Mithqal - Revision history

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	== Indian mithqaal ==		== Indian mithqaal ==
	In [[India]], the measurement is known as ''mithqaal''. It contains 4 {{transl\|hi\|mashas}} and 3½ {{transl\|hi\|raties}} (rata'ii; مثقال).<ref>{{Cite book\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NfovAQAAIAAJ&q=mithqal+mashas~~&dq=mithqal+mashas&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiP-tWY5uDTAhXLDcAKHWwLAFsQ6AEINjAD~~\|title=Quarterly Journal of the Pakistan Historical Society\|date=2006-01-01\|publisher=Pakistan Historical Society.\|pages=86\|language=en}}</ref>		In [[India]], the measurement is known as ''mithqaal''. It contains 4 {{transl\|hi\|mashas}} and 3½ {{transl\|hi\|raties}} (rata'ii; مثقال).<ref>{{Cite book\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NfovAQAAIAAJ&q=mithqal+mashas\|title=Quarterly Journal of the Pakistan Historical Society\|date=2006-01-01\|publisher=Pakistan Historical Society.\|pages=86\|language=en}}</ref>

	It is equivalent to 4.25 grams when measuring [[gold]],<ref>{{cite web\|url=http://www.islamweb.net/ver2/archive/article.php?lang=E&id=138246\|title=Assessing the Nisaab of bank notes\|year=2007\|work=IslamWeb\|access-date=2007-03-09}}</ref> or 4.5 grams when measuring commodities.<ref>{{cite web\|url=http://www.islamic-world.net/economics/word/m.htm\|title=M\|work=Economic Glossary\|access-date=2007-03-09\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070928134913/http://www.islamic-world.net/economics/word/m.htm\|archive-date=2007-09-28\|url-status=dead}}</ref> It may be more or less than this.<ref>{{cite web\|url=http://www.theclearpath.com/glossary.php?cat=0&start=275&sid=bdcf2885f511acea83f48c3fbad9947c\|title=Glossary\|year=2005\|work=The Clear Path\|access-date=2007-03-09\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070928025356/http://www.theclearpath.com/glossary.php?cat=0&start=275&sid=bdcf2885f511acea83f48c3fbad9947c\|archive-date=2007-09-28}}</ref>		It is equivalent to 4.25 grams when measuring [[gold]],<ref>{{cite web\|url=http://www.islamweb.net/ver2/archive/article.php?lang=E&id=138246\|title=Assessing the Nisaab of bank notes\|year=2007\|work=IslamWeb\|access-date=2007-03-09}}</ref> or 4.5 grams when measuring commodities.<ref>{{cite web\|url=http://www.islamic-world.net/economics/word/m.htm\|title=M\|work=Economic Glossary\|access-date=2007-03-09\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070928134913/http://www.islamic-world.net/economics/word/m.htm\|archive-date=2007-09-28\|url-status=dead}}</ref> It may be more or less than this.<ref>{{cite web\|url=http://www.theclearpath.com/glossary.php?cat=0&start=275&sid=bdcf2885f511acea83f48c3fbad9947c\|title=Glossary\|year=2005\|work=The Clear Path\|access-date=2007-03-09\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070928025356/http://www.theclearpath.com/glossary.php?cat=0&start=275&sid=bdcf2885f511acea83f48c3fbad9947c\|archive-date=2007-09-28}}</ref>
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	{\| class="wikitable"		{\| class="wikitable"
	\|-		\|-
	! Unit		! Unit
	! Mithqāl		! Mithqāl
	! [[Gold dinar]]		! [[Gold dinar]]
	! [[Dirham]]		! [[Dirham]]
	! [[Gram]]		! [[Gram]]
	! [[Troy Ounce~~\|Troy ounce~~]]		! [[Troy Ounce]]
	! [[Ounce]]		! [[Ounce]]
	! [[Grain (unit)\|Grain]]		! [[Grain (unit)\|Grain]]
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	{\| class="wikitable"		{\| class="wikitable"
	\|-		\|-
	! Unit		! Unit
	! Mithqāl		! Mithqāl
	!Nākhud		!Nākhud
	![[Gram]]		![[Gram]]
	![[Ounce]]		![[Troy Ounce]]
	\|-		\|-
	\| Mithqāl		\| Mithqāl
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	\|}		\|}

	Nakhud is a [[Baháʼí Faith\|Baháʼí]] unit of mass used by [[Bahá'u'lláh]].<ref name=PSEncyclo2000GB>{{cite encyclopedia \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=t7oQAQAAIAAJ~~&dq=nakhuds&focus=searchwithinvolume~~&q=nakhuds \|last=Smith \|first=Peter \|author-link=Peter Smith (historian) \|year=2000 \|edition=illustrated, reprint \|title=Nakhud \|pages=250 \|encyclopedia=A Concise Encyclopedia of the Baháʼí Faith \|publisher=[[Oneworld Publications]] \|place=[[Oxford]] \|isbn=1-85168-184-1 \|access-date=2020-10-20 \|via=[[Google Books]] \|url-access=limited }}</ref> The mithqāl had originally consisted of 24 nakhuds, but in the [[Bayán]], the collective works of the [[Báb]], this was reduced to 19.<ref>{{Cite book\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Y5ryCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA508\|title=La relevancia de la pragmática en la traducción de textos multi-culturales: versión del Kitab-i-Aqdas\|last=Honeyman\|first=Nobel Augusto Perdu\|date=2004-05-05\|publisher=Universidad Almería\|isbn=9788482406473\|pages=508\|language=es}}</ref>		Nakhud is a [[Baháʼí Faith\|Baháʼí]] unit of mass used by [[Bahá'u'lláh]].<ref name=PSEncyclo2000GB>{{cite encyclopedia \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=t7oQAQAAIAAJ&q=nakhuds \|last=Smith \|first=Peter \|author-link=Peter Smith (historian) \|year=2000 \|edition=illustrated, reprint \|title=Nakhud \|pages=250 \|encyclopedia=A Concise Encyclopedia of the Baháʼí Faith \|publisher=[[Oneworld Publications]] \|place=[[Oxford]] \|isbn=1-85168-184-1 \|access-date=2020-10-20 \|via=[[Google Books]] \|url-access=limited }}</ref> The mithqāl had originally consisted of 24 nakhuds, but in the [[Bayán]], the collective works of the [[Báb]], this was reduced to 19.<ref>{{Cite book\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Y5ryCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA508\|title=La relevancia de la pragmática en la traducción de textos multi-culturales: versión del Kitab-i-Aqdas\|last=Honeyman\|first=Nobel Augusto Perdu\|date=2004-05-05\|publisher=Universidad Almería\|isbn=9788482406473\|pages=508\|language=es}}</ref>

	==See also==		==See also==

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	[[File:Dinar of Abd al-Malik, AH 75.jpg\|thumb\|180px\|Gold dinar of [[Umayyad Caliph]] [[Abd al-Malik ibn Marwan]], minted at [[Damascus]], [[Syria]] in [[Hijri year\|AH]] 75 (697/698 [[Common Era\|CE]]), having a weight of almost 1 ''mithqāl'' (4.25 grams)]]		[[File:Dinar of Abd al-Malik, AH 75.jpg\|thumb\|180px\|Gold dinar of [[Umayyad Caliph]] [[Abd al-Malik ibn Marwan]], minted at [[Damascus]], [[Syria]] in [[Hijri year\|AH]] 75 (697/698 [[Common Era\|CE]]), having a weight of almost 1 ''mithqāl'' (4.25 grams)]]

	'''Mithqāl''' ({{lang-ar\|{{big\|مثقال}}}}) is a unit of mass equal to 4.25 ~~grams~~ which is mostly used for measuring precious metals, such as [[gold]], and other commodities, like [[saffron]].		'''Mithqāl''' ({{lang-ar\|{{big\|مثقال}}}}) is a unit of mass equal to {{convert\|4.25\|g\|ozt\|lk=out}} which is mostly used for measuring precious metals, such as [[gold]], and other commodities, like [[saffron]].

	The name was also applied as an alternative term for the [[gold dinar]], a coin that was used throughout much of the [[Muslim world\|Islamic world]] from the 8th century onward and survived in parts of Africa until the 19th century.<ref>{{Citation\|last=Johnson\|first=Marion\|year=1968\|title=The Nineteenth-Century Gold 'Mithqal' in West and North Africa\|publisher=Cambridge University Press\|journal=The Journal of African History\|volume=9\|number=4\|pages=547–569\|issn=0021-8537\|jstor=180144\|doi=10.1017/s0021853700009038}}</ref> The name of [[Mozambique]]'s currency since 1980, the ''[[metical]]'', is derived from ''mithqāl''.<ref>[http://www.infopedia.pt/dicionarios/lingua-portuguesa/metical "Metical"] in ''Dicionário da Língua Portuguesa com Acordo Ortográfico''. Porto: Porto Editora, 2003-2015. Accessed 1 April 2015. {{in lang\|pt}}</ref>		The name was also applied as an alternative term for the [[gold dinar]], a coin that was used throughout much of the [[Muslim world\|Islamic world]] from the 8th century onward and survived in parts of Africa until the 19th century.<ref>{{Citation\|last=Johnson\|first=Marion\|year=1968\|title=The Nineteenth-Century Gold 'Mithqal' in West and North Africa\|publisher=Cambridge University Press\|journal=The Journal of African History\|volume=9\|number=4\|pages=547–569\|issn=0021-8537\|jstor=180144\|doi=10.1017/s0021853700009038}}</ref> The name of [[Mozambique]]'s currency since 1980, the ''[[metical]]'', is derived from ''mithqāl''.<ref>[http://www.infopedia.pt/dicionarios/lingua-portuguesa/metical "Metical"] in ''Dicionário da Língua Portuguesa com Acordo Ortográfico''. Porto: Porto Editora, 2003-2015. Accessed 1 April 2015. {{in lang\|pt}}</ref>
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	== Indian mithqaal ==		== Indian mithqaal ==
	In [[India]], the measurement is known as ''mithqaal''. It contains 4 mashas and 3½ raties (rata'ii; مثقال).<ref>{{Cite book\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NfovAQAAIAAJ&q=mithqal+mashas&dq=mithqal+mashas&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiP-tWY5uDTAhXLDcAKHWwLAFsQ6AEINjAD\|title=Quarterly Journal of the Pakistan Historical Society\|date=2006-01-01\|publisher=Pakistan Historical Society.\|pages=86\|language=en}}</ref>		In [[India]], the measurement is known as ''mithqaal''. It contains 4 {{transl\|hi\|mashas}} and 3½ {{transl\|hi\|raties}} (rata'ii; مثقال).<ref>{{Cite book\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NfovAQAAIAAJ&q=mithqal+mashas&dq=mithqal+mashas&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiP-tWY5uDTAhXLDcAKHWwLAFsQ6AEINjAD\|title=Quarterly Journal of the Pakistan Historical Society\|date=2006-01-01\|publisher=Pakistan Historical Society.\|pages=86\|language=en}}</ref>

	It is equivalent to 4.25 grams when measuring [[gold]],<ref>{{cite web\|url=http://www.islamweb.net/ver2/archive/article.php?lang=E&id=138246\|title=Assessing the Nisaab of bank notes\|year=2007\|work=IslamWeb\|access-date=2007-03-09}}</ref> or 4.5 grams when measuring commodities.<ref>{{cite web\|url=http://www.islamic-world.net/economics/word/m.htm\|title=M\|work=Economic Glossary\|access-date=2007-03-09\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070928134913/http://www.islamic-world.net/economics/word/m.htm\|archive-date=2007-09-28\|url-status=dead}}</ref> It may be more or less than this.<ref>{{cite web\|url=http://www.theclearpath.com/glossary.php?cat=0&start=275&sid=bdcf2885f511acea83f48c3fbad9947c\|title=Glossary\|year=2005\|work=The Clear Path\|access-date=2007-03-09\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070928025356/http://www.theclearpath.com/glossary.php?cat=0&start=275&sid=bdcf2885f511acea83f48c3fbad9947c\|archive-date=2007-09-28}}</ref>		It is equivalent to 4.25 grams when measuring [[gold]],<ref>{{cite web\|url=http://www.islamweb.net/ver2/archive/article.php?lang=E&id=138246\|title=Assessing the Nisaab of bank notes\|year=2007\|work=IslamWeb\|access-date=2007-03-09}}</ref> or 4.5 grams when measuring commodities.<ref>{{cite web\|url=http://www.islamic-world.net/economics/word/m.htm\|title=M\|work=Economic Glossary\|access-date=2007-03-09\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070928134913/http://www.islamic-world.net/economics/word/m.htm\|archive-date=2007-09-28\|url-status=dead}}</ref> It may be more or less than this.<ref>{{cite web\|url=http://www.theclearpath.com/glossary.php?cat=0&start=275&sid=bdcf2885f511acea83f48c3fbad9947c\|title=Glossary\|year=2005\|work=The Clear Path\|access-date=2007-03-09\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070928025356/http://www.theclearpath.com/glossary.php?cat=0&start=275&sid=bdcf2885f511acea83f48c3fbad9947c\|archive-date=2007-09-28}}</ref>
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[[File:Dinar of Abd al-Malik, AH 75.jpg|thumb|180px|Gold dinar of [[Umayyad Caliph]] [[Abd al-Malik ibn Marwan]], minted at [[Damascus]], [[Syria]] in [[Hijri year|AH]] 75 (697/698 [[Common Era|CE]]), having a weight of almost 1 ''mithqāl'' (4.25 grams)]]

'''Mithqāl''' ({{lang-ar|{{big|مثقال}}}}) is a unit of mass equal to 4.25 grams which is mostly used for measuring precious metals, such as [[gold]], and other commodities, like [[saffron]].

The name was also applied as an alternative term for the [[gold dinar]], a coin that was used throughout much of the [[Muslim world|Islamic world]] from the 8th century onward and survived in parts of Africa until the 19th century.<ref>{{Citation|last=Johnson|first=Marion|year=1968|title=The Nineteenth-Century Gold 'Mithqal' in West and North Africa|publisher=Cambridge University Press|journal=The Journal of African History|volume=9|number=4|pages=547–569|issn=0021-8537|jstor=180144|doi=10.1017/s0021853700009038}}</ref> The name of [[Mozambique]]'s currency since 1980, the ''[[metical]]'', is derived from ''mithqāl''.<ref>[http://www.infopedia.pt/dicionarios/lingua-portuguesa/metical "Metical"] in ''Dicionário da Língua Portuguesa com Acordo Ortográfico''. Porto: Porto Editora, 2003-2015. Accessed 1 April 2015. {{in lang|pt}}</ref>

==Etymology==
The word ''mithqāl'' ({{lang-ar|{{big|مثقال}}}}; “weight, unit of weight”) comes from the Arabic ''thaqala'' ({{big|ثقل}}), meaning “to weigh”. Other variants of the unit in English include ''miskal'' (from [[Persian language|Persian]] or [[Urdu]] {{big|مثقال}}; ''misqāl''), ''mithkal, mitkal'' and ''mitqal.''

== Indian mithqaal ==
In [[India]], the measurement is known as ''mithqaal''. It contains 4 mashas and 3½ raties (rata'ii; مثقال).<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NfovAQAAIAAJ&q=mithqal+mashas&dq=mithqal+mashas&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiP-tWY5uDTAhXLDcAKHWwLAFsQ6AEINjAD|title=Quarterly Journal of the Pakistan Historical Society|date=2006-01-01|publisher=Pakistan Historical Society.|pages=86|language=en}}</ref>

It is equivalent to 4.25 grams when measuring [[gold]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.islamweb.net/ver2/archive/article.php?lang=E&id=138246|title=Assessing the Nisaab of bank notes|year=2007|work=IslamWeb|access-date=2007-03-09}}</ref> or 4.5 grams when measuring commodities.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.islamic-world.net/economics/word/m.htm|title=M|work=Economic Glossary|access-date=2007-03-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070928134913/http://www.islamic-world.net/economics/word/m.htm|archive-date=2007-09-28|url-status=dead}}</ref> It may be more or less than this.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.theclearpath.com/glossary.php?cat=0&start=275&sid=bdcf2885f511acea83f48c3fbad9947c|title=Glossary|year=2005|work=The Clear Path|access-date=2007-03-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070928025356/http://www.theclearpath.com/glossary.php?cat=0&start=275&sid=bdcf2885f511acea83f48c3fbad9947c|archive-date=2007-09-28}}</ref>

==Conversion factors==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Unit
! Mithqāl
! [[Gold dinar]]
! [[Dirham]]
! [[Gram]]
! [[Troy Ounce|Troy ounce]]
! [[Ounce]]
! [[Grain (unit)|Grain]]
|-
| Mithqāl
| 1
| 1
| 0.70
| 4.25
| 0.13664
| 0.14991
| 65.5875
|}

The mithqāl in another more modern calculation is as follows:
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Unit
! Mithqāl
!Nākhud
![[Gram]]
![[Ounce]]
|-
| Mithqāl
| 1
|19
|3.642
|0.117
|}

Nakhud is a [[Baháʼí Faith|Baháʼí]] unit of mass used by [[Bahá'u'lláh]].<ref name=PSEncyclo2000GB>{{cite encyclopedia |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=t7oQAQAAIAAJ&dq=nakhuds&focus=searchwithinvolume&q=nakhuds |last=Smith |first=Peter |author-link=Peter Smith (historian) |year=2000 |edition=illustrated, reprint |title=Nakhud |pages=250 |encyclopedia=A Concise Encyclopedia of the Baháʼí Faith |publisher=[[Oneworld Publications]] |place=[[Oxford]] |isbn=1-85168-184-1 |access-date=2020-10-20 |via=[[Google Books]] |url-access=limited }}</ref> The mithqāl had originally consisted of 24 nakhuds, but in the [[Bayán]], the collective works of the [[Báb]], this was reduced to 19.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Y5ryCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA508|title=La relevancia de la pragmática en la traducción de textos multi-culturales: versión del Kitab-i-Aqdas|last=Honeyman|first=Nobel Augusto Perdu|date=2004-05-05|publisher=Universidad Almería|isbn=9788482406473|pages=508|language=es}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Troy ounce]]
* [[Gram]]
* [[Gold gram]]
* [[Nisab]]
* [[Mithqal Al Fayez]]

==References==
{{reflist}}{{Wiktionary}}
{{Islamic banking and finance}}

[[Category:Units of mass]]
[[Category:Measurement]]
[[Category:Ottoman units of measurement]]
[[Category:Islamic banking]]
[[Category:Arabic words and phrases]]
[[Category:Islamic banking and finance terminology]]

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