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{{Short description|Koine language of Northern Andamanese}}

{{Infobox language
| name = Mixed Great Andamanese
| altname = Great Andamanese ''koiné''
| states = [[India]]
| region = [[Strait Island]]
| ethnicity = 60 (2020)<ref name=e23/>
| extinct = 2009, with the death of Nao Jr., the last semi-fluent speaker
| ref = e23
| familycolor = mixed
| family = [[Mixed language|Mixed]] Khora–Bo–Jeru–Sare on a Jeru base
| iso3 = gac
| glotto = mixe1288
| glottorefname = Mixed Great Andamanese
| map2 = Lang Status 01-EX.svg
}}

'''Mixed Great Andamanese''' is a [[Koiné language|''koiné language'']] of the [[Northern Andamanese language]] based primarily on the [[Akajeru|Jeru]] dialect, with lexical and grammatical influence from other Northern Andamanese dialects ([[Akabo dialect|Bo]], [[Akakhora|Kora]] and [[Akacari|Cari]]).

== Phonology ==

=== Vowels ===
The Great Andamanese ''koiné'' has a seven-vowel system.

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|+ Vowels
! || [[Front vowel|Front]] || [[Central vowel|Central]] || [[Back vowel|Back]]
|- style="text-align: center;"
! [[Close vowel|Close]]
| {{IPA link|i}} || || {{IPA link|u}}
|- style="text-align: center;"
! [[Close-mid vowel|Close-mid]]
| {{IPA link|e}} || || {{IPA link|o}}
|- style="text-align: center;"
! [[Open-mid vowel|Open-mid]]
| {{IPA link|ɛ}} || || {{IPA link|ɔ}}
|- style="text-align: center;"
! [[Open vowel|Open]]
| || {{IPA link|ɐ|a}} ||
|}

=== Consonants ===
{|class="wikitable" style=text-align:center
|+Consonants
! colspan="2"|
! [[Labial consonants|Labial]]
! [[Dental consonants|Dental]]<br>/[[Alveolar consonants|Alveolar]]
! [[Retroflex consonants|Retroflex]]
! [[Palatal consonants|Palatal]]
! [[Velar consonants|Velar]]
|-
! colspan="2"| [[Nasal consonant|Nasal]]
| {{IPA link|m}}
| {{IPA link|n}}
|
| {{IPA link|ɲ}}
| {{IPA link|ŋ}}
|-
! rowspan="3"| [[Plosive]]
! {{small|[[Voicelessness|voiceless]]}}
| {{IPA link|p}}
| {{IPA link|t̪|t}}
| {{IPA link|ʈ}}
| {{IPA link|tʃ}}
| {{IPA link|k}}
|-
! {{small|[[Aspirated consonant|voiceless aspirated]]}}
| {{IPA link|pʰ}}
| {{IPA link|tʰ}}
| {{IPA link|ʈʰ}}
|
| {{IPA link|kʰ}}
|-
! {{small|[[Voice (phonetics)|voiced]]}}
| {{IPA link|b}}
| {{IPA link|d̪|d}}
| {{IPA link|ɖ}}
| {{IPA link|dʒ}}
|
|-
! colspan="2"| [[Fricative consonant|Fricative]]
|
| {{IPA link|s}}
|
| {{IPA link|ʃ}}
|
|-
! colspan="2"|[[Tap and flap consonants|Tap]]
|
| {{IPA link|ɾ}}
|
|
|
|-
! colspan="2" |[[Approximant consonant|Approximant]]
|{{IPA link|w}}
|{{IPA link|l}}
|
|{{IPA link|j}}
|
|}

== Grammar ==
It is a head-marking polysynthetic and agglutinative language with a SOV pattern. It has a very elaborate system for marking inalienability,<ref>{{citation |author=Anvita Abbi |title=Endangered Languages of the Andaman Islands |date=2006 |work=LINCOM Studies in Asian Linguistics, 64.) München}}</ref> with seven possessive markers reflecting different body-divisions. These markers appear as proclitics that classify a large number of nouns as dependent categories.<ref>{{citation |author=Anvita Abbi |title=The Unique Structure of the Present Great Andamanese: An Overview of the Grammar |date=2009 |work=VOGA(Vanishing Voices of the Great Andamanese) |url=http://www.andamanese.net/Grammar_Notes.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101024201154/http://www.andamanese.net/Grammar_Notes.html |archive-date=October 24, 2010 |url-status=usurped}}</ref>

== Vocabulary ==
[[File:PGA varnamala.png|thumb|upright=1.5|Northern Andamanese literacy material]]
''Koiné'' vocabulary:<ref>{{citation |title=Andamani Varnamala |year=2008 |url=http://www.andamanese.net/varnamaala/andamani%20varnamaala.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210422141145/http://www.andamanese.net/varnamaala/andamani%20varnamaala.pdf |archive-date=April 22, 2021 |url-status=usurped |publisher=Centre for Linguistics Jawaharlal Nehru University}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=GA Lexicon |url=http://www.andamanese.net/GA-Lexicon/lexicon/index.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240301010614/https://www.andamanese.net/GA-Lexicon/lexicon/index.htm |archive-date=March 1, 2024 |url-status=usurped |publisher=VOGA}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
|+
|-
! Gloss !! Great Andamanese !! Devanagari
|-
| nest || aaracha || आराचा
|-
| housefly || ijibu || ईजीबू
|-
| snake (king cobra) || ulukhu || ऊलूखू
|-
| chilli || ekajira || एकाजीरा
|-
| deer || style="background:yellow;"|airen || style="background:yellow;" |ऐरेन
|-
| fishing net || ocho || ओचो
|-
| axe || aulo || औलो
|-
| snail || kalatop || कालाटौप
|-
| dugong || kauroing || कौरौईञ
|-
| coconut || khider || खीदेर
|-
| road || ngorto || ङौरतौ
|-
| betelnut || chaum || चौम
|-
| dolphin || choa || चोआ
|-
| bat || jibet || जीबेट
|-
| fish || nyure || ञूरे
|-
| heron || taka || टाका
|-
| tongue || thatat || ठातात
|-
| sunset || diu || डीऊ
|-
| black pig || dirim raa || डीरीम राऽ
|-
| leaf || taich || तौच
|-
| dew || thun || थून
|-
| scorpion || dikiraseni || दीकीरासेनी
|-
| mosquito || nipho || नीफो
|-
| mushroom || pata || पाता
|-
| crow || phatkaa || फाटका
|-
| frog || phorube || फोरूबे
|-
| rope || pharako || फाराको
|-
| green turtle || belotauro || बेलोटौरौ
|-
| grey pigeon || mirit || मीरीत
|-
| rooster || maucho || मौचौ
|-
| strewn leaves || yephaay taich || येफाऽय तैच
|-
| bamboo || rat || रैट
|-
| tusked male pig || ratairlauto || रातैरलौतो
|-
| smoke || lep || लेप
|-
| fire || luro, wuro || लूरो, वूरो
|-
| waist jewellery || shirbele || शीरबेले
|-
| snake || shubi || शूबी
|-
| crocodile || sarekateyo || सारेकातेयो
|-
| White-bellied Sea-Eagle || karatchom || करटचोम
|-
| Pacific Golden Plover || chelele || चैलेले
|-
| Oriental Honey Buzzard || taulom-tut-bio || टौलोम-तूत-बीओ
|-
| Whimbrel || chautot || चौटोट
|}
* Column in yellow denotes loanword derived from Hindi

== Place names ==
Vocabulary:<ref>{{cite web |title=Indigenous knowledge place names |url=https://www.andamanese.org/great-andamanese/language/indigenous-knowledge |access-date=1 May 2025 |publisher=Andamanese.org }}</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Contemporary name !! Present Great Andamanese name
|-
| [[Andaman Islands]] || Marakele
|-
| [[South Andaman Island]] || Sorobul
|-
| [[Little Andaman]] || Ilimu Tauro
|-
| [[Strait Island]] || Khringkosho
|-
| [[Havelock Island]] (Swaraj Island) || Thi Lar Siro
|-
| [[Interview Island]] || Bilikhu Tara Phong
|-
| [[Neill Island]] (Shaheed Island) || Tebi Shiro
|-
| [[Baratang Island]] || Boa
|-
| [[Bluff Island (Andaman and Nicobar Islands)|Bluff Island]] || Lurua
|-
| [[Landfall Island]] || Mauntenga
|-
| [[Long Island (Andaman Islands)|Long Island]] || Bol Phong
|-
| [[Inglis Island (Ritchie's Archipelago)|Inglis Island]] || Jirikta Phong
|-
| [[Port Blair]] || Laotara Nyo
|-
| [[Diglipur]] || Thitaumul
|-
| [[Mayabunder]] || Ret Phor
|-
| [[Saddle Peak (Andaman Islands)|Saddle Peak]] || Puluga Chang
|}

== References ==
<references />
{{Andamanese languages}}{{Creoles, mixed languages and pidgins}}

[[Category:Great Andamanese languages]]
[[Category:Indigenous languages of Asia]]

Mixed Great Andamanese - Revision history

Davidcza: stub!