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{{italic title}}
{{short description|Liberation or salvation of a soul from saṃsāra, the cycle of birth and death}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2016}}
{{other uses|Moksha (disambiguation)}}
[[File:Siddha Shila.jpg|thumb|Depiction of Siddha Shila as per [[Jain cosmology]] which is abode of infinite Siddhas]]
{{Jainism}}
[[Sanskrit]] '''''{{IAST|moksha}}''''' or [[Prakrit]] '''''mokkha''''' refers to the liberation or salvation of a soul from ''[[Saṃsāra (Jainism)|saṃsāra]]'', the cycle of birth and death. It is a blissful state of existence of a soul, attained after the destruction of all [[Karma in Jainism|karmic bonds]]. A liberated soul is said to have attained its true and pristine nature of infinite bliss, infinite knowledge and infinite perception. Such a soul is called ''[[Siddha#Siddha in Jainism|siddha]]'' and is revered in [[Jainism]].

In [[Jainism]], ''moksha'' is the highest and the noblest objective that a soul should strive to achieve. In fact, it is the only objective that a person should have; other objectives are contrary to the true nature of soul. With the right view, knowledge and efforts all souls can attain this state. That is why Jainism is also known as ''{{IAST|mokṣamārga}}'' or the "path to liberation".

According to the Sacred Jain Text, [[Tattvartha sutra]]:{{quote|Owing to the absence of the cause of bondage and with the functioning of the dissociation of karmas the annihilation of all karmas is liberation.|Tattvārthsūtra (10-2){{sfn|Vijay K. Jain|2011|p=146}}}}

==Bhavyata==

From the point of view of potentiality of {{IAST|mokṣa}}, Jain texts bifurcates the souls in two categories–''bhavya'' and ''abhavya''. ''Bhavya'' souls are those souls who have faith in {{IAST|mokṣa}} and hence will make some efforts to achieve liberation.{{sfn|Jaini|2000|p=95}} This potentiality or quality is called ''bhavyata''.{{sfn|Jaini|2000|p=95}} However, ''bhavyata'' itself does not guarantee {{IAST|mokṣa}}, as the soul needs to expend necessary efforts to attain it. On the other hand, ''abhavya'' souls are those souls who cannot attain liberation as they do not have faith in {{IAST|mokṣa}} and hence never make any efforts to attain it.{{sfn|Jaini|2000|p=95}}

==The path to liberation==
According to Jainism, purification of soul and liberation can be achieved through the path of three jewels:{{sfn|Vijay K. Jain|2011|p=6}}{{sfn|Cort|2001a|pp=6–7}}{{sfn|Fohr|2015|pp=9–10, 37}} ''Samyak darśana'' (Correct View), meaning faith, acceptance of the truth of soul (''jīva'');{{sfn|Jaini|1998|pp=141–147}} ''Samyak jnana'' (Correct Knowledge), meaning undoubting knowledge of the ''tattvas'';{{sfn|Jaini|1998|pp=148, 200}} and ''Samyak charitra'' (Correct Conduct), meaning behavior consistent with the Five vows.{{sfn|Jaini|1998|pp=148, 200}} Jain texts often add ''samyak tap'' (Correct Asceticism) as a fourth jewel, emphasizing belief in ascetic practices as the means to liberation (moksha).{{sfn|Cort|2001a|p=7}} The four jewels are called ''moksha marg''.{{sfn|Cort|2001a|pp=6–7}} According to Jain texts, the liberated pure soul (''Siddha'') goes up to the summit of universe (''[[Siddhashila]]'') and dwells there in eternal bliss.{{sfn|S.A. Jain|1992|p=282–283}}

According to Jainism, the ''[[Ratnatraya]]'' or "three Gems", ''samyagdarśana'' (correct perception), ''samyagjñāna'' (right knowledge) and ''samyakchāritra'' (right conduct), together constitute the ''mokṣamarga'' or the path to liberation.<ref>{{cite book | last =Kuhn | first =Hermann | title =Karma, The Mechanism : Create Your Own Fate | publisher =Crosswind Publishing | year =2001 | location =Wunstorf, Germany | isbn =3-9806211-4-6 }}</ref> According to Acharya [[KundaKunda]]'s [[Samayasara]]:{{quote|Belief in the nine substances as they are is right faith (samyagdarśana). Knowledge of these substances without doubt, delusion or misapprehension, is right knowledge (samyagjñāna). Being free from attachment etc. is right conduct (samyakcāritra). These three, together, constitute the path to liberation.{{sfn|Vijay K. Jain|2012|p=165}}}}

''Samyak Darsana'' or rational perception is the rational faith in the true nature of every substance of the universe.{{sfn|Jaini|1998|p=}}{{pn|date=August 2017}}

''Samyak Caritra'' or rational conduct is the natural conduct of a (soul) living being. It consists in following austerities, engaging in right activities and observance of vows, carefulness and controls.<ref>*{{cite book | last =Varni | first =Jinendra | editor = Prof. Sagarmal Jain, Translated Justice T.K. Tukol and Dr. K.K. Dixit | title ={{IAST|Samaṇ Suttaṁ}} | publisher =Bhagwan Mahavir memorial Samiti | year =1993 | location =New Delhi }} Verse 262 - 4</ref>
Once a soul secures ''samyaktva'', {{IAST|mokṣa}} is assured within a few lifetimes.
The fourteen stages on the path to liberation are called ''[[Gunasthana|Gunasthāna]]''. These are:{{sfn|Vijay K. Jain|2014|p=14}}
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Gunasthāna (Stages on the Path) !! Meaning
|-
|1. ''Mithyātva'' || The stage of wrong believer (Gross ignorance)
|-
|2. ''Sasādana'' || Downfall from right faith
|-
|3. ''Misradrsti''|| Mixed right and wrong belief
|-
|4. ''Avirata samyagdrsti'' || Vowless right belief
|-
|5. ''Deśavirata'' || The stage of partial self-control
|-
|6. ''Pramattasamyata'' || Slightly imperfect vows
|-
|7. ''Apramatta samyata''|| Perfect vows (''[[Mahavrata]]s'')
|-
|8. ''Apūrvakaraņa'' || New thought-activity
|-
|9. ''Anivāttibādara-sāmparāya''|| Advanced thought-activity (Passions are still occurring)
|-
|10. ''Sukshma samparaya''|| Slightest delusion
|-
|11. ''Upaśānta-kasāya''|| Subsided delusion
|-
|12. ''Ksīna kasāya''|| Destroyed delusion
|-
|13. ''Sayoga kevali''|| Omniscience with vibration (destruction of all inimical karmas)
|-
|14. ''Ayoga kevali'' || The stage of omniscience without any activity
|}

Those who pass the last stage are called ''siddha'' and become fully established in Right Faith, Right Knowledge and Right Conduct.<ref>{{Citation|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EscwAQAAMAAJ|title=The Practical Path|author=Champat Rai Jain|author-link=Champat Rai Jain|year=1917|publisher=The Central Jaina Publishing House|p=121}}</ref>

=={{IAST|Nirvāna}}==
{{IAST|Nirvāna}} means final release from the karmic bondage. When an enlightened human, such as an Arihant or a [[Tirthankara]], extinguishes his remaining ''aghatiya karmas'' and thus ends his worldly existence, it is called {{IAST|nirvāna}}. Technically, the death of an Arhat is called their nirvāṇa, as he has ended his worldly existence and attained liberation. Moksha (liberation) follows nirvāṇa. However, the terms ''moksa'' and ''nirvana'' are often used interchangeably in the [[Jain texts]].{{sfn|Jaini|2000|p=168}}<ref name="auto1">Michael Carrithers, Caroline Humphrey (1991) ''The Assembly of listeners: Jains in society'' Cambridge University Press. {{ISBN|0521365058}}: ''"Nirvana: A synonym for liberation, release, moksa."'' p.297</ref> An Arhat becomes a siddha, the liberated one, after attaining nirvana.

In that night in which the Venerable Ascetic Mahavira, died, freed from all pains, the eighteen confederate kings of Kasi and Kosala, the nine Mallakis and nine Licchavis, on the day of new moon, instituted an illuminations on the Poshadha, which was a fasting day; for they said: 'Since the light of intelligence is gone, let us make an illumination of material matter!'(128)<ref>{{cite book | last =Jacobi | first =Hermann |author2=Ed. F. Max Müller | title =Kalpa Sutra, Jain Sutras Part I, Sacred Books of the East, Vol. 22 | publisher =The Clarendon Press | year =1884 | location =Oxford | url =http://www.sacred-texts.com/jai/sbe22/index.htm }}</ref>

== Liberated soul ==
A liberated soul dwells in ''[[Siddhashila]]'' with infinite faith, infinite knowledge, infinite perception, and infinite perfection. According to the Jain text, ''Puruşārthasiddhyupāya'':
{{quote|Having achieved the ultimate goal, knowing everything that needs to be known, and enjoying eternal and supreme bliss, the Omniscient, Effulgent Soul, rests permanently in the Highest State (of liberation).|Puruşārthasiddhyupāya (224){{sfn|Vijay K. Jain|2012|p=178}}}}

== See also ==
*[[Nirvana Kanda]]

==References==
=== Citations ===
{{reflist}}

===Sources===
* {{citation |last=Cort |first=John E. |title=Jains in the World : Religious Values and Ideology in India |url={{Google books|PZk-4HOMzsoC|plainurl=yes}} |publisher=Oxford University Press |date=2001a |isbn=978-0-19-513234-2 }}
* {{citation |last=Fohr |first=Sherry |title=Jainism: A Guide for the Perplexed |url={{Google books|iAXsBQAAQBAJ|plainurl=yes}} |year=2015 |publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing |isbn=978-1-4742-2756-8 }}
* {{citation |last=Jain |first=S. A. |author-link=S.A. Jain |title=Reality (English Translation of Srimat Pujyapadacharya's Sarvarthasiddhi) |date=1992 |orig-year=First edition 1960 |publisher=[[Jwalamalini Trust]] |url=https://archive.org/details/Reality_JMT |edition=Second |quote={{PD-notice}} |ref={{sfnref|S.A. Jain|1992}} }}
* {{citation |last=Jain |first=Vijay K. |author-link=Vijay K. Jain |title=Acharya Umasvami's Tattvarthsutra |date=2011 |publisher=[[Vikalp Printers]] |location=[[Uttarakhand]] |isbn=81-903639-2-1 |edition=1st |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zLmx9bvtglkC |quote={{PD-notice}} |ref={{sfnref|Vijay K. Jain|2011}} }}
* {{citation |last=Jain |first=Vijay K. |author-link=Vijay K. Jain |title=Acharya Amritchandra's Purushartha Siddhyupaya: Realization of the Pure Self, With Hindi and English Translation |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4iyUu4Fc2-YC |date=2012 |publisher=[[Vikalp Printers]] |isbn=978-81-903639-4-5 |quote={{PD-notice}} |ref={{sfnref|Vijay K. Jain|2012}} }}
* {{citation |last=Jain |first=Vijay K. |author-link=Vijay K. Jain |title=Acarya Pujyapada's Istopadesa – the Golden Discourse |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=r5opAwAAQBAJ |isbn=978-81-903639-6-9 |date=26 March 2014 |quote={{PD-notice}} |ref={{sfnref|Vijay K. Jain|2014}} }}
* {{citation |last=Jaini |first=Padmanabh S. |author-link=Padmanabh Jaini |title=The Jaina Path of Purification |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wE6v6ahxHi8C |date=1998 |orig-year=1979 |publisher=[[Motilal Banarsidass]] |location=[[Delhi]] |isbn=81-208-1578-5 }}
* {{citation |editor-last=Jaini |editor-first=Padmanabh S. |editor-link=Padmanabh Jaini |title=Collected Papers On Jaina Studies |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HPggiM7y1aYC |date=2000 |publisher=[[Motilal Banarsidass]] |location=[[Delhi]] |edition=First |isbn=81-208-1691-9 }}

{{Jainism topics}}
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[[Category:Moksha| ]]
[[Category:Jain philosophical concepts]]
[[Category:Salvation]]

Moksha (Jainism) - Revision history

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