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1965 Everest expedition: rem excess punctuation

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{{short description|Indian mountaineer}}
{{EngvarB|date=September 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2014}}
{{more footnotes|date=February 2013}}
{{Infobox military person
| honorific_prefix =
| name = '''Captain Mohan Singh Kohli'''
| honorific_suffix = [[Ati Vishisht Seva Medal|AVSM]]
| other_names =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age |df=yes|1931|12|11}}
| birth_place = [[Haripur, Pakistan]], [[Presidencies and provinces of British India|British India]]
| death_place =
| placeofburial =
| placeofburial_label =
| image = File:The Prime Minister, Shri Narendra Modi releasing the book "The Great Himalayan Climb" on the occasion of the golden jubilee of the 1965 Everest Expedition, in New Delhi on May 20, 2015.jpg
| caption = Kohli (left) with NM at the time releasing the book "The Great Himalayan Climb"
| nickname =
| allegiance = India
| serviceyears = 1
| rank = [[File:British Royal Navy (sleeves) OF-5.svg|20px]] [[Captain (India)|Captain]]
| branch = [[Indo-Tibetan Border Police]]
| commands =
| unit =
| battles =
| awards = {{ubl|[[Padma Bhushan]]||[[Ati Vishisht Seva Medal]]|[[Arjuna Award]]| [[IMF Gold Medal]]}}
| laterwork =
}}

[[File:The Prime Minister, Shri Narendra Modi meets the members of 1965 Everest Expedition on the golden jubilee of the occasion, in New Delhi on May 20, 2015.jpg|thumb|250px| Prime Minister meets the members of Indian Everest Expedition 1965 on the occasion of Golden Jubilee of this on May 20, 2015]]
[[File:The Prime Minister, Shri Narendra Modi meets the members of 1965 Everest Expedition on the golden jubilee of the occasion, in New Delhi on May 20, 2015 (2).jpg|thumb|250px |Prime Minister meets the members of Indian Everest Expedition 1965 on the occasion of Golden Jubilee of this on May 20, 2015]]
[[File:Everest Expedition 1965 stamp of India.jpg|thumb|1965 Indian stamp dedicated to the 1965 Everest Expedition]]

'''Captain Mohan Singh Kohli''' (b. 11 December 1931 at [[Haripur, Pakistan|Haripur]]) is an internationally renowned Indian [[mountaineer]]. An officer in the [[Indian Navy]] who joined the [[Indo-Tibetan Border Police]], he led the [[Indian Everest Expedition 1965|1965 Indian expedition]] which put nine men on the summit of [[Everest]], a world record which lasted for 17 years.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.caravanmagazine.in/Story.aspx?Storyid=628&StoryStyle=FullStory |title=Archived copy |access-date=2010-12-11 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101130170605/http://caravanmagazine.in/Story.aspx?Storyid=628&StoryStyle=FullStory |archive-date=30 November 2010 |df=dmy-all }}</ref>

== Affiliation ==
Mohan Singh Kohli was President of the [[Indian Mountaineering Foundation]] from 1989 to 1993. In 1989, he co-founded the [http://himalayanenvironment.org/ Himalayan Environment Trust]. [[Trekking in The Himalayas]] was founded by Captain M.S. Kohli who has been climbing many Himalayan Peaks. It was his feeling that not many people in the world can climb Himalayan peaks but many can go to the basecamps of the mountains.

== Awards ==
He has been honoured with the
# [[Padma Bhushan]],<ref>{{Cite web| url=http://www.dashboard-padmaawards.gov.in/?Year=1965-1965&Award=Padma%20Bhushan&Field=Sports|title= Padma Bhushan for The first Indians on Everest on 1965-|website= www.dashboard-padmaawards.gov.in}}</ref><ref name="Padma Awards">{{cite web | url=http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf | title=Padma Awards | publisher=Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India | date=2015 | access-date=July 21, 2015}}</ref>
# [[Arjuna Award]].<ref>{{Cite web| url=http://www.sportsauthorityofindia.nic.in/showfile.asp?link_temp_id=560|title= Arjuna Award for The first Indians on Everest on 1965-|website= www.sportsauthorityofindia.nic.in}}</ref>
# [[Ati Vishisht Seva Medal]]
# [[IMF Gold Medal]]
# Punjab Govt's [[Nishan-e-Khalsa]]
# Delhi Govt's [[Most Distinguished Citizen of Delhi Award]]
# [[Tenzing Norgay National Adventure Award]] 2007 in lifetime achievement category
and several international recognitions.

== 1965 Everest expedition ==
{{BLP unsourced section|date=June 2019}}
Captain M.S. Kohli is best known as India's first successful leader of the epoch-making Indian Everest Expedition 1965. The achievement electrified the nation. Nine climbers reached the summit, creating a world record that India held for 17 years. Public euphoria reached a crescendo. People danced in the streets. On return of the team from Nepal to India, breaking all protocol, the Prime Minister headed the reception at the airport. In another unprecedented move, an Arjuna Award for the entire team and [[Padma Bhushan]]/[[Padma Shree|Padma Shri]] for all eleven team members was immediately announced.

His tallest tribute came from none other than the former Prime Minister, [[Indira Gandhi]]: “''The record of Commander Kohli’s expedition will find special mention in history. It was a masterpiece of planning, organization, teamwork, individual effort and leadership''”. Gandhi also described the 1965 success as one of India's six major achievements after Independence.

A full-length film on the expedition with music by [[Shankar Jaikishan]] was released all over India and abroad. The story of the spectacular achievement was serialised in several national newspapers and magazines. Kohli, with some members, was felicitated at [[Brussels]], [[Paris]], [[Geneva]] and [[Rome]]. [[Tenzing Norgay]] accompanied Captain Kohli to several countries.

[[Landing on Mountain Summits]] The record of landing atop many mountain summits is held by Captain M.S. Kohli who along with Tenzing Norgay landed atop a dozen mountain tops in Europe piloted by [[Raymond Lambert]] in his small Pilatus Porter plane.
In India, Chief Ministers of almost all the States invited the team to their capitals and honoured it at State and Civic receptions.
On 8 September 1965, Kohli was invited to address Members of both the Houses of the Indian Parliament in the Central Hall.

Adventure clubs and Himalayan expeditions multiplied several-fold, triggering a national resurgence in Indian mountaineering.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.istampgallery.com/indian-mount-everest-expedition/|title=First successful Indian Expedition of 1965-|website=www.istampgallery.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thebetterindia.com/25939/did-you-know-that-50-years-ago-9-indians-held-a-record-for-climbing-mount-everest/|title=First successful Indian Expedition of 1965-|website=www.thebetterindia.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UjF7ZzEJPhg|title=First successful Indian Expedition of 1965-|website=www.youtube.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KHkwqaXLmooC|title= Nine Atop Everest-First successful Indian Expedition of 1965-|website= books.google.com.sa|isbn= 9788173871115|last1= Kohli|first1= M. S.|date= December 2000}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web| url=https://www.livemint.com/Leisure/ZDIwIHEyFLl1y3lVvqtQ5J/The-first-Indians-on-Everest.html|title= The first Indians on Everest-First successful Indian Expedition of 1965-|website= www.livemint.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web| url=https://www.himalayanclub.org/hj/26/2/nine-atop-everest/|title= The first Indians on Everest-First successful Indian Expedition of 1965-|website= www.himalayanclub.org}}</ref>

== Early life ==
Born and brought up at Haripur on the banks of Indus in the [[Karakoram]] mountains of [[North-West Frontier Province (1901–1955)|North West Frontier]], Kohli witnessed the massacre of over 2,000 innocent persons during the carnage of the [[partition of India]].

Starting with [[Saser Kangri]] (25,170 ft) in 1956, he has been on 20 major Himalayan expeditions which included India's first ascent of [[Nanda Kot]] and maiden ascent of [[Annapurna III]]. He belongs to the exclusive band of three climbers in the world who, in 1962, spent three consecutive nights, two without oxygen, on Everest in raging blizzards at 27,650 feet.

During his years with the [[Indian Navy]], he introduced adventure as part of training. During 15 years with the [[Indo-Tibetan Border Police]], from its inception, he turned the force into a formidable mountaineering organisation. Under the charge of India's legendary police officers, [[B.N. Mullick]] and [[R.N. Kao]], he led seven dangerous, challenging and highly sensitive missions of great national importance along with climbers and scientists from the USA. The task involved installing nuclear powered spy listening devices on top of some of the Indian Himalayan peaks to spy on the Chinese missile capabilities. This largest, longest and costliest expedition will form the plot of a Hollywood movie.

On joining [[Air-India]] in 1971, Kohli conceived and personally promoted ‘[[Trekking in the Himalayas]]’ all over the world by visiting over 50 countries and making over 1000 presentations which included world's most popular TV programmes, ‘[[To Tell the Truth]]’ and ‘[[David Frost Show]]’. On 3 December 1978, he flew over the [[South Pole]].

To save the Himalayas from the brink of disaster, he secured the support of Sir [[Edmund Hillary]] and other Himalayan legends – [[Maurice Herzog]], Sir [[Chris Bonington]], [[Reinhold Messner]] and [[Junko Tabei]] – to establish the [[Himalayan Environment Trust]] on 14 October 1989. During the past two decades the HET helped saving the world heritage for future generations.

In India, he also introduced [[Himalayan tourism]], [[white-water rafting]], [[aero-sports]], [[luxury sea cruises]], tourist charters to [[Goa]], international conferences, Himalayan mountaineering and tourism meets and opened [[Lakshadweep]] and the [[Andaman Islands|Andaman]] Islands to tourism.

His 14-year tenure in the [[Indian Mountaineering Foundation]] as Vice-President/President saw many landmark developments. Since his retirement in 1990, declining several lucrative offers, he has been passionately working on all-round development of youth through various adventure and outdoor leadership projects.

== Books and Magazines ==
* [https://books.google.com/books?id=y5CXbqpzmhIC&pg=PA34&lpg=PA34&dq=incredible+himalayas+m.+s.+kohli&source=bl&ots=qdZ_yBBfGH&sig=8fdE5TnS5T9hmjnw3569IEQVBd4&hl=en&sa=X&ei=cmd_Ud2uIMLLrQe4mIGQCQ&ved=0CDAQ6AEwAA ''Incredible Himalayas'', Indus Publishing (2005)] {{ISBN|81-7387-179-5}}
* ''Mountains of India'', Indus Publishing (2004) {{ISBN|81-7387-135-3}}
* ''The Great Himalayan Climb'', [[Orient Paperbacks]] (2003) {{ISBN|978-81-222058-7-9}}
* ''Spies in the Snow, How CIA and the Indian Intelligence Lost a Nuclear Device in the Himalayas''
* [https://www.amazon.com/Spies-Himalayas-Missions-Perilous-Studies/dp/0700612238/ref=sr_1_1?s=books&ie=UTF8&qid=1367303943&sr=1-1 ''Spies of Anil in the Himalayas: Secret Missions and Perilous Climbs'', University Press of Kansas (2003)] {{ISBN|0-7006-1223-8}}
* [https://www.amazon.com/The-Himalayas-Playground-Trekking-Adventure/dp/8173871078 The Himalayas: Playground of the Gods: Trekking, Climbing, Adventure (2000) M.S. Kohli]
* [https://www.amazon.com/Mountaineering-India-M-S-Kohli/dp/B0006EWSO6/ref=sr_1_13?s=books&ie=UTF8&qid=1367304011&sr=1-13 ''Mountaineering in India'' (1989)]

==See also==
*[[Indian summiters of Mount Everest - Year wise]]
*[[List of Mount Everest summiters by number of times to the summit]]
*[[List of Mount Everest records of India]]
*[[List of Mount Everest records]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}
http://captainmskohli.com/about-me.html

== External links ==
* [http://www.indus-intl.com/bookdetails.cfm?bookid=IN-35006 Bio details on publisher's website]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20060507141903/http://itbpolice.nic.in/mtn.htm History of mountaineering in the Indo-Tibetan Border Police]
* [http://www.deccanherald.com/deccanherald/apr252004/fp2.asp ''The missing radioactive sensor'', Deccan Herald, April 25, 2004]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20130403042434/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2003-06-05/india/27211521_1_nuclear-device-nanda-devi-expedition ''CIA nuclear device atop Himalayas'', Times of India, June 5, 2003]
* {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091027020811/http://geocities.com/captainmskohli/ |date=27 October 2009 |title=profile of Captain M.S. Kohli on geocities }}

{{PadmaBhushanAwardRecipients 1960–69}}
{{Indian mountaineers}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kohli, Manmohan Singh}}
[[Category:Indian mountain climbers]]
[[Category:1931 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Bhushan in sports]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Arjuna Award]]
[[Category:Kirori Mal College alumni]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Tenzing Norgay National Adventure Award]]

Mohan Singh Kohli - Revision history

->Retswerb: /* 1965 Everest expedition */ rem excess punctuation