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{{Short description|Hill station in Rajasthan, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2019}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Mount Abu
| other_name = Abu Parvat
| settlement_type = [[Hill station]]
| image_skyline = Mount Abu.jpg
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| image_map =
| map_alt =
| map_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Rajasthan#India
| pushpin_relief = 1
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption =
| coordinates = {{coord|24.5925|N|72.7083|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = [[Country]]
| subdivision_name = [[India]]
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Rajasthan]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Sirohi District|Sirohi]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 1220
| population_total = 22943
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = 50
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes = <ref name="2011 census data">{{cite web|title=Census of India: Search Details|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/pca/SearchDetails.aspx?Id=101584|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924034537/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/pca/SearchDetails.aspx?Id=101584|publisher=[[censusindia.gov.in]]|archive-date=September 24, 2015|access-date=10 May 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref>
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi language|Hindi]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 307501
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| area_code = +02974
| registration_plate = RJ 38
| nickname =
| blank1_name_sec1 = Nearest city
| blank1_info_sec1 = [[Sirohi]], [[Abu Road]], [[Pindwara]], [[Ahmedabad]], [[Gandhinagar]],
| iso_code = [[ISO 3166-2:IN|RJ-IN]]
| footnotes =
}}
'''Mount Abu''' ({{audio|Mount_Abu.ogg|pronunciation}}) is a [[hill station]] in the [[Aravalli Range]] in the [[Sirohi district]] of the state of [[Rajasthan]] in western [[India]].The mountain forms a rocky plateau 22 km long by 9 km wide. The highest peak on the mountain is [[Guru Shikhar]] at {{convert|1722|m|ft|abbr=on}} above sea level. It is referred to as 'an oasis in the desert' as its heights are home to rivers, lakes, waterfalls and evergreen forests. It is also home to numerous Hindu and Jain temples. The nearest train station is [[Abu Road railway station]] 28 km away.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.mountabu.com/how_to_reach.html|title=How to reach Mount Abu by Road, Air Or Rail|last=Agarwal|first=Deepesh|website=www.mountabu.com|access-date=2017-06-22}}</ref>

==History==
The ancient name of Mount Abu is Arbuda.<ref>{{cite book |editor=Ganga Ram Garg |title=Encyclopaedia of the Hindu World (Ar-Az) |volume=3 |year=1992 |publisher=Concept |page=587 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0U2QRpDv2KMC }}</ref> In the [[Puranas]], the region has been referred to as ''Arbudaranya'' ("forest of ''Arbuda''") and 'Abu' is a diminutive of this ancient name. It is believed that sage [[Vashistha]] retired to the southern spur at Mount Abu following his differences with sage [[Vishvamitra]]. There is another history story according to which a serpent named "Arbuda" saved the life of Nandi (Lord Shiva's bull). The incident happened on the mountain that is currently known as Mount Abu and so the mountain is named "Arbudaranya" after that incident which gradually became Abu.

According to a legend, the sage [[Vashistha]] performed a [[yajna]] at the peak of Mount Abu, to seek from the gods a provision for the defense of righteousness on earth. In answer to his prayer, a youth arose from the Agnikunda (fire-altar) — the first [[Agnivansha]].<ref name="Barua24">{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FIIQhuAOGaIC&pg=PA24 |page=24 |title=The State at War in South Asia
|publisher=[[University of Nebraska Press]] |year=2005 |isbn=9780803213449}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Series-16 Indian History–Medieval India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=K7ZZzk8cXh8C&pg=PA6|publisher=Upkar Prakashan|page=6}}</ref> Achalgarh Fort is one of more attractive place which was built by Parmar kings.<ref>{{cite book|last=Naravane|first=M. S.|title=The Gurjar & Gujjar: A Glimpse of Medieval Rajasthan|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lF0FvjG3GWEC|year=1999|publisher=APH Publishing|isbn=978-81-7648-118-2}}</ref> The Dilwara Jain Temple is a pilgrimage centre for the Jain religion among the lush green hills of Aravali. The Dilwara Jain Temple is located at a distance of 2.5km from Mount Abu. Vastupala designed the temple. Vimal Shah built it between the 11th century and the 13th century. The complex is sculpted on white marble in every corner of the temple.

The conquest of Mount Abu in 1311 CE by Rao Lumba of the Deora-Chauhan dynasty.{{Citation needed|date=May 2022}} He shifted the capital city to Chandravati in the plains. After the destruction of Chandravati in 1405, Rao Shasmal made Sirohi his headquarters. Later it was leased by the British government from the Maharaja of [[Sirohi]] for use as the headquarters.{{Citation needed|date=May 2022}}{{Clarify|reason=Headquarters for what?|date=May 2022}}

The Arbuda Mountains region is said to be original abode of the famous gurus like [[Atri]] and [[Vasishtha|Vashishtha]]. The association of the Gurus with the mountain is noticed in many inscriptions and epigraphs including ''Tilakamanjari'' of Dhanpala.<ref>{{cite book|title=Tilakamañjarī of Dhanapāla: a critical and cultural study|author=Sudarśana Śarmā|publisher=Parimal Publications|year=2002|page=214}}</ref> According to one theory, this Gurdhara or land of the gurus got corrupted with time and became Gurjara.<ref>{{cite book|title=The History and Culture of the Indian People: The classical age|author1=Ramesh Chandra Majumdar|author2=Achut Dattatrya Pusalker|author3=A. K. Majumdar|author4=Dilip Kumar Ghose|author5=Vishvanath Govind Dighe|author6=Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan|publisher=Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan|year=1977|page=153}}</ref>{{qn|date=December 2022}}

A municipality was established at Abu in 1864; it had six members nominated by the [[Rajputana Agency|Agent to the Governor General]] (AGG).<ref>{{cite book |author=Rima Hooja |title=A History of Rajasthan |year=2006 |publisher=Rupa |isbn=9788129108906 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tosMAQAAMAAJ |page=1166}}</ref>

==Tourism==
[[File:Delwada.jpg|thumb|Adishwara temple, [[Dilwara Temples]] ]]
[[File: Sunset at Mount Abu.jpg|thumb|upright|Sunset at Mount Abu]]
Mount Abu town, the only [[hill station]] in [[Rajasthan]], is at an elevation of {{convert|1220|m|ft|0|abbr=on}}. It has been a popular retreat from the heat of [[Rajasthan]] and neighboring [[Gujarat]] for centuries.

The mountain is home to several [[Hindu temple]]s, including the Adhar Devi Temple (also known as Arbuda Devi Temple), carved out of the solid rock; the Shri Raghunathji Temple; and a shrine and temple to [[Dattatreya]] built atop the [[Guru Shikhar]] peak; and the [[Achaleshwar Mahadev Temple]] (1412).

The [[Achalgarh Fort]], built in the 14th century by [[Kumbha of Mewar]], is nearby and at its center is the popular visitor attraction of the [[Nakki Lake]]. The Toad Rock is on a hill near the lake. Close to the fort is the [[Achaleshwar Mahadev Temple]], a popular [[Shiva]] temple. Also, Achal Fort Jain Temple, Kantinath Jain Temple (1513) is equally famous.

The [[Durga]] Ambika Mata Temple lies in a cleft of rock in Jagat, just outside Mount Abu town.

The mountain is also the home to a number of [[Jain temple]]s including [[Dilwara Temples]], a complex of temples carved out of white [[marble]]. The Dilwara Temples or Delvada Temples are located about 2½ kilometers from the Mount Abu town. These [[Jain temple]]s were built by Vimal Shah and designed by [[Vastupala]], [[Jain]] ministers of Dholka,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://philae.sas.upenn.edu/Hindi/hindipix.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090410073055/http://philae.sas.upenn.edu/Hindi/hindipix.html|title=IMAGES OF NORTHERN INDIA|archive-date=2009-04-10|access-date=2009-03-13|url-status=dead}}</ref> between the 11th and 16th centuries and are famous for their use of white [[marble]] and intricate marble carvings.{{Sfn|Shah|1995|p=17}} They are a pilgrimage place of the Jains, and a popular general tourist attraction. The temples have an opulent entranceway, the simplicity in architecture reflecting Jain values like honesty and frugality.{{sfn|Kumar|2001|p=9}} Minutely-carved ornamental detail covers the ceilings, doorways, pillars, and panels.{{Sfn|Jain|2009|p=271}}
The temple complex is in the midst of a range of forested hills. There are five temples in all, each with its own unique identity.{{Sfn|Coolidge|1880|p=149}} All five temples are enclosed within a single high walled compound. The group is named after the small village of Dilwara or Delvara in which they are located. The five temples are:
*Vimal Vasahi, dedicated to the first Jain [[Tirthankara]], Shri [[Rishabha]]dev.
*Luna Vasahi, dedicated to the 22nd Jain Tirthankara, [[Neminatha|Shri Neminatha]].
*Pittalhar, dedicated to the first Jain Tirthankar, Shri Rishabhadev.
*Parshvanath, dedicated to the 23rd Jain Tirthankara, Shri [[Parshvanatha]].
*Mahavir Swami, dedicated to the last Jain Tirthankara, Shri [[Mahavira]]swami.

Among all the five legendary marble temples of Dilwara, the most famous of those are the Vimal Vasahi and the Luna Vasahi temples.{{Sfn|Balfour|1885|p=948}}{{Sfn|Kumar|2001|p=67}}

In Mount Abu, the faith community of [[Brahma Kumaris]] has its spiritual headquarters, which are represented by its own account in 110 countries.<ref name="Brahma Kumaris">{{cite web | url=http://www.brahmakumaris.org/whoweare/headquarters | title=Brahma Kumaris - Introduction | access-date =2013-11-20 |website=brahmakumaris.org}}</ref> Every year about 2.5 million visitors are supposed to visit the sprawling campus of that spiritual movement.<ref name="Brahma Kumaris" /> The [[Brahma Kumaris]] ashram has a museum that displays the knowledge that Lord Shiva gave to the Prajapita Brahma. The 50-acre land also provides ample space for meditation and spiritual learning as well as to connect yourself to the stunning, undisturbed natural surroundings.

The [[Mount Abu Wildlife Sanctuary]] was established in 1960 and covers 290 km² of the mountain. The sanctuary encircles the town, and sloth bears from the sanctuary have habitually been seen inside the city throughout the year foraging on hotel waste in open rubbish bins.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Prajapati|first1=Utkarsh|last2=Koli|first2=Vijay Kumar|last3=Sundar|first3=K.S. Gopi|date=2021|title=Vulnerable sloth bears are attracted to human food waste: a novel situation in Mount Abu town, India|url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/oryx/article/vulnerable-sloth-bears-are-attracted-to-human-food-waste-a-novel-situation-in-mount-abu-town-india/BFE58C39E33FD05AFE5BBC36F36CEA1D|journal=Oryx|volume=Online first|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]}}</ref>

==In literature==
''Arbuda Mountains'' is a mountain range described in the epic ''[[Mahabharata]]''. It is identified to be Mount Abu. This mountain is mentioned in the travels of [[Arjuna]] during his twelve-year pilgrimage.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dmOUq73LZLgC&dq=arbuda+mountains&pg=PA299 |page=299 |title=Epic India: India as Described in the Mahabharata and the Ramayana |first=Chintaman Vinayak |last=Vaidya |publisher=[[Asian Educational Services]] |year=1907 |isbn=9788120615649}}</ref>

[[Letitia Elizabeth Landon]]'s poem ''Hindoo Temples on the Mountain-Lake of Aboo'', published in ''Fisher's Drawing Room Scrap Book'', 1839, is a reflection on this mountain fastness.<ref> {{cite book|last =Landon|first=Letitia Elizabeth|title=Fisher's Drawing Room Scrap Book, 1839|url=https://play.google.com/books/reader?id=ufpcAAAAcAAJ&pg=GBS.PA10-IA44|section=picture|year=1838|publisher=Fisher, Son & Co.}}{{cite book|last =Landon|first=Letitia Elizabeth|title=Fisher's Drawing Room Scrap Book, 1839|url=https://play.google.com/books/reader?id=ufpcAAAAcAAJ&pg=GBS.PA10-IA49|section=poetical illustration|year=1838|publisher=Fisher, Son & Co.}}</ref>

==Climate==
The average annual precipitation of Mount Abu is 1554 mm.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/how-have-the-floods-affected-mount-abu/article19386496.ece|title=floodsHow have the floods affected Mount Abu?|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=29 July 2022}}</ref>

===Monsoon===
Due to its relief and geographical conditions, it rains in Mount Abu during the monsoons. During the rainy season, the temperature falls. Normal summer clothing works. It is wise to carry an umbrella to avoid being caught in the rain.

===Winter===
Winters are cool in Mount Abu, with the mercury hovering around 13 °C to 22 °C. Nights are chilly, and the average night temperature is around 3 to 12 °C. The temperature has dipped to as low as −7 °C.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bhaskar.com/local/rajasthan/jaipur/news/hands-numb-from-cold-tap-water-frozen-record-breaking-cold-in-abu-and-fatehpur-130800971.html|title=राजस्थान में पारा माइनस 7 डिग्री पर पहुंचा:नल का पानी जमा; लद्दाख से भी ठंडा माउंट आबू, 28 साल का रिकॉर्ड टूटा|date=Jan 15, 2023|work=[[Dainik Bhaskar]]}}</ref> Heavy winter clothing is preferable. In the daytime, light pullovers are sufficient.

{{Weather box
| location = Mount Abu (1981–2010, extremes 1901–2012)
| metric first = yes
| single line = yes
| Jan record high C = 29.0
| Feb record high C = 30.6
| Mar record high C = 39.6
| Apr record high C = 38.8
| May record high C = 40.4
| Jun record high C = 38.4
| Jul record high C = 35.0
| Aug record high C = 31.1
| Sep record high C = 33.0
| Oct record high C = 33.6
| Nov record high C = 30.4
| Dec record high C = 34.2
| year record high C = 40.6
| Jan high C = 19.7
| Feb high C = 22.3
| Mar high C = 26.5
| Apr high C = 30.6
| May high C = 32.3
| Jun high C = 30.2
| Jul high C = 24.9
| Aug high C = 23.5
| Sep high C = 25.6
| Oct high C = 27.5
| Nov high C = 24.2
| Dec high C = 21.5
| year high C = 25.7
| Jan low C = 3.1
| Feb low C = 5.7
| Mar low C = 10.5
| Apr low C = 15.3
| May low C = 18.5
| Jun low C = 18.3
| Jul low C = 17.3
| Aug low C = 16.6
| Sep low C = 15.8
| Oct low C = 11.9
| Nov low C = 7.1
| Dec low C = 3.8
| year low C = 12.0
| Jan record low C = -7
| Feb record low C = -5.8
| Mar record low C = 0.4
| Apr record low C = 4.4
| May record low C = 10.0
| Jun record low C = 13.0
| Jul record low C = 10.0
| Aug record low C = 10.6
| Sep record low C = 6.4
| Oct record low C = 3.4
| Nov record low C = -0.4
| Dec record low C = -7.4
| year record low C = -7.4
| rain colour = green
| Jan rain mm = 3.5
| Feb rain mm = 1.6
| Mar rain mm = 2.0
| Apr rain mm = 3.0
| May rain mm = 10.4
| Jun rain mm = 61.9
| Jul rain mm = 592.9
| Aug rain mm = 516.3
| Sep rain mm = 172.4
| Oct rain mm = 17.7
| Nov rain mm = 3.4
| Dec rain mm = 1.0
| year rain mm = 1386.1
| Jan rain days = 0.3
| Feb rain days = 0.1
| Mar rain days = 0.3
| Apr rain days = 0.3
| May rain days = 0.8
| Jun rain days = 3.7
| Jul rain days = 14.6
| Aug rain days = 15.7
| Sep rain days = 6.1
| Oct rain days = 0.7
| Nov rain days = 0.3
| Dec rain days = 0.1
| year rain days = 43.2
|time day = 17:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| Jan humidity = 47
| Feb humidity = 38
| Mar humidity = 34
| Apr humidity = 32
| May humidity = 38
| Jun humidity = 55
| Jul humidity = 84
| Aug humidity = 90
| Sep humidity = 76
| Oct humidity = 53
| Nov humidity = 49
| Dec humidity = 49
|year humidity = 53
|source 1 = [[India Meteorological Department]]<ref name=IMDnormals>
{{cite web
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200205040301/http://imdpune.gov.in/library/public/1981-2010%20CLIM%20NORMALS%20%28STATWISE%29.pdf
| archive-date = 5 February 2020
| url = https://imdpune.gov.in/library/public/1981-2010%20CLIM%20NORMALS%20%28STATWISE%29.pdf
| title = Station: Abu Climatological Table 1981–2010
| work = Climatological Normals 1981–2010
| publisher = [[India Meteorological Department]]
| date = January 2015
| pages = 1–2
| access-date = 18 February 2020}}</ref><ref name=IMDextremes>
{{cite web
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200205042509/http://imdpune.gov.in/library/public/EXTREMES%20OF%20TEMPERATURE%20and%20RAINFALL%20upto%202012.pdf
| archive-date = 5 February 2020
| url = https://imdpune.gov.in/library/public/EXTREMES%20OF%20TEMPERATURE%20and%20RAINFALL%20upto%202012.pdf
| title = Extremes of Temperature & Rainfall for Indian Stations (Up to 2012)
| publisher = [[India Meteorological Department]]
| date = December 2016
| page = M173
| access-date = 18 February 2020}}</ref>
}}

==Culture==
*[[Winter Festival at Mount Abu, Rajasthan|Winter Festival at Mount Abu]]

==Demographics==
According to the [[2011 Census of India]], Mount Abu has a population of 22,943. out of which 54.7% are males and 45.3% are females. It has an average literacy rate of 81.15%, higher than the national average of 74.04%: male literacy is 90.12%, and female literacy is 70.23%. In Mount Abu, 12.34% of the population is under 6 years of age.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=http://www.census2011.co.in/data/town/800557-mount-abu-rajasthan.html|title=Mount Abu City Population Census 2011 - Rajasthan|website=www.census2011.co.in|access-date=2017-06-22}}</ref>

89.31% of people are Hindu, 7.69% are Muslim while 1.45% are Christian.<ref name=":0" />

==Gallery==
<gallery>
File:Dilwara Prashvantha Temple.jpg|Parshvanatha Temple at Dilwara group of temples
File:Jain temple Mt.Abu.jpg|Marble sculpture of [[Dilwara Temples]]
File:Kalpavruksha page.jpg|[[Kalpavriksha]] or Kalpavruksha page in Dilwada Jain Temple
File:Nakki Lake.jpg|Nakki Lake after sunset
File:Brahma Kumari foundation Head Quarter at Mount Abu.jpg|Brahma Kumari foundation headquarters at Mount Abu
File:Nakki Lake from Mount Abu Wildlife Sanctuary.JPG|[[Mount Abu Wildlife Sanctuary]] covers 290 km² of mountains, forests and lake.
File:Turtle Shape Rock.jpg| Turtle-shaped rock near Nakki Lake.
File:Toad rock (Mount Abu).jpg|Toad rock on a hill near Nakki Lake.
</gallery>

== See also ==
* [[Sacred mountains#India|Sacred mountains of India]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Sources==
* {{Citation | last=Adams | first=W. J. | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=N30DAAAAQAAJ | publisher=[[Oxford University]] | date=1864 | title=Bradshaw's hand-book to the Bombay presidency and North-western provinces of India }}
* {{citation | last=Balfour | first=Edward | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XCE_AQAAMAAJ | volume=1 | title=The Cyclopædia of India and of Eastern and Southern Asia | publisher=B. Quartitc | date=1885 }}
* {{Citation | last=Coolidge | first=Archibald Cary | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yqYIAAAAQAAJ | title=The Rajputana Gazetteer | volume=3 | date=1880 | publisher=Government Central Branch Press. }}
* {{Citation |last=Jain|first=Arun Kumar|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=y4aVRLGhf-8C|title=Faith & Philosophy of Jainism|publisher=Gyan Publishing House|date=2009|isbn=9788178357232}}
* {{Citation | last=Kumar | first=Sehdev | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nSDACkmA_ukC | title=A Thousand Petalled Lotus: Jain Temples of Rajasthan : Architecture & Iconography | publisher=Abhinav Publications | date=2001 | isbn=9788170173489 }}
* {{citation |last=Shah |first=Umakant Premanand | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fETebHcHKogC | title=Studies in Jaina Art and Iconography and Allied Subjects |date=1995 |publisher=Abhinav Publications | isbn=9788170173168 }}
* {{Citation|last=White|first=David Gordon|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QDASOTmCxqQC|title=The Alchemical Body: Siddha Traditions in Medieval India |publisher=[[University of Chicago Press]]|date=1996|isbn=9780226894973}}

==External links==

{{EB1911 poster|Abu}}
* [http://www.npsin.in/mandir/Shri-Achaleshwar-Mahadev-Mandir Shri Achaleshwar Mahadev Mandir]
* [http://www.fallingrain.com/world/IN/24/Abu.html Mount Abu Coordinates]
* [http://ourvillageindia.org/Place.aspx?PID=435608 Mount Abu Population]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20150109133926/http://www.virbhoomi.com/winter-festival-begins-mount-abu-tomorrow/ Abu Winter Festival]
* [https://theindiaexplorer.com/2023/05/mount-abu-rajasthan/ Mount Abu Rajasthan]
* [http://www.sameershah.com/mountabu/ Mount Abu Panorama]
* {{Cite Collier's|wstitle=Abu |short=x}}

{{Sirohi district}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Mount Abu| ]]
[[Category:Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2011]]
[[Category:All articles containing potentially dated statements]]
[[Category:Hill stations in Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Cities and towns in Sirohi district]]
[[Category:Hindu holy cities]]
[[Category:Sacred mountains|Abu]]
[[Category:Tourism in Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Aravalli Range]]
[[Category:Jain pilgrimage sites]]
[[Category:Tourist attractions in Sirohi district]]

Mount Abu - Revision history

WikiDwarfBOT: robot: add new article