Mohammad Usman of Madras - Revision history

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			{{for\|others\|Mohammad Usman (disambiguation)}}
	{{Use dmy dates\|date=September 2018}}		{{Use dmy dates\|date=September 2018}}
	{{Use Indian English\|date=September 2018}}		{{Use Indian English\|date=September 2018}}
	~~{{for\|others\|Mohammad Usman (disambiguation)}}~~		{{Infobox officeholder
	{{Infobox ~~Officeholder~~
	\| honorific-prefix = Khan Bahadur Sir		\| honorific-prefix = Khan Bahadur Sir
	\| name = Mohammad Usman		\| name = Mohammad Usman
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	[[File:Sir Mohammad Usman.jpg\|frame\|Khan Bagadur Sir Mohammad Usman KCSI KCIE]]		[[File:Sir Mohammad Usman.jpg\|frame\|Khan Bagadur Sir Mohammad Usman KCSI KCIE]]

	[[Khan (title)\|Khan Bahadur]] '''Sir Mohammad Usman''' {{post-nominals\|country=GBR\|size=100%\|KCSI\|KCIE}} (1884 – 1 January 1960) was an ~~[[India]]n~~ [[politician]], [[hakim (title)\|hakim]] and socialite who served as the Minister of Home for the Madras Presidency in the [[Justice Party (India)\|Justice Party]] government of the [[Raja of Bobbili]] and as the first Indian acting Governor of Madras from 16{{nbsp}}May 1934 to 16{{nbsp}}August 1934. His name is often written '''Muhammad Usman'''.		[[Khan (title)\|Khan Bahadur]] '''Sir Mohammad Usman''' {{post-nominals\|country=GBR\|size=100%\|KCSI\|KCIE}} (1884 – 1 January 1960) was an Indian [[politician]], [[hakim (title)\|hakim]] and socialite who served as the Minister of Home for the Madras Presidency in the [[Justice Party (India)\|Justice Party]] government of the [[Raja of Bobbili]] and as the first Indian acting Governor of Madras from 16{{nbsp}}May 1934 to 16{{nbsp}}August 1934. His name is often written '''Muhammad Usman'''.

	Usman was born into an aristocratic family of [[Tanjore]] in the [[Madras Presidency]] in 1884. He graduated from Madras Christian College and joined the Justice Party. He was elected to the Madras Legislative Council and later, to the Governor's executive council. Usman served as the member of posts and air in the Viceroy's Executive Council between 1942 and 1947. He died in 1960 at the age of 76. He was a part-time hakim or doctor in [[Unani medicine]] and used his influential position in the provincial administration to promote indigenous systems of medicine.		Usman was born into an aristocratic family of [[Tanjore]] in the [[Madras Presidency]] in 1884. He graduated from Madras Christian College and joined the Justice Party. He was elected to the Madras Legislative Council and later, to the Governor's executive council. Usman served as the member of posts and air in the Viceroy's Executive Council between 1942 and 1947. He died in 1960 at the age of 76. He was a part-time hakim or doctor in [[Unani medicine]] and used his influential position in the provincial administration to promote indigenous systems of medicine.
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	== Early life ==		== Early life ==

	Usman was born to Mohammad Yakub who belonged to an aristocratic family of [[Tanjore]],<ref name="morep247">[[#More\|More]], Pg 247</ref> [[Madras Presidency]] in 1884.<ref name="dictnatbio">{{cite book \| title=Dictionary of National Biography\| url=https://archive.org/details/dli.bengal.10689.11634\| last=Sen\| first=Siba Pada\| year=1974\| pages=[https://archive.org/details/dli.bengal.10689.11634/page/n449 375]\| publisher=Institute of Historical Studies}}</ref> Usman graduated from the [[Madras Christian College]]<ref name="unbio">{{cite book \| title=United Nations Who's who in Government and Industry\| last=Cang\| first=Joel\| year=1945\| pages=112\| publisher=Allied Publications}}</ref><ref name="mcc">{{cite news\|title=Third from right?\|url=http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/mp/2007/12/10/stories/2007121050200500.htm\|work=[[The Hindu]]\|date=10 December 2007\|first=S.\|last=Muthiah\|authorlink=S. Muthiah}}</ref> and joined the [[South Indian Liberal Federation]]. Usman practised [[Unani\|Unani medicine]] and acquired a reputation as an efficient physician.<ref name="usmanunani_thehindu">{{cite news\|title=A hospital by any name\|url=http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/mp/2008/07/21/stories/2008072150860500.htm\|date=21 July 2008\|work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref><ref name="indigneousmedicine">{{cite book \| title=Science, Technology, and Medicine in Colonial India\| last=Arnold\| first=David\| year=1987\| pages=184\| publisher=Cambridge University Press\| ISBN=978-0-521-56319-2}}</ref>		Usman was born to Mohammad Yakub who belonged to an aristocratic family of [[Tanjore]],<ref name="morep247">[[#More\|More]], Pg 247</ref> [[Madras Presidency]] in 1884.<ref name="dictnatbio">{{cite book \| title=Dictionary of National Biography\| url=https://archive.org/details/dli.bengal.10689.11634\| last=Sen\| first=Siba Pada\| year=1974\| pages=[https://archive.org/details/dli.bengal.10689.11634/page/n449 375]\| publisher=Institute of Historical Studies}}</ref> Usman graduated from the [[Madras Christian College]]<ref name="unbio">{{cite book \| title=United Nations Who's who in Government and Industry\| last=Cang\| first=Joel\| year=1945\| pages=112\| publisher=Allied Publications}}</ref><ref name="mcc">{{cite news\|title=Third from right?\|url=http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/mp/2007/12/10/stories/2007121050200500.htm\|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130126025629/http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/mp/2007/12/10/stories/2007121050200500.htm\|url-status=usurped\|archive-date=26 January 2013\|work=[[The Hindu]]\|date=10 December 2007\|first=S.\|last=Muthiah\|authorlink=S. Muthiah}}</ref> and joined the [[South Indian Liberal Federation]]. Usman practised [[Unani\|Unani medicine]] and acquired a reputation as an efficient physician.<ref name="usmanunani_thehindu">{{cite news\|title=A hospital by any name\|url=http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/mp/2008/07/21/stories/2008072150860500.htm\|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130125231556/http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/mp/2008/07/21/stories/2008072150860500.htm\|url-status=usurped\|archive-date=25 January 2013\|date=21 July 2008\|work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref><ref name="indigneousmedicine">{{cite book \| title=Science, Technology, and Medicine in Colonial India\| last=Arnold\| first=David\| year=1987\| pages=184\| publisher=Cambridge University Press\| ISBN=978-0-521-56319-2}}</ref>

	==Political positions ==		==Political positions ==
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	[[Category:Vice Chancellors of the University of Madras]]		[[Category:Vice Chancellors of the University of Madras]]
	[[Category:Unani practitioners]]		[[Category:Unani practitioners]]
			[[Category:Members of the Council of the Governor General of India]]

imported>FreeToDisagree: Removed the religion-parameter from the infobox since it is no longer in use.

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{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2018}}
{{for|others|Mohammad Usman (disambiguation)}}
{{Infobox Officeholder
| honorific-prefix = Khan Bahadur Sir
| name = Mohammad Usman
| honorific-suffix = [[Order of the Star of India|KCSI]], [[Order of the Indian Empire|KCIE]]
| image =Khan Bagadur Sir Mohammad Usman.jpg
| caption = Governor of Madras Presidency 1934 official picture
| imagesize = 200px
| order1 = Member of the Executive Council of the [[Viceroy of India]]
| term_start1 = 1942
| term_end1 = 1947
| monarch1 = [[George VI of the United Kingdom]]
| governor-general1 = [[Victor Hope, 2nd Marquess of Linlithgow]], 
[[Archibald Wavell, 1st Earl Wavell]], 
[[Louis Mountbatten, 1st Earl Mountbatten of Burma]]
| primeminister1 =
| predecessor1 =
| successor1 = None
| order2 = Member of the Defence Council of India
| term_start2 = 1940
| term_end2 = 1941
| monarch2 = [[George VI of the United Kingdom]]
| governor-general2 =
| primeminister2 =
| predecessor2 =
| successor2 =
| order3 = [[Governors of Madras|Governor of Madras Presidency]] (Acting)
| term_start3 = 16 April 1934
| term_end3 = 16 August 1934
| monarch3 =
| premier3 = [[Raja of Bobbili]]
| predecessor3 = [[George Frederick Stanley]]
| successor3 = [[George Frederick Stanley]]
| order4 = Minister of Home (Madras Presidency)
| term_start4 = 1932
| term_end4 = 1934
| monarch4 =
| governor4= [[George Frederick Stanley]]
| premier4 = [[Raja of Bobbili]]
| predecessor4 =
| successor4 =
| order5 = Member of the Executive Council of the [[Governor of Madras]]
| term_start5 = 1925
| term_end5 = 1930
| monarch5 =
| governor5 = [[George Goschen, 2nd Viscount Goschen]], Sir Norman Majoribanks, [[George Frederick Stanley]]
| premier5 = [[Raja of Panagal]] [[P. Subbarayan]]
| predecessor5 =
| successor5 = None
| birth_date =1884
| birth_place =[[Tanjore]], [[British India]]
| death_date =1960
| death_place =[[Madras]], [[India]]
| nationality =
| party =
| spouse =
| relations =
| children =
| residence =
| alma_mater =[[Madras Christian College]]
| occupation =[[Lawyer]], [[hakim (title)|hakim]]
| profession =[[Politician]]
| signature =
| website =
| footnotes =
}}
[[File:Sir Mohammad Usman.jpg|frame|Khan Bagadur Sir Mohammad Usman KCSI KCIE]]

[[Khan (title)|Khan Bahadur]] '''Sir Mohammad Usman''' {{post-nominals|country=GBR|size=100%|KCSI|KCIE}} (1884 – 1 January 1960) was an [[India]]n [[politician]], [[hakim (title)|hakim]] and socialite who served as the Minister of Home for the Madras Presidency in the [[Justice Party (India)|Justice Party]] government of the [[Raja of Bobbili]] and as the first Indian acting Governor of Madras from 16{{nbsp}}May 1934 to 16{{nbsp}}August 1934. His name is often written '''Muhammad Usman'''.

Usman was born into an aristocratic family of [[Tanjore]] in the [[Madras Presidency]] in 1884. He graduated from Madras Christian College and joined the Justice Party. He was elected to the Madras Legislative Council and later, to the Governor's executive council. Usman served as the member of posts and air in the Viceroy's Executive Council between 1942 and 1947. He died in 1960 at the age of 76. He was a part-time hakim or doctor in [[Unani medicine]] and used his influential position in the provincial administration to promote indigenous systems of medicine.

In person, Usman was both tall and very heavy. He was once described by [[V. S. Srinivasa Sastri]] as having a "magnificent frame", and Sastri's biographer says he was "of gargantuan size".<ref>Jagadisan, T. N., ''V. S. Srinivasa Sastri'' (Publications Division, Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, Govt. of India, 1969), p. 171</ref>

== Early life ==

Usman was born to Mohammad Yakub who belonged to an aristocratic family of [[Tanjore]],<ref name="morep247">[[#More|More]], Pg 247</ref> [[Madras Presidency]] in 1884.<ref name="dictnatbio">{{cite book | title=Dictionary of National Biography| url=https://archive.org/details/dli.bengal.10689.11634| last=Sen| first=Siba Pada| year=1974| pages=[https://archive.org/details/dli.bengal.10689.11634/page/n449 375]| publisher=Institute of Historical Studies}}</ref> Usman graduated from the [[Madras Christian College]]<ref name="unbio">{{cite book | title=United Nations Who's who in Government and Industry| last=Cang| first=Joel| year=1945| pages=112| publisher=Allied Publications}}</ref><ref name="mcc">{{cite news|title=Third from right?|url=http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/mp/2007/12/10/stories/2007121050200500.htm|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=10 December 2007|first=S.|last=Muthiah|authorlink=S. Muthiah}}</ref> and joined the [[South Indian Liberal Federation]]. Usman practised [[Unani|Unani medicine]] and acquired a reputation as an efficient physician.<ref name="usmanunani_thehindu">{{cite news|title=A hospital by any name|url=http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/mp/2008/07/21/stories/2008072150860500.htm|date=21 July 2008|work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref><ref name="indigneousmedicine">{{cite book | title=Science, Technology, and Medicine in Colonial India| last=Arnold| first=David| year=1987| pages=184| publisher=Cambridge University Press| ISBN=978-0-521-56319-2}}</ref>

==Political positions ==

Usman was elected to the [[Madras Legislative Council]] as a Justice Party candidate in 1920 and served as a legislator from 1920 to 1923.<ref name="jinnah">{{cite book | title=Qua'id-i-Azam and Education| last=Jinnah| first=Mohammad Ali| authorlink=Mohammad Ali Jinnah|author2=S. M. Zaman| year=1995| pages=575| publisher=National Institute of Historical and Cultural Research| ISBN=978-969-415-035-2}}</ref> Usman served as the President of the [[Corporation of Madras]] in 1924–25<ref name="nalanda">{{cite book | title=Nalanda Year-book & Who's who in India| year=1947| pages=486}}</ref> and as the Shera of Madras in 1924.<ref name="nalanda" /> In October 1921,<ref name="indigneousmedicine" /> the [[Raja of Panagal]], the Chief Minister of Madras, established a committee on Indigenous Systems of Medicine.<ref name="usman_secretary">{{cite book|title=The Justice Party: A Historical Perspective, 1916–37|pages=242|first=P.|last=Rajaraman|publisher=Poompozhil Publishers|year=1988}}</ref> He appointed Usman, the Secretary of the committee.<ref name="indigneousmedicine" /><ref name="usman_secretary" /> In 1922, this Committee concluded that [[Ayurveda]] was based on genuine scientific theories and noted that its practice has been waning over the years.<ref name="medicineandmedicalpolicies">{{cite book | title=Medicine and Medical Policies in India: Social and Historical Perspectives| last=Bala | first=Poonam| year=2007| pages=103| publisher=Lexington Books| ISBN=978-0-7391-1322-6}}</ref> On 30 March 1925, Usman was appointed member of the executive council of the [[Governor of Madras]].<ref name="indiaofficelist">{{cite book | title=The India Office and Burma Office List| last=Great Britain India Office| year=1928| pages=737| publisher=Harrison and Sons, Ltd.}}</ref> He was elected president of the Muhammedan Education Association of South India in 1930.<ref name="morep121">[[#More|More]], Pg 121</ref>

When the Raja of Bobbili took over as the Chief Minister or Premier of the Madras Presidency, Usman was made the Minister of Home in the provincial government. However, Usman resigned in 1934 recommending [[A. T. Panneerselvam]] as his successor.<ref name="christianspubliclife">{{cite book | title=Christians and Public Life in Colonial South India, 1863–1937: Contending with Marginality| last=Mallampalli| first=Chandra| year=2004| pages=152–153| publisher=Routledge| ISBN=978-0-415-32321-5}}</ref> Muslims of the Madras Presidency felt betrayed that Usman had not recommended a Muslim for the post and strongly opposed the candidature of Panneerselvam who was a Christian.<ref name="christianspubliclife" /> Violent Muslim-Christian riots erupted in the province.<ref name="christianspubliclife" /> Though the riots were eventually quelled, the incidents radicalized public opinion, both Muslim and Christian, against the Justice Party.

In 1935, Usman became the first Indian President of the Rotary Club of Madras.<ref name="rotary">{{cite news|title=A 75-year-old legacy |url=http://www.thehindujobs.com/thehindu/mp/2003/08/11/stories/2003081100140300.htm|work=The Hindu|date=11 August 2003}}</ref>

== As Acting Governor of Madras Presidency ==

Usman served as the acting [[Governors of Madras|Governor of Madras]] from 16 May 1934 to 16 August 1934.<ref name="governor1">{{cite news|title=A Mylapore landmark|date=20 September 2004|work=[[The Hindu]]|first=S.|last=Muthiah}}</ref> He was the first Indian to act as the Governor of Madras.<ref name="governor1" />

== Member of the Viceroy's Executive Council ==
The British trusted Usman and considered him loyal.<ref>Hasan, Khalid Shamsul, ''The Punjab Muslim League and the Unionists'' (Ushba Publishing International, 2005) p. 187</ref> He served as a member of the Indian Defence Council in 1941–42 and as the Vice-Chancellor of [[Madras University]] from 1940 to 1942.<ref name="europawhoswho">{{cite book | title=The International Who's who| year=1955| pages=997| publisher=Europa Publications Limited}}</ref>

On 2 July 1942, the Viceroy of India, [[Victor Hope, 2nd Marquess of Linlithgow|Lord Linlithgow]], expanded his Executive Council to nineteen members, bringing in Usman, [[C. P. Ramaswami Iyer|Sir C. P. Ramaswami Iyer]], [[B. R. Ambedkar]], [[Jogendra Singh|Sir Jogendra Singh]], and [[J. P. Srivastava|Sir J. P. Srivastava]]. This took the number of Indian members of the Council to fourteen, with five Europeans.<ref>Keer, Dhananjay, ''Dr Ambedkar: Life and Mission'' (Popular Prakashan, 1971) [https://books.google.com/books?id=B-2d6jzRmBQC&pg=PA347 p. 347]</ref> Usman was made the member for Posts and Air.<ref name="unbio" /><ref name="europawhoswho" />

Usman's political views, according to the next Viceroy, [[Archibald Wavell, 1st Earl Wavell|Wavell]], were "such that even a hardened Tory might regard as reactionary", and Wavell later noted in his journal that Usman "believed that God never meant India to be independent".<ref>Wavell, Archibald, ''Wavell, the Viceroy's Journal'' (Oxford University Press, 1973), pp.
69 & 80</ref><ref>Waheed-uz-Zaman, ''Quaid-i-Azam Mohammad Ali Jinnah: Myth and Reality'' (National Institute of Historical and Cultural Research, 1985), p. 64</ref>

At a conference of Post Masters General shortly after the end of the [[Second World War]], Usman said of the need to improve postal and telegraph services "We have won the War. We have now to win the peace."<ref>Bernard Bel, ''Media and Mediation'' (SAGE Publications, New Delhi, 2005) [https://books.google.com/books?id=fSwJgdEE648C&pg=PA241 p. 241]</ref>

== Death ==

Usman died on 1 February 1960 at the age of 76.<ref name="dictnatbio" />

== Honors ==

Usman was [[Knight Bachelor|knighted]] in the [[1928 Birthday Honours]]<ref>[http://www.london-gazette.co.uk/issues/33390/supplements/3847 The London Gazette]</ref> and made a [[Order of the Indian Empire|Knight Commander of the Order of the Indian Empire]] in the [[1933 New Year Honours]].<ref name="burke">{{cite book | title=Burke's Genealogical and Heraldic History of Peerage, Baronetage and Knightage| last=Burke| first=Bernard|author2=John Burke| year=1937| pages=2881| publisher=Burke's Peerage Limited}}</ref> On 14 June 1945, he was appointed a [[Order of the Star of India|KCSI]].<ref>[http://www.london-gazette.co.uk/issues/37119/supplements/2937 The London Gazette]</ref>

Usman Road, a thoroughfare in [[T. Nagar]], [[Chennai]] is named after him.

== Notes ==

{{reflist}}

== References ==

* {{cite book | title=The Political Evolution of Muslims in Tamilnadu and Madras, 1930–1947| last=More| first=J. B. Prashant| year=1997| publisher=Orient Longman|ref=More}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Usman, Mohammad}}
[[Category:1884 births]]
[[Category:1960 deaths]]
[[Category:Tamil Nadu politicians]]
[[Category:Knights Commander of the Order of the Star of India]]
[[Category:Knights Commander of the Order of the Indian Empire]]
[[Category:Knights Bachelor]]
[[Category:Indian knights]]
[[Category:Indian Muslims]]
[[Category:Madras Christian College alumni]]
[[Category:Vice Chancellors of the University of Madras]]
[[Category:Unani practitioners]]