh/2022/12/16/search-for-the-last-signs-of-1971-genocide-goes-on |access-date=2022-12-16 |website=www.dhakatribune.com |language=en}}</ref>

== Background ==
The Bangladesh Liberation War started on 26 March 1971 after Pakistan Army launched Operation Searchlight on 25 March.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Genocide, 1971 - Banglapedia |url=https://en.banglapedia.org/index.php/Genocide,_1971 |access-date=2022-12-16 |website=en.banglapedia.org |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=War of Liberation, The - Banglapedia |url=https://en.banglapedia.org/index.php/War_of_Liberation,_The |access-date=2022-12-16 |website=en.banglapedia.org |language=en}}</ref> During Operation Searchlight, Pakistan Army attacked [[East Pakistan Rifles]], [[East Pakistan Ansar]], and Rajarbagh police barracks.<ref name=":1" /> The soldiers also attacked the [[University of Dhaka]] and [[Hindus|Hindu]] majority neighborhoods in the city.<ref name=":1" /> The Pakistan Army target civilians in their war effort.<ref name=":1" /> These actions are collectively known as the 1971 Bangladesh Genocide.<ref name=":1" /> From 14 to 16 December, Pakistan Army and local collaborators targeted and killed Bengali academics, writers, doctors and other intellectuals.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hoque |first=Mofidul |date=2018-12-14 |title=Why were they targeted? |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/supplements/martyred-intellectuals-day-2017/news/why-were-they-targeted-1672987 |access-date=2022-12-16 |website=The Daily Star |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Hoque |first=Mofidul |date=2017-12-14 |title=Pakistani Viewpoint: Killing of Bengali Intellectuals |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/supplements/martyred-intellectuals-day-2017/pakistani-viewpoint-killing-bengali-intellectuals |access-date=2022-12-16 |website=The Daily Star |language=en}}</ref> The two days are known as the [[1971 killing of Bengali intellectuals]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-12-14 |title=Massacre of the Bengali intellectuals in 1971 |url=https://archive.dhakatribune.com/magazine/arts-letters/2019/12/14/massacre-of-the-bengali-intellectuals-in-1971 |access-date=2022-12-16 |website=Dhaka Tribune}}</ref> The war lasted until 16 December when Pakistan surrendered to a joint forces of Indian military and Bangladeshi [[Mukti Bahini]].<ref name=":2" />

After the [[Independence of Bangladesh]], the Sheikh Mujibur Rahman led government passed the [[Bangladesh Collaborators (Special Tribunals) Order, 1972]] on 24 January for the trail of war criminals and collaborators of Pakistan Army.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |last=Correspondent |first=Staff |date=2007-10-28 |title=War criminals were not pardoned |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/news-detail-9208 |access-date=2022-12-16 |website=The Daily Star |language=en}}</ref> On 20 July 1973, the government passed the separate [[International Crimes (Tribunals) Act, 1973]] for the trial of Pakistani soldiers accused of war crimes.<ref name=":3" /> On 30 November 1973, the government of Bangladesh issued a pardon for collaborators who were not charged with war crimes such as rape, murder, arson etc.<ref name=":3" /> Total collaborators in custody was 37 thousand of whom 26 thousand were released after the amnesty.<ref name=":3" />

President [[Sheikh Mujibur Rahman]] was killed in the [[15 August 1975 Bangladeshi coup d'état]] and [[Awami League]] government overthrown.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Times |first=William Borders Special to The New York |date=1975-08-15 |title=Mu jib Reported Overthrown and Killed In a Coup by the Bangladesh Military |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1975/08/15/archives/mujib-reported-overthrown-and-killed-in-a-coup-by-the-bangladesh.html |access-date=2022-12-16 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=1975-08-23 |title=BANGLADESH COUP: A DAY OF KILLINGS |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1975/08/23/archives/bangladesh-coup-a-day-of-killings-account-depicts-how-young.html |access-date=2022-12-16 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> Major General [[Ziaur Rahman]] repealed the Bangladesh Collaborators (Special Tribunals) Order, 1972 which paved the way for the release of all detained collaborators and war crime accused.<ref name=":3" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=Momen |first=Dr Abdul |date=2008-03-19 |title=War criminals of 1971: Time to take action |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/news-detail-28326 |access-date=2022-12-16 |website=The Daily Star |language=en}}</ref>

==1972==
In 1972, the spouses of [[martyred intellectuals]] started the peaceful protest. Wife of [[Zahir Raihan]], who was killed in January 1972 by [[Bihari collaborators]] of Pakistan Army, took first step for this.<ref>Daily Desh, 26 February 1972</ref> Zahir Raihan's brother, [[Shahidullah Kaiser]], was a victim of enforced disappearance by local collaborators including Abdul Majid Majumder, office secretary of [[Dhaka District]] unit of [[Jamaat-e-Islami Bangladesh|Jamaat-e-Islami]], identified by witnesses of the abduction.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Shahidullah Kaiser |url=http://www.londoni.co/index.php/81-history-of-bangladesh/biography/shahidullah-kaiser |access-date=2022-12-16 |website=www.londoni.co}}</ref>

==1992==
As the ruler of Bangladesh, President [[Ziaur Rahman]] (1975–1981) enacted several controversial measures, ostensibly to win the support of Islamic political parties and opponents of the [[Awami League]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ziaur Rahman (Shaheed General Zia) - President of Bangladesh, Islam and nationalism, Gram Sarkar, multi-party - biography of Muslim and Bengali |url=http://www.londoni.co/index.php/69-history-of-bangladesh/biography/ziaur-rahman-shaheed-general-zia/395-ziaur-rahman-shaheed-general-zia-president-of-bangladesh-islam-and-nationalism-gram-sarkar-multi-party-biography-of-muslim-and-bengali |access-date=2022-12-16 |website=www.londoni.co |language=en-gb}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Franda |first=Marcus |date=1981 |title=Ziaur Rahman and Bangladeshi Nationalism |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/4369609 |journal=Economic and Political Weekly |volume=16 |issue=10/12 |pages=357–380 |issn=0012-9976}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-09-13 |title=The BNP’s choice of indemnity |url=https://www.dhakatribune.com/op-ed/2022/09/13/the-bnps-choice-of-indemnity |access-date=2022-12-16 |website=www.dhakatribune.com |language=en}}</ref> In 1978, he revoked the ban on the [[Bangladesh Jamaat-e-Islami|Jamaat-e-Islami]],<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-09-30 |title=Jamaat was BNP’s biggest mistake |url=https://www.dhakatribune.com/op-ed/2022/09/30/jamaat-was-bnps-biggest-mistake |access-date=2022-12-16 |website=www.dhakatribune.com |language=en}}</ref> which was widely believed to have collaborated with the Pakistani army and members of which are alleged to have committed war crimes against civilians.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-05-12 |title=Why Bangladesh is executing Jamaat-e-Islami leaders. A short history |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/research/why-bangladesh-is-executing-jamaat-e-islami-leaders-a-short-history/ |access-date=2022-12-16 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Tusher |first=Hasan Jahid |last2=Khan |first2=Ashfaq Wares |date=2007-10-27 |title=What Jamaat leaders said in '71 |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/news-detail-9116 |access-date=2022-12-16 |website=The Daily Star |language=en}}</ref>

[[Ghulam Azam]], the exiled chief of the Jammat-e-Islami, was allowed to come back to Bangladesh in July 1978 with a Pakistani Passport.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Adhikary |first=Tuhin Shubhra |last2=Khan |first2=Mahbubur Rahman |date=2014-10-24 |title=Ghulam Azam dies in prison |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/ghulam-azam-dies-in-prison-47115 |access-date=2022-12-16 |website=The Daily Star |language=en}}</ref> In 1991 December Ghulam Azam, was elected the Amir of Jamaat-e-Islam. Subsequently, [[Jahanara Imam]] organized the [[Ghatak-Dalal Nirmul Committee]] (Committee to exterminate the Killers and Collaborators).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Imam, Jahanara - Banglapedia |url=https://en.banglapedia.org/index.php/Imam,_Jahanara |access-date=2022-12-16 |website=en.banglapedia.org |language=en}}</ref> The committee called for the trial of people who committed crimes against humanity in the 1971 Bangladesh Liberation War in collaboration with the Pakistani forces.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nirmul Committee - Archives Hub |url=https://archiveshub.jisc.ac.uk/data/gb372-nirmul |access-date=2022-12-16 |website=archiveshub.jisc.ac.uk}}</ref> The Ghatak-Dalal Nirmul Committee set up mock trials in Dhaka in March 1992 known as [[Gono Adalat]] (Court of the people) and 'sentenced' persons they accused of being war criminals.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=sun |first=daily |title=Death Anniversary of Jahanara Imam and a Note on Gono Adalot {{!}} Daily Sun {{!}} |url=https://www.daily-sun.com/post/489758/Death-Anniversary-of-Jahanara-Imam-and-a-Note-on-Gono-Adalot |access-date=2022-12-16 |website=daily sun |language=en}}</ref> Imam and others were charged with treason.<ref name=":0" /> This charge was, however, dropped in 1996 after her death by the Chief Advisor [[Muhammad Habibur Rahman|Mohammed Habibur Rahman]] of the Caretaker government of that time.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Gono Adalot 1992 |url=http://icrfoundation.org/home/gono-adalot-1972/ |access-date=2022-12-16 |website=International Crimes Research Foundation |language=en-US}}</ref>

==2007==
[[File:Movement in Bangla College.jpg|right|thumb|250px| Human chain by the students of Govt. Bangla College]]
On 2007, at the regime of military backed [[Caretaker government of Bangladesh|Caretaker government]], students of [[Bangla College|Govt. Bangla College]] took step for mass protest like human chain, symbolic hunger strike, rally, discussion, silence protest, flower placement demanding trial of war criminals of 1971 and to build monument for martyrs in [[Bangla College Killing Field]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.flickr.com/photos/banglacollege/8169031685/ |title=2008 (E) Khabar 2 March |date=2 March 2008 |access-date=20 August 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.flickr.com/photos/banglacollege/8169076186/ |title=2008 (G) Bhorer Kagoj 2 March |date=2 March 2008 |access-date=20 August 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.flickr.com/photos/banglacollege/8169030759/ |title=2008 (D) Jai Jai Din 2 March |date=2 March 2008 |access-date=20 August 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.flickr.com/photos/banglacollege/8169032937/ |title=2008 (F) Shamakal 2 March |date=2 March 2008 |access-date=20 August 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.flickr.com/photos/banglacollege/8169061264/ |title=2008 (C) daily STAR 2 March |date=2 March 2008 |access-date=20 August 2022}}</ref> Organizations based on Liberation war, cultural organization, political parties expressed deep support to this movement led and co-ordinated by general students.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.flickr.com/photos/banglacollege/8157159017/ |title=2007 (A) Shamokal 1 Dec |date=December 2007 |access-date=20 August 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=12 December 2007 |title=Students join hands to salvage history |url=http://archive.thedailystar.net/newDesign/news-details.php?nid=15103 |newspaper=The Daily Star}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.flickr.com/photos/banglacollege/8157165563/ |title=2007 (C) Bhorer Kagog 13 Dec |date=13 December 2007 |access-date=20 August 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.flickr.com/photos/banglacollege/8157203884/ |title=2007 (D) Shamakal 14 Dec |date=14 December 2007 |access-date=20 August 2022}}</ref><ref>Daily Shamakal, 1 February 2008</ref> Students played strong role in street from 2007 to 2010 and also continues activity in internet.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.flickr.com/photos/banglacollege/8172294490/ |title=2009 (D) Primary Achievement 31 January Jugantor |date=February 2009 |access-date=20 August 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.flickr.com/photos/banglacollege/8172269257/ |title=2009 (E) Jugantor Campus 28 February |date=28 February 2009 |access-date=20 August 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=26 March 2008 |title=Restore killing field at Mirpur Bangla College |url=http://archive.thedailystar.net/newDesign/news-details.php?nid=29293 |newspaper=The Daily Star}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.flickr.com/photos/banglacollege/8172279569/ |title=Human Chain of Sector Commanders Forum on 10 July 2010 in front of Engineer's Institution at 11 am. Students and Ex-students of Bangla College attended on the program with SCF and others... |date=10 July 2010 |access-date=20 August 2022}}</ref>

Post Liberation Students Union for Better Bangladesh (PSUBD) held protests and demonstrations urging trial of war criminals. Students from most of the universities in Dhaka joined the protest, demonstrations and human chains organised by PSUBD.<ref name="ds28Dec2008">{{cite news |title=Vote down war criminals |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/news-detail-69075 |work=The Daily Star |date=28 December 2022}}</ref>

==2008==

PSUBD continued to demand the trial of war criminals by holding protests, demonstrations, human chains and other activities to gain public support on the issue. Before the general election'08 PSUBD organised demonstration at TSC urging not to vote war criminals.<ref name="ds28Dec2008" /> Sector Commanders Forum calls for protest.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2008-03-21 |title=Bangladesh commanders demand war crime trial |language=en |work=Reuters |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-bangladesh-warcrime-idUSDHA9543520080321 |access-date=2022-12-16}}</ref>

== Aftermath ==
In 2010, the Awami League led Government of Bangladesh established the [[International Crimes Tribunal (Bangladesh)]] for the trial of war criminals from Bangladesh Liberation War under an amended version of the International Crimes (Tribunals) Act, 1973.<ref>{{Citation |last=Tan |first=Yudan |title=Prosecuting Crimes against Humanity before International Crimes Tribunal in Bangladesh: A Nexus with an Armed Conflict |date=2020 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1163/j.ctv1sr6j7f.12 |work=Asian Yearbook of International Law, Volume 24 (2018) |pages=294–322 |editor-last=Lee |editor-first=Seokwoo |publisher=Brill |doi=10.1163/j.ctv1sr6j7f.12 |isbn=978-90-04-43777-7 |access-date=2022-12-16 |editor2-last=Lee |editor2-first=Hee Eun}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Manik |first=Julfikar Ali |last2=Tusher |first2=Hasan Jahid |date=2010-03-26 |title=Stage set for war trial |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/news-detail-131639 |access-date=2022-12-16 |website=The Daily Star |language=en}}</ref>

=== 2013 Shahbag protests ===
{{Main|2013 Shahbag protests}}
The 2013 Shahbag protests, associated with a [[Shahbag|central]] neighborhood of [[Dhaka]], [[Bangladesh]], began on February 5, 2013, and later spread to other parts of [[Bangladesh]], as people demanded [[capital punishment]] for [[Abdul Quader Mollah]], who had been sentenced to life imprisonment, and for others convicted of war crimes by the International Crimes Tribunal.<ref name=act-1973>{{cite web |url=http://bdlaws.minlaw.gov.bd/pdf_part.php?id=435 |title=The International Crimes (Tribunals) Act, 1973 |work=bdlaws.minlaw.gov.bd |access-date=1 March 2022}}</ref><ref name=reuters-1>{{cite news |title=Protesters demand death for Bangladesh war crimes Islamist |date=6 February 2013 |url=http://in.reuters.com/article/bangladesh-verdict-war-idINDEE9150CS20130206 |work=[[Reuters]] |access-date=8 February 2022}}</ref> On that day, the [[International Crimes Tribunal (Bangladesh)|International Crimes Tribunal]] had sentenced Abdul Quader Mollah to life in prison after he was convicted on five of six counts of [[war crimes]].<ref name="thedailystar2">{{cite news |date=6 February 2013 |title=Summary of verdict in Quader Mollah case |url=http://www.thedailystar.net/newDesign/news-details.php?nid=268072 |newspaper=The Daily Star}}</ref><ref name=Rabbi>{{cite news |last=Rabbi |first=Saimul Islam |date=16 February 2013 |title=Bangladesh 1971: War Crimes, Genocide and Crimes against Humanity |url=http://www.banglanews24.com/English/detailsnews.php?nssl=a41e67d5eda4148f550121b1a7d76792&nttl=1602201364215 |newspaper=Banglanews24.com |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131013064257/http://www.banglanews24.com/English/detailsnews.php?nssl=a41e67d5eda4148f550121b1a7d76792&nttl=1602201364215 |archive-date=2013-10-13}}</ref> Later demands included banning the [[Bangladesh Jamaat-e-Islami]] party from politics and a boycott of institutions supporting (or affiliated with) the party.<ref name=reuters-1/><ref name=tribune-ban_Jamaat>{{cite news |last=Rahman |first=Mashiur |date=28 February 2013 |title=Analysis: Calls grow for banning Jamaat-e-Islami in BD |url=http://tribune.com.pk/story/513683/analysis-calls-grow-for-banning-jamaat-e-islami-in-bd/ |newspaper=The Express Tribune |access-date=1 March 2022}}</ref><ref name=aljazeera-1>{{cite news |date=February 8, 2013 |title=Thousands in Bangladesh war crimes protest |url=http://www.aljazeera.com/news/asia/2013/02/201327181442185887.html |work=[[Al Jazeera]] |access-date=February 8, 2022}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==External links==
* [http://www.banglacollege.com banglacollege.com] containing information and photos of protest by Bangla College students
* [http://www.shahbag.org shahbag.org] containing information and photos of protest in Shahbag
{{Bangladesh Liberation War}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Movement demanding trial of war criminals (Bangladesh)}}
[[Category:Aftermath of the Bangladesh Liberation War]]
[[Category:Protests in Bangladesh]]
[[Category:War crimes in Bangladesh]]
[[Category:Pakistani war crimes]]

Movement demanding trial of war criminals (Bangladesh) - Revision history

Bot: robot: Create/upgrade articles. If there is a mistake please report on my talk page.