https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?action=history&feed=atom&title=Mongol_invasion_of_India_%281297%E2%80%931298%29Mongol invasion of India (1297–1298) - Revision history2026-08-20T21:34:29ZRevision history for this page on the wikiMediaWiki 1.43.6https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mongol_invasion_of_India_(1297%E2%80%931298)&diff=376123&oldid=prevBot: robot: Create/update articles. If there is a mistake please report on my talk page.2022-12-10T20:06:03Z<p>robot: Create/update articles. If there is a mistake please report on my <a href="/wiki/User_talk:Bot" title="User talk:Bot">talk page</a>.</p>
<p><b>New page</b></p><div>{{Short description|Military expedition of Mongols in India}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2022}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2022}}<br />
{{Infobox military conflict<br />
|conflict = Battle of Jaran-Manjur<br />
|partof = [[Mongol invasions of India]]<br />
|date = 6 February 1298<br />
|place = Jaran-Manjur (variously identified as a place in Sindh, a place near [[Lahore]], or [[Jalandhar]])<br />
|result = [[Delhi Sultanate]] victory<br />
|territory = Mongol forces expelled from India<br />
|combatant1 = [[File:Flag of Chagatai Khanate.svg|23px]] [[Chagatai Khanate]]<br />
|combatant2 = {{flagicon image|Delhi Sultanate Flag.svg}} [[Delhi Sultanate]]<br />
|commander1 = Kadar<br />
|commander2 = [[Ulugh Khan]]<br>[[Zafar Khan (Indian general)|Zafar Khan]]<br />
|casualties1 = 20,000 killed, several captured (claim by Delhi chronicler [[Amir Khusrau]])<br />
|casualties2 = Unknown<br />
|notexs =<br />
}}<br />
In the winter of 1297, Kadar, a [[noyan]] of the [[Mongol Empire|Mongol]] [[Chagatai Khanate]] invaded the [[Delhi Sultanate]] ruled by [[Alauddin Khalji]]. The Mongols ravaged the [[Punjab region]] of modern day Pakistan and India, advancing as far as [[Kasur]]. Alauddin sent an army led by his brother [[Ulugh Khan]] (and probably [[Zafar Khan (Indian general)|Zafar Khan]]) to check their advance. This army defeated the invaders on 6 February 1298, killing around 20,000 of them, and forcing the Mongols to retreat.<br />
<br />
== Mongol raids ==<br />
{{Campaignbox Mongol invasions of India|state=expanded}}<br />
<br />
The [[Mongol Empire|Mongol]] [[Chagatai Khanate]] had invaded the Delhi Sultanate a number of times, including in 1241, 1245, 1257, and 1285. Alauddin's predecessor [[Jalaluddin Khalji|Jalaluddin]] also faced a Mongol invasion, and managed to halt it. During Alauddin's reign, the Mongols invaded India again: compared to the previous invasions, these were large-scale invasions. The first of these invasions was ordered by the Mongol ruler [[Duwa]], who sent his [[noyan]] Kadar (or Keder) to India with a 100,000-strong force.{{sfn|Kishori Saran Lal|1950|p=152}}<br />
<br />
In the winter of 1297-98, Kadar invaded and ravaged the [[Punjab region]] of the [[Delhi Sultanate]], which was ruled by [[Alauddin Khalji]].{{sfn|Peter Jackson|2003|p=221}} Alauddin's courtier Amir Khusrau mentions that the Mongols reached India by crossing the [[Sulaiman Mountains]]. They crossed the major rivers of the Punjab, and burnt the [[Khokhar]] villages. They advanced up to [[Kasur]], where they destroyed houses: according Khusrau, the light emitted from the burning of the houses could be seen from the suburbs of the city.{{sfn|Banarsi Prasad Saksena|1992|p=332}}<br />
<br />
== Alauddin's retaliation ==<br />
<br />
When Alauddin learned about the havoc caused by the Mongols, he directed his brother and general [[Ulugh Khan]] to march against the invaders. According to [[Ziauddin Barani]], [[Zafar Khan (Indian general)|Zafar Khan]] led the Delhi army along with Ulugh Khan, but Alauddin's courtier [[Amir Khusrau]] omits Zafar Khan's name. Barani is probably correct.{{sfn|Banarsi Prasad Saksena|1992|p=332}} (Zafar Khan's name was omitted in the dynasty's official chronicles because Alauddin was unhappy with his reckless disobedience during the [[Battle of Kili]]).{{sfn|Banarsi Prasad Saksena|1992|p=336}} According to Khusrau, Ulugh Khan covered the distance of two marches in a single day to face the Mongols. On 6 February 1298, the Delhi army reached Jaran-Manjur, a place located on the banks of the [[Sutlej River]].{{sfn|Banarsi Prasad Saksena|1992|p=332}}<br />
<br />
According to the contemporary chronicler [[Amir Khusrau]]'s ''Dawal Rani'', the battle was fought at a place called Jaran Manjur on the banks of the [[Sutlej River]].{{sfn|Kishori Saran Lal|1950|p=153}} The name of the place appears as "Jadwa o Manjur" and "Jurat Mahud" in the various manuscripts of ''Tarikh-i-Firuz Shahi,'', a work by the near-contemporary chronicler [[Ziauddin Barani]]. [[Henry Miers Elliot]], who translated Barani's text into English, identified the site of the battle as modern [[Jalandhar]] (which lies to the north-west of the Sutlej river).{{sfn|Nizamuddin Ahmad|1927|p=156}} [[Firishta]] (16th century) states that the battle was fought near [[Lahore]], which is located around 130&nbsp;km from Jalandhar. [[`Abd al-Qadir Bada'uni]] (16th century) names the site as Jaran Manjur. [[Nizamuddin Ahmad|Nizamuddin Ahmad Harawi]] (17th century) states that the site was located in [[Sindh]].{{sfn|Nizamuddin Ahmad|1927|p=156}}<br />
<br />
At the battle site, Ulugh Khan ordered his soldiers to cross the Sutlej River without the boats.{{sfn|Banarsi Prasad Saksena|1992|p=332}} According to Khusrau, 20,000 Mongols were killed in the ensuing battle. He boasts that the Mongols "fled like ants and locusts, and were trampled like ants". The wounded among the Mongols were beheaded, and the other survivors were put into chains. The prisoners were brought to Delhi, where they were [[execution by elephant|trampled to death]] by elephants.{{sfn|Banarsi Prasad Saksena|1992|p=332}}<br />
<br />
The victory increased Alauddin's prestige, and stabilized his position on the throne of Delhi, which he had ascended recently in 1296.{{sfn|Kishori Saran Lal|1950|p=153}}<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
=== Bibliography ===<br />
<br />
{{ref begin}}<br />
* {{cite book |author=Banarsi Prasad Saksena |author-link=Banarsi Prasad Saksena |chapter=The Khaljis: Alauddin Khalji |editor=Mohammad Habib and Khaliq Ahmad Nizami |title=A Comprehensive History of India: The Delhi Sultanat (A.D. 1206-1526) |volume=5 |edition=Second |year=1992 |orig-year=1970 |publisher=The Indian History Congress / People's Publishing House |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_9cmAQAAMAAJ |oclc=31870180 }}<br />
* {{cite book |author=Kishori Saran Lal |author-link=K. S. Lal |title=History of the Khaljis (1290-1320) |year=1950 |publisher=The Indian Press |location=Allahabad |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2XXqAQAACAAJ |oclc=685167335 }}<br />
* {{cite book |author=Nizamuddin Ahmad |translator=B. De |title=The Tabaqat-i-Akbari |volume=1 |series=Bibliotheca Indica |publisher=Asiatic Society of Bengal |location=Calcutta |year=1927 }}<br />
* {{cite book |author=Peter Jackson |author-link=Peter Jackson (historian) |title=The Delhi Sultanate: A Political and Military History |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lt2tqOpVRKgC&pg=PA221 |year=2003 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-54329-3 }}<br />
{{ref end}}<br />
<br />
{{Alauddin Khalji}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Mongol invasion of India (1297-1298)}}<br />
[[Category:Alauddin Khalji]]<br />
[[Category:Wars involving the Chagatai Khanate|India]]<br />
[[Category:Battles involving the Delhi Sultanate]]<br />
[[Category:Conflicts in 1298]]<br />
[[Category:1298 in Asia]]<br />
[[Category:13th century in India]]<br />
[[Category:1298 in the Mongol Empire]]<br />
[[Category:Invasions of India]]</div>Bot