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	==See also==		==See also==
	~~{{Portal\|Solar System\|Spaceflight}}~~
	* [[Chandrayaan-1]]		* [[Chandrayaan-1]]
	* [[LCROSS]]		* [[LCROSS]]

imported>Jarrod Baniqued at 06:02, 28 August 2021

2021-08-28T06:02:06Z

New page

{{Short description|Lunar robotic craft developed by ISRO}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2020|cs1-dates=y}}
[[File:Chandrayaan-1-MIP1.jpg|thumb|Moon Impact Probe being integrated with Chandrayaan-1 orbiter]]
[[File:Chandrayaan-1-MIP2.jpg|thumb|Moon Impact Probe being worked on before integration with orbiter]]
The '''Moon Impact Probe''' ('''MIP''') developed by the [[Indian Space Research Organisation|Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO)]], [[India]]'s national space agency, was a [[moon|lunar]] probe that was released by ISRO's [[Chandrayaan-1]] [[Exploration of the Moon|lunar remote sensing]] orbiter which in turn was launched, on 22 October 2008, aboard a modified version of ISRO's [[Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle]]. It discovered the presence of water on the Moon.<ref name="Water found" /><ref name="India first" />

The Moon Impact Probe separated from the Moon-orbiting Chandrayaan-1 on 14 November 2008, 20:06 and crashed, as planned, out of the lunar south pole after a controlled descent. The MIP struck the [[Shackleton Crater]] at 20:31 on 14 November 2008 releasing underground debris that could be analysed by the orbiter for presence of water/ice.<ref name="Chandrayaan over"/> With this mission, India became the fourth nation to reach the lunar surface. Other entities to have done so are the former [[Soviet Union]], the [[United States]], and [[Japan]].<ref name="TOI">{{cite news
|url =http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/Chandrayaan-I_Impact_Probe_lands_on_moon/articleshow/3714245.cms
|title =Chandrayaan-I Impact Probe lands on moon
|access-date =14 November 2008
|publisher =[[Times Of India]]
|first1=Srinivas
|last1=Laxman
|date=15 November 2008}}</ref><ref>http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2009-03/01/content_10923205.htm</ref>

==History==
The probe was a product of former [[President of India|President]] [[Abdul Kalam]]'s suggestion who felt that since the Chandrayaan orbiter was already going so near to the Moon, the mission would have more scientific relevance if the probe was included. He believed that the Moon could not be left to a few countries and that India should not be left behind<ref>{{cite web|title=India's Moon Mission|publisher=politicalaffairs.com|date=27 October 2008|url=http://politicalaffairs.net/india-s-moon-mission/|access-date=6 November 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151017155347/http://www.politicalaffairs.net/india-s-moon-mission/|archive-date=17 October 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref> The ''Times of India'' also reported a political motive by former president Abdul Kalam as "He believed that if this was done, India "could always stake" a claim to a portion of the Moon."<ref name="TOI"/> At the same time, ''The Indian Express'' reported Kalam as saying "no nation can claim the Moon as its own. The resources of the Moon should be a common property and that is one of the aims of the Moon mission."<ref name="C4WDefault-984988">{{cite news |url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/article3705.ece |title=Kalam turns teacher in the midst of students |work=newindianexpress.com |date=11 November 2008 |access-date=11 April 2014 |first=Express News |last=Service |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140412055430/http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/article3705.ece |archive-date=12 April 2014 |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Mission objectives==
The main objectives of the MIP were to demonstrate the technologies for reaching a specified location on the Moon, qualifying technologies required for any future soft landing missions, and scientific exploration of the Moon from close range just prior to the impact.<ref name="ET1">{{cite news
|url =http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/News/News_By_Industry/ET_Cetera/Payload_bearing_Tricolour_will_land_on_Moon/articleshow/3598032.cms
|title =Payload bearing Tricolour will land on Moon
|date =15 October 2008
|access-date =24 October 2008
|publisher =[[The Economic Times]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Moon Impact Probe|publisher=ISRO|url=http://www.isro.org/chandrayaan/htmls/mip.htm|access-date=24 October 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081026095631/http://www.isro.org/chandrayaan/htmls/mip.htm|archive-date=26 October 2008|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Chandrayaan team over the moon|date=15 November 2008 |url=http://www.hindu.com/2008/11/15/stories/2008111560851200.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081216120324/http://www.hindu.com/2008/11/15/stories/2008111560851200.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=16 December 2008|work=[[The Hindu]]|location=Chennai, India}}</ref>

==Configuration and payloads==
The MIP carried three instruments:<ref>
{{cite web
|url =http://www.isro.org/chandrayaan/htmls/mip.htm
|title =Moon Impact Probe (MIP)
|access-date =24 October 2008
|publisher =ISRO
|archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20081026095631/http://www.isro.org/chandrayaan/htmls/mip.htm
|archive-date =26 October 2008
|url-status =dead
}}
</ref>

* [[Radar Altimeter]] – which measured the altitude of the probe during descent and provided information on qualifying technologies for future landing missions. The operating frequency band was 4.3 [[GHz]] ± 100 [[MHz]].
* [[Video cameras|Video Imaging System]] – acquired close range images of the surface of the Moon during descent and before impact. The video imaging system consisted of an [[analog signal|analog]] [[CCD camera]].
* [[Mass Spectrometer based payload CHACE]] – measured trace constituents of the lunar atmosphere during descent. This instrument was a [[Quadrupole mass analyzer|quadrupole mass spectrometer]] with a mass resolution of 0.5 [[Atomic mass unit|amu]] and sensitivities to partial pressures on the order of 1.3×10<sup>−11</sup> [[Pascal (unit)|pascal]]s.

The probe used aluminium sandwich structure onto which the payloads were mounted. The probe attached to the mother spacecraft with a ball lock separation system which jettisoned the unit from the Chandrayaan. A solid propellent de-orbit mortar nudged the craft into lunar orbit, while spin thrusters stabilized the orientation enabling imaging system to capture the descent profile.

The probe's external surface had four oval-shaped anodised aluminium plates measuring 120mm X 180 mm<ref name="DH flag">{{cite news|url=http://www.deccanherald.com/Content/Nov162008/state20081116101017.asp |title=Blore firm behind the Chandrayaan tri-colour |date=16 November 2008 |access-date=17 November 2008 |publisher=[[Deccan Herald]] }}{{dead link|date=June 2016|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref> on which the image of the Indian flag was depicted, complete with the [[Emblem of India]] and the words "[[Satyameva Jayate]]".<ref name="DH flag" /> These plates were attached to each one of the four vertical sides of the probe. As per ISRO specifications these plates had to endure a temperature range from −50 degrees [[celsius]] and as high as more than 150 degrees celsius.<ref name="DH flag" />

==Mission chronology==
India launched the [[Chandrayaan-1]] spacecraft using a modified version of the [[Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle|PSLV C11]]<ref name="ISRO-Mission">{{cite web
|url =http://www.isro.org/chandrayaan/htmls/mission_sequence.htm
|title =Mission Sequence
|access-date =5 November 2008
|publisher =[[Indian Space Research Organisation|Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO)]]}}</ref><ref name="Hindu">{{cite news
|url =http://www.hindu.com/2008/10/15/stories/2008101556421300.htm
|archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20081017103244/http://www.hindu.com/2008/10/15/stories/2008101556421300.htm
|url-status =dead
|archive-date =17 October 2008
|title =Chandrayaan-1 shifted to VAB
|date =22 October 2008
|access-date =15 October 2008
|work =[[The Hindu]]
|location=Chennai, India}}</ref> on 22 October 2008 from [[Satish Dhawan Space Centre]], [[Sriharikota]], [[Andhra Pradesh]] at 06:22 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]] (00:52 [[UTC]]).<ref>{{cite news|url=http://isro.org/pressrelease/Oct22_2008.htm |title=PSLV-C11 Successfully Launches Chandrayaan-1 |date=22 October 2008 |access-date=22 October 2008 |publisher=Indian Express |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081025031443/http://www.isro.org/pressrelease/Oct22_2008.htm |archive-date=25 October 2008 }}</ref>

The lunar probe separated from Chandrayaaan-1, in a 102 km circular polar orbit around the [[Moon]], at 20:06 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]] on 14 November 2008.<ref name="Chandrayaan over">{{cite news|title=Chandrayaan team over the moon|date=15 November 2008|url=http://www.hindu.com/2008/11/15/stories/2008111560851200.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081216120324/http://www.hindu.com/2008/11/15/stories/2008111560851200.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=16 December 2008|work=[[The Hindu]]|location=Chennai, India}}</ref> After separation, it first fired its spin up rockets and then its retro rocket to lower itself to an orbit intersecting the lunar surface.<ref name="Express1">{{cite news|url=http://www.expressindia.com/latest-news/Indian-Tricolour-lands-on-Moon/385746/|title=Indian Tricolour lands on Moon|date=14 November 2008|publisher=[[The Indian Express]]|access-date=14 November 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121004221412/http://www.expressindia.com/latest-news/Indian-Tricolour-lands-on-Moon/385746/|archive-date=4 October 2012|url-status=dead}}</ref> While descending, the MIP continuously sent information back to the Chandrayaan-1 orbiter which in turn beamed the information back to Earth. After a 25-minute controlled descent, it struck the Moon at 20:31 IST, 14 November 2008 at a speed of 1.69 kilometers per second (approximately 6100 km/h or 3800 miles per hour).<ref name="Express1" /> It crashed into [[Shackleton Crater]], at the lunar south pole, near {{Coord|89.55|S|122.93|W|globe:Moon|display=inline}},<ref>{{cite web|url = http://www.flonnet.com/fl2720/stories/20101008272009000.htm|title = Frontline India's National Magazine - Moon Mystery - Moon Impact Probe impact coordinates|access-date = 1 January 2011|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110110072757/http://www.flonnet.com/fl2720/stories/20101008272009000.htm|archive-date = 10 January 2011|url-status = dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Chandrayaan-1 Moon Impact Probe: Impact Location Refined|url=https://www.hou.usra.edu/meetings/lpsc2021/pdf/1013.pdf|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210205173542/http://www.hou.usra.edu/meetings/lpsc2021/pdf/1013.pdf|archive-date=5 February 2021|access-date=16 August 2021}}</ref> at 20:31 on 14 November 2008.<ref name="Chandrayaan over"/>

==Discovery of water==
On 25 September 2009, ISRO announced that the MIP had discovered water on the Moon just before impact.<ref name="Water found">{{cite news | url=http://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/science/mip-detected-water-on-moon-way-back-in-june-isro-chairman/article24854.ece | title=MIP detected water on Moon way back in June: ISRO Chairman | work=[[The Hindu]] | date=25 September 2009 | access-date=9 June 2013 | location=Bangalore}}</ref> This announcement was made after the discovery of water was announced on 24 September 2009 by ''[[Science (journal)|Science]]'' magazine by the NASA payload [[Moon Mineralogy Mapper]] carried on board Chandrayaan-1.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/abstract/sci;169/3952/1309?maxtoshow=&HITS=10&hits=10&RESULTFORMAT=&fulltext=water+moon&searchid=1&FIRSTINDEX=0&resourcetype=HWCIT | title=Water on the Moon? | work=Science Magazine | date=25 September 2009 | access-date=29 September 2009}}</ref> MIP discovered water on the Moon before NASA's Moon Mineralogy Mapper, the announcement of this discovery was not made until NASA confirmed it.<ref name="India first">{{cite news | url=http://www.dnaindia.com/scitech/1292942/report-chandrayaan-first-discovered-water-on-moon-but | title=Chandrayaan first discovered water on moon, but? | work=[[Daily News and Analysis|DNA]] | date=25 September 2009 | agency=DNA | access-date=9 June 2013 | location=Bangalore}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.ndtv.com/article/sci-tech/did-india-beat-nasa-to-find-water-on-moon-9091 | title=Did India beat NASA to find water on moon? | work=[[NDTV]] | date=25 September 2009 | access-date=9 June 2013 | author=Bagla, Pallav | location=Bangalore}}</ref>

This gave the answer to the millennia-old question whether there is water on or in Earth's moon when it led to the discovery of water in its vapour phase by the CHACE (CHandra's Altitudinal Composition Explorer) payload on board the Moon Impact Probe (MIP) and complementarily in its solid phase by the Moon Mineralogy Mapper (M3) payload on board the main orbiter in the Chandrayaan I mission. This ‘discovery-class-of-finding’ by CHACE was achieved by direct in situ measurement of the lunar atmosphere during the descend journey of the MIP to the Lunar South Pole, while M3 discovered water in ice form by remote sensing techniques. As water cannot retain its liquid phase in the lunar environment because of its own vapour pressure and the ultra-high vacuum prevailing there, it can be found in solid (ice) and gaseous (vapour) phases. While the Moon Mineralogy Mapper (M3), a payload by NASA, on board Chandrayaan I lunar orbiter has detected, by mapping almost 97% of the lunar surface using remote sensing techniques, the presence of water in ice form in higher latitudes especially in the polar caps, the CHACE payload in the lunar impactor (MIP) has directly detected water in its gaseous form along 14 degree E meridian from 45 degree N to 90 degree S latitude, with a latitudinal resolution of around 0.10 and altitudinal resolution of ~ 250 m from 98 km altitude till impact .

==See also==
{{Portal|Solar System|Spaceflight}}
* [[Chandrayaan-1]]
* [[LCROSS]]
* [[List of current and future lunar missions]]
* [[Lunar water]]
* [[List of artificial objects on the Moon]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Moon spacecraft}}
{{Indian space programme}}
{{Indian spacecraft}}
{{Orbital launches in 2008}}

[[Category:Spacecraft launched in 2008]]
[[Category:2008 in India]]
[[Category:2008 in science]]
[[Category:ISRO space probes]]
[[Category:Missions to the Moon]]
[[Category:Destroyed space probes]]
[[Category:Indian lunar exploration programme]]
[[Category:Spacecraft that impacted the Moon]]
[[Category:Spacecraft launched by PSLV rockets]]
[[Category:Impactor spacecraft]]
[[Category:LQ30 quadrangle]]
[[Category:2008 on the Moon]]

Moon Impact Probe - Revision history

CleanupBot II: Removed empty portal template using script

imported>Jarrod Baniqued at 06:02, 28 August 2021