Mirza Muhammad Haidar Dughlat - Revision history

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	'''Mirza Muhammad Haidar Dughlat Beg''' (1499 or ~~1500–1551{{better\|date=January 2021}}~~) was a Chagatai Turco-Mongol military general, ruler of [[Kashmir]], and a historical writer. He was a [[Turkic languages\|Turkic]] speaking [[Dughlats\|Dughlat]] prince who wrote in the [[Persian language\|Persian]]<ref>[[René Grousset]], ''The Empire of the Steppes: A History of Central Asia'' (1970 translation), p. 497.</ref> and [[Chagatai language\|Chagatai]] languages. Haidar and [[Babur]] were cousins on their mother's side.		{{Short description\|Chagatai Turco-Mongol military general (died 1551)}}

			'''Mirza Muhammad Haidar Dughlat Beg''' (born 1499 or 1500, died 1551) was a [[Chughtai\|Chagatai]] [[Turco-Mongol]] military general, ruler of [[Kashmir]], and a historical writer. He was a [[Turkic languages\|Turkic]] speaking [[Dughlats\|Dughlat]] prince who wrote in the [[Persian language\|Persian]]<ref>[[René Grousset]], ''The Empire of the Steppes: A History of Central Asia'' (1970 translation), p. 497.</ref> and [[Chagatai language\|Chagatai]] languages. Haidar and [[Babur]] were cousins on their mother's side.

	[[File:Silver coin of Haidar Dughlat in name of Said Khan.jpg\|thumb\|Silver ''sasnu'' issued in 1533 in Kashmir by Haidar Dughlat, in the name of Said Khan. The obverse legend reads ''al-sultan al-a'zam mir sa'id ghan''.]]		[[File:Silver coin of Haidar Dughlat in name of Said Khan.jpg\|thumb\|Silver ''sasnu'' issued in 1533 in Kashmir by Haidar Dughlat, in the name of Said Khan. The obverse legend reads ''al-sultan al-a'zam mir sa'id ghan''.]]
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	==Campaigns==		==Campaigns==
	He first campaigned in [[Kashmir]] in 1533, on behalf of [[Sultan Said Khan]], of [[Kashgar~~]]. He drove out [[Kamran Mirza]], second son of [[Babur~~]].<ref name="Beck2006">{{citation\|author=Sanderson Beck\|chapter=Mughal Empire 1526–1707\|chapter-url=http://san.beck.org/2-9-MughalEmpire1526-1707.html\|title=India & Southeast Asia to 1800\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EkeZPQAACAAJ\|year=2006\|publisher=World Peace Communications\|isbn=978-0-9762210-9-8}}{{unreliable source?\|date=January 2020}}~~</ref>~~ However, he did not stay long in Kashmir, leaving after making a treaty with the local sultan and striking coins in the name of Said Khan. ~~Mirza suffered a military defeat~~ and ~~then made a treaty with the Kashmiris~~. ~~His short stay may have had something to do with the fact that Said Khan died in that~~ year.		He first campaigned in [[Kashmir]] in 1533, on behalf of [[Sultan Said Khan]], of [[Kashgar]].<ref name="Beck2006">{{citation\|author=Sanderson Beck\|chapter=Mughal Empire 1526–1707\|chapter-url=http://san.beck.org/2-9-MughalEmpire1526-1707.html\|title=India & Southeast Asia to 1800\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EkeZPQAACAAJ\|year=2006\|publisher=World Peace Communications\|isbn=978-0-9762210-9-8}}</ref>{{unreliable source?\|date=January 2020}} However, he did not stay long in Kashmir, leaving after making a treaty with the local sultan and striking coins in the name of Said Khan. He had also attacked [[Tibet]] through [[Ladakh]] but failed to conquer Lhasa.<ref>{{cite book\|author=Bell, Charles\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RgOK7CgFp88C&q=tibet\|title=Tibet Past and Present\|publisher=omer Banarsidass Publ.\|year=1992\|isbn=81-208-1048-1\|page=33}}</ref>

	He returned in 1540, fighting for the [[Mughal Emperor]] [[Humayun]],<ref>Shahzad Bashir, ''Messianic Hopes and Mystical Visions: The Nurbakhshiya Between Medieval And Modern Islam'' (2003), p. 236.</ref> first son of Babur, this time for a military takeover at the invitation of one of the two rival factions that continually vied for power in Kashmir. This was shortly after Humayun's 1540 defeat at the [[~~battle~~ of Kanauj]], where Dughlat was also on the losing side.{{citation needed\|date=October 2019}} He had also attacked [[Tibet]] through [[Ladakh]] but had failed.<ref>{{cite book\|author=Bell, Charles\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RgOK7CgFp88C&printsec=frontcover&dq=tibet\|title=Tibet Past and Present\|publisher=omer Banarsidass Publ.\|year=1992\|page=33\|isbn=81-208-1048-1}}</ref> Arriving in Kashmir, Haidar installed as sultan the head of the Sayyid faction, Nazuk. In 1546, after Humayun recovered Kabul, Haidar removed Nazuk Shah and struck coins in the name of the Mughal emperor.<ref>Stan Goron and J.P. Goenka: ''The Coins of the Indian Sultanates'', New Delhi: Munshiram Manoharlal, 2001, pp. 463–464.</ref> He died in 1550 after being killed in battle with the Kashmiris. He lies buried in the ''Gorstan e Shahi'' in [[Srinagar]].		He returned in 1540, fighting for the [[Mughal Emperor]] [[Humayun]],<ref>Shahzad Bashir, ''Messianic Hopes and Mystical Visions: The Nurbakhshiya Between Medieval And Modern Islam'' (2003), p. 236.</ref> first son of Babur, this time for a military takeover at the invitation of one of the two rival factions that continually vied for power in Kashmir. This was shortly after Humayun's 1540 defeat at the [[Battle of Kannauj\|Battle of Kanauj]], where Dughlat was also on the losing side.{{citation needed\|date=October 2019}} Arriving in Kashmir, Haidar installed as sultan the head of the Sayyid faction, Nazuk. In 1546, after Humayun recovered Kabul, Haidar removed Nazuk Shah and struck coins in the name of the Mughal emperor.<ref>Stan Goron and J.P. Goenka: ''The Coins of the Indian Sultanates'', New Delhi: Munshiram Manoharlal, 2001, pp. 463–464.</ref> He died in 1550 after being killed in battle with the Kashmiris. He lies buried in the ''Gorstan e Shahi'' in [[Srinagar]].

	==Works==		==Works==
	His historical work ''Tarikh-i-Rashidi'' (تاریخ رشیدی) ( ''History of Rashid'' ) is a personal memoir combined with a Central Asian history written in [[Persian language\|Persian]]. Mirza Muhammad Haidar ~~devoted~~ this extensive work, written in Kashmir ~~from~~ two volumes, to contemporary ruler of [[Kashgaria]] [[Abdurashid Khan]], son of Sultan Said Khan (descendant of first [[Chagatai Khans\|Moghul Khan]] [[Tughlugh Timur\|Tughluk Timur Khan]], grandson of [[Duwa]] Khan, great great grandson of [[Chagatai Khan]], second son of [[Chengiz Khan]]), founder of Saidiya state or [[Yarkent Khanate]] in Kashgaria in 1514 with active and decisive support of author's uncle Sayyid Muhammad Mirza. It was translated into English in 1895 by [[Ney Elias]] and [[Edward Denison Ross]]. Among other events, the ''Tarikh-i-Rashidi'' describes the founding of the [[Kazakh Khanate]] in 1465 and Muhammad Haidar Dughlat's personal encounter with one of the early Kazakh rulers, namely [[Kasym Khan]].		His historical work ''Tarikh-i-Rashidi'' (تاریخ رشیدی) ( ''History of Rashid'' ) is a personal memoir combined with a Central Asian history written in [[Persian language\|Persian]]. Mirza Muhammad Haidar dedicated this extensive work, written in Kashmir in two volumes, to the contemporary ruler of [[Kashgaria]], viz., [[Abdurashid Khan]], son of Sultan Said Khan. It was translated into English in 1895 by [[Ney Elias]] and [[Edward Denison Ross]]. Among other events, the ''Tarikh-i-Rashidi'' describes the founding of the [[Kazakh Khanate]] in 1465 and Muhammad Haidar Dughlat's personal encounter with one of the early Kazakh rulers, namely [[Kasym Khan]].

	==Family==		==Family==

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Undid revision 1022747751 by 198.45.118.157 (talk)

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'''Mirza Muhammad Haidar Dughlat Beg''' (1499 or 1500–1551{{better|date=January 2021}}) was a Chagatai Turco-Mongol military general, ruler of [[Kashmir]], and a historical writer. He was a [[Turkic languages|Turkic]] speaking [[Dughlats|Dughlat]] prince who wrote in the [[Persian language|Persian]]<ref>[[René Grousset]], ''The Empire of the Steppes: A History of Central Asia'' (1970 translation), p. 497.</ref> and [[Chagatai language|Chagatai]] languages. Haidar and [[Babur]] were cousins on their mother's side.

[[File:Silver coin of Haidar Dughlat in name of Said Khan.jpg|thumb|Silver ''sasnu'' issued in 1533 in Kashmir by Haidar Dughlat, in the name of Said Khan. The obverse legend reads ''al-sultan al-a'zam mir sa'id ghan''.]]
[[File:Silver coin of Haidar Dughlat in name of Humayun.jpg|thumb|Silver ''sasnu'' issued during 1546–50 in Kashmir by Haidar Dughlat, in the name of the [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] emperor [[Humayun]]. The obverse legend reads ''al-sultan al-a'zam Muhammad humayun ghazi''.]]

==Campaigns==
He first campaigned in [[Kashmir]] in 1533, on behalf of [[Sultan Said Khan]], of [[Kashgar]]. He drove out [[Kamran Mirza]], second son of [[Babur]].<ref name="Beck2006">{{citation|author=Sanderson Beck|chapter=Mughal Empire 1526–1707|chapter-url=http://san.beck.org/2-9-MughalEmpire1526-1707.html|title=India & Southeast Asia to 1800|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EkeZPQAACAAJ|year=2006|publisher=World Peace Communications|isbn=978-0-9762210-9-8}}{{unreliable source?|date=January 2020}}</ref> However, he did not stay long in Kashmir, leaving after making a treaty with the local sultan and striking coins in the name of Said Khan. Mirza suffered a military defeat and then made a treaty with the Kashmiris. His short stay may have had something to do with the fact that Said Khan died in that year.

He returned in 1540, fighting for the [[Mughal Emperor]] [[Humayun]],<ref>Shahzad Bashir, ''Messianic Hopes and Mystical Visions: The Nurbakhshiya Between Medieval And Modern Islam'' (2003), p. 236.</ref> first son of Babur, this time for a military takeover at the invitation of one of the two rival factions that continually vied for power in Kashmir. This was shortly after Humayun's 1540 defeat at the [[battle of Kanauj]], where Dughlat was also on the losing side.{{citation needed|date=October 2019}} He had also attacked [[Tibet]] through [[Ladakh]] but had failed.<ref>{{cite book|author=Bell, Charles|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RgOK7CgFp88C&printsec=frontcover&dq=tibet|title=Tibet Past and Present|publisher=omer Banarsidass Publ.|year=1992|page=33|isbn=81-208-1048-1}}</ref> Arriving in Kashmir, Haidar installed as sultan the head of the Sayyid faction, Nazuk. In 1546, after Humayun recovered Kabul, Haidar removed Nazuk Shah and struck coins in the name of the Mughal emperor.<ref>Stan Goron and J.P. Goenka: ''The Coins of the Indian Sultanates'', New Delhi: Munshiram Manoharlal, 2001, pp. 463–464.</ref> He died in 1550 after being killed in battle with the Kashmiris. He lies buried in the ''Gorstan e Shahi'' in [[Srinagar]].

==Works==
His historical work ''Tarikh-i-Rashidi'' (تاریخ رشیدی) ( ''History of Rashid'' ) is a personal memoir combined with a Central Asian history written in [[Persian language|Persian]]. Mirza Muhammad Haidar devoted this extensive work, written in Kashmir from two volumes, to contemporary ruler of [[Kashgaria]] [[Abdurashid Khan]], son of Sultan Said Khan (descendant of first [[Chagatai Khans|Moghul Khan]] [[Tughlugh Timur|Tughluk Timur Khan]], grandson of [[Duwa]] Khan, great great grandson of [[Chagatai Khan]], second son of [[Chengiz Khan]]), founder of Saidiya state or [[Yarkent Khanate]] in Kashgaria in 1514 with active and decisive support of author's uncle Sayyid Muhammad Mirza. It was translated into English in 1895 by [[Ney Elias]] and [[Edward Denison Ross]]. Among other events, the ''Tarikh-i-Rashidi'' describes the founding of the [[Kazakh Khanate]] in 1465 and Muhammad Haidar Dughlat's personal encounter with one of the early Kazakh rulers, namely [[Kasym Khan]].

==Family==
He belonged to the family of hereditary rulers of Kashgaria – dughlat [[Amir]]s. His father was Muhammad Hussain Mirza Kurkan (he was married to Khub Nigar Khanim, daughter of [[Yunus Khan]]), son of Muhammad Haidar Mirza Kurkan (he was married to Daulat Nigar Khanim, daughter of [[Esen Buqa II|Esen Buqa Khan]]), son of Amir Sayyid Ali Kurkan (he was married to Uzun Sultan Khanim, sister of Vais Khan), son of Amir Sayyid Ahmad, son of Amir Khudaidad, who is said to have raised to khanship six of the Moghul Khans as well as making a [[hajj|pilgrimage]] to [[Makkah]] ([[Khizr Khoja]] (1389–1399), Shama-i-Jahan (1399–1408), Muhammad (1408–1416), Nakhsh-i- Jahan (1416–1418), Shir Muhammad (1418–1425), Vais (1418–1428)), son of Amir Pulaji, who raised to the khanship a young, 18- years old, [[Tughlugh Timur|Tughluq Timur Khan]] ( first Moghul Khan ), in 1347, having brought him from [[Ili River|Ili]] to [[Aksu, Xinjiang|Aksu]] and declared him to have been the grandson of [[Duwa|Duwa Khan]]. Amir Pulaji was a descendant of Dughlat [[Tarkhan]] Babdaghan, who was granted the country ''Mangalai Suyah'' (Faced to Sun) or Kashgaria by [[Chagatai Khan]], second son of [[Chengiz Khan]], in 1219 or 1220.

His mother was Khub Nigar Khanim, third daughter of Yunus Khan by Isan Daulat Begum, and a younger sister of Kutluk Nigar Khanim, mother of Babur. Mirza Muhammad Haidar governed Kashmir from 1540 to 1551,<ref>[http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/ssar/hd_ssar.htm List of Rulers: South Asia | Thematic Essay | Timeline of Art History | The Metropolitan Museum of Art]</ref> when he was killed in battle.

[[Muhammad Haidar Mirza (I) Dughlat]] was his grandfather.

== Films ==
In 2007, Kazakhfilm Studio released the documentary ''Muhammad Haidar Dughlat'' («Мұхаммед Хайдар Дулати»), directed by [[Kalila Umarov]].

==Notes==
<references/>

==References==
*Mansura Haidar (translator) (2002), ''Mirza Haidar Dughlat as Depicted in Persian Sources''

==External links==
* {{cite book |last=Karim |first=Abdul |year=2012 |chapter=Tarikh-i-Rashidi |chapter-url=http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Tarikh-i-Rashidi |editor1-last=Islam |editor1-first=Sirajul |editor1-link=Sirajul Islam |editor2-last=Jamal |editor2-first=Ahmed A. |title=Banglapedia: National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh |edition=Second |publisher=[[Asiatic Society of Bangladesh]]}}
*[http://depts.washington.edu/silkroad/texts/rash1.html Selections from the ''Tarikh-i-Rashidi'']
*[https://archive.org/details/TheTarikh-i-rashidi The Tarikh i Rashidi Download Full Book PDF by Murad Butt]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20150212180227/http://persian.packhum.org/persian/main?url=pf%3Ffile%3D05801030%26ct%3D0 TARIKH-I-RASHIDI]
*[https://archive.org/details/tarikhirashidia00rossgoog The Tarikh-i-rashidi: A History of the Moghuls of Central Asia; an English Version (1895)]
*[https://archive.org/details/TheTarikh-i-rashidi The Tarikh-i-rashidi]

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{{DEFAULTSORT:Haidar Dughlat, Mirza Muhammad}}
[[Category:1551 deaths]]
[[Category:Dughlats]]
[[Category:Year of birth uncertain]]
[[Category:Historians of Central Asia]]
[[Category:Mughal Empire]]