82.132.185.67: basic correct citations after review and cleaned formatting

2024-10-31T20:45:12Z

basic correct citations after review and cleaned formatting

← Older revision		Revision as of 02:15, 1 November 2024
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	\| nickname =		\| nickname =
	\| settlement_type = Community development block		\| settlement_type = Community development block
	\| image_skyline =		\| image_skyline = File:Minakhan in North 24 Parganas (West Bengal).svg
	\| image_alt =		\| image_alt =
	\| image_caption =		\| image_caption =
	\| pushpin_map = ~~India West Bengal~~		\| pushpin_map =
	\| pushpin_label_position = right		\| pushpin_label_position = right
	\| pushpin_map_alt =		\| pushpin_map_alt =
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	}}		}}
	'''Minakhan''' is a [[Community development block in India\|community development block]] that forms an administrative division in [[Basirhat subdivision]] of [[North 24 Parganas district]] in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India\|state]] of [[West Bengal]].		'''Minakhan''' is a [[Community development block in India\|community development block]] that forms an administrative division in [[Basirhat subdivision]] of [[North 24 Parganas district]] in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India\|state]] of [[West Bengal]].


	==Geography==		==Geography==
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	The decadal growth rate of population in North 24 Parganas district was as follows: 47.9% in 1951-61, 34.5% in 1961-71, 31.4% in 1971-81, 31.7% in 1981-91, 22.7% in 1991-2001 and 12.0% in 2001-11.<ref>{{cite web \| url = http://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1911_PART_A_DCHB_NORTH%20TWENTY%20FOUR%20PARGANAS.pdf \| title = District Census Handbook: North 24 Parganas, Series 20 Part XII A \| work= Growth Rate, Page 45 \|publisher= Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal, 2011\| access-date = 25 July 2017}}</ref> The decadal growth rate for West Bengal in 2001-11 was 13.93%.<ref name="Decadal Growth Rate">{{cite web \| url = http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/prov_data_products_wb.html \| title = Census of India 2011: Provisional Totals for West Bengal \| publisher = Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India \| access-date = 26 April 2018}}</ref> The decadal growth rate for West Bengal was 17.84% in 1991-2001, 24.73% in 1981-1991 and 23.17% in 1971-1981.<ref>{{cite web\| url = http://wbplan.gov.in/HumanDev/DHDR/24%20pgs%20north.PDF\| title = District Human Development Report: North 24 Parganas\| work = Page 40, Table 3.2.1\| publisher = Development & Planning Department, Government of West Bengal, 2010\| access-date = 20 April 2018\| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180205044900/http://wbplan.gov.in/HumanDev/DHDR/24%20pgs%20north.PDF\| archive-date = 5 February 2018\| url-status = dead}}</ref>		The decadal growth rate of population in North 24 Parganas district was as follows: 47.9% in 1951-61, 34.5% in 1961-71, 31.4% in 1971-81, 31.7% in 1981-91, 22.7% in 1991-2001 and 12.0% in 2001-11.<ref>{{cite web \| url = http://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1911_PART_A_DCHB_NORTH%20TWENTY%20FOUR%20PARGANAS.pdf \| title = District Census Handbook: North 24 Parganas, Series 20 Part XII A \| work= Growth Rate, Page 45 \|publisher= Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal, 2011\| access-date = 25 July 2017}}</ref> The decadal growth rate for West Bengal in 2001-11 was 13.93%.<ref name="Decadal Growth Rate">{{cite web \| url = http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/prov_data_products_wb.html \| title = Census of India 2011: Provisional Totals for West Bengal \| publisher = Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India \| access-date = 26 April 2018}}</ref> The decadal growth rate for West Bengal was 17.84% in 1991-2001, 24.73% in 1981-1991 and 23.17% in 1971-1981.<ref>{{cite web\| url = http://wbplan.gov.in/HumanDev/DHDR/24%20pgs%20north.PDF\| title = District Human Development Report: North 24 Parganas\| work = Page 40, Table 3.2.1\| publisher = Development & Planning Department, Government of West Bengal, 2010\| access-date = 20 April 2018\| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180205044900/http://wbplan.gov.in/HumanDev/DHDR/24%20pgs%20north.PDF\| archive-date = 5 February 2018\| url-status = dead}}</ref>

	Only a small portion of the border with Bangladesh has been fenced and it is popularly referred to as a porous border. It is freely used by [[Illegal immigration to India\|Bangladeshi infiltrators]], terrorists, smugglers, criminals et al.<ref>{{cite web \| url = http://www.rediff.com/news/report/why-bsf-wants-817-km-of-indo-bangla-border-fenced-urgently/20160821.htm \| title = Why BSF wants 81.7 km of Indo-Bangla border fenced urgently \| publisher = Rediff.com. 21 August 2016 \| access-date = 20 April 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web \| url = https://www.sundayguardianlive.com/news/10049-lashkar-helped-fan-basirhat-tension \| title = Laskar helped fan Basirhat tension\| first = Abhinandan\|last= Mishra \| publisher = Sunday Guardian, 8 July 2017 \| access-date = 20 April 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web \| url = https://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/features/2015/03/infiltrating-porous-bangladesh-india-border-150323140511893.html \| title = Infiltrating porous Bangladesh-India border\| publisher = Aljazeera \| access-date = 20 April 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web \| url = http://www.dailypioneer.com/columnists/oped/bangladeshi-infiltration-the-reality-check.html \| title = Bangladeshi Infiltrators – the Reality Check \| publisher = The Pioneer, 27 June 2015 \| access-date = 20 April 2018}}</ref>		Only a small portion of the border with Bangladesh has been fenced and it is popularly referred to as a porous border. It is freely used by [[Illegal immigration to India\|Bangladeshi infiltrators]], terrorists, smugglers, criminals et al.<ref>{{cite web \| url = http://www.rediff.com/news/report/why-bsf-wants-817-km-of-indo-bangla-border-fenced-urgently/20160821.htm \| title = Why BSF wants 81.7 km of Indo-Bangla border fenced urgently \| publisher = Rediff.com. 21 August 2016 \| access-date = 20 April 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web \| url = https://www.sundayguardianlive.com/news/10049-lashkar-helped-fan-basirhat-tension \| title = Laskar helped fan Basirhat tension\| first = Abhinandan\|last= Mishra \| date = 8 July 2017\| publisher = Sunday Guardian, 8 July 2017 \| access-date = 20 April 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web \| url = https://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/features/2015/03/infiltrating-porous-bangladesh-india-border-150323140511893.html \| title = Infiltrating porous Bangladesh-India border\| publisher = Aljazeera \| access-date = 20 April 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web \| url = http://www.dailypioneer.com/columnists/oped/bangladeshi-infiltration-the-reality-check.html \| title = Bangladeshi Infiltrators – the Reality Check \| publisher = The Pioneer, 27 June 2015 \| access-date = 20 April 2018}}</ref>

	===Literacy===		===Literacy===
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	===Language and religion===		===Language and religion===
	As per census definition, mother-tongue is the language spoken in childhood by the person’s mother to the person. As a mother-tongue, [[Bengali language\|Bengali]] has decreased its share from 91.3% of the population of North Twenty Four Parganas district in 1961 to 87.9% in 2001, [[Hindi]] has increased its share from 5.0% in 1961 to 8.3% in 2001, [[Urdu language\|Urdu]] has increased its share from 2.0% in 1961 to 2.5% in 2001. Other mother-tongues spoken in 2001 were Odiya (0.4%), Telugu (0.2%), Santhali (0.1%), Nepali (0.1%), Bhojpuri (0.1%) and Sadan/ Sadri (0.1%).<ref>{{cite web\| url = http://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1911_PART_A_DCHB_NORTH%20TWENTY%20FOUR%20PARGANAS.pdf \|title = District Census Handbook North Twenty Four Parganas, Census of India 2011, Series 20, Part XII A \|work = Page 50: Mother-tongue \| publisher= Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal\| access-date = 16 April 2018}}</ref>

	{{bar box		{{bar box
	\|title=Religion in Minakhan CD ~~Block~~		\|title=Religion in Minakhan CD block (2011)<ref name="religion">{{Cite web \|date=2011 \|title=Table C-01 Population by Religion: West Bengal \|url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/11396/download/14509/DDW19C-01%20MDDS.XLS \|website=censusindia.gov.in \|publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref>
	\|titlebar=#~~ddd~~		\|titlebar=#FCD116
	\|left1=		\|left1=
	\|float=right		\|float=right
	\|bars=		\|bars=
	{{bar percent\|[[~~Muslim~~]]\|~~Green~~\|51.60}}		{{bar percent\|[[Islam in West Bengal\|Islam]]\|green\|50.60}}
	{{bar percent\|[[~~Hindu~~]]\|~~Orange~~\|47.77}}		{{bar percent\|[[Hinduism in West Bengal\|Hinduism]]\|darkorange\|48.77}}
	{{bar percent\|~~Others~~\|~~Yellow~~\|0.63}}		{{bar percent\|[[Christianity in West Bengal\|Christianity]]\|blue\|0.52}}
	}}		{{bar percent\|Other or not stated\|black\|0.11}}
	In the 2011 census Muslims numbered 102,733 and formed 51.60% of the population Minakhan. Hindus numbered 95,091 and formed 47.77% of the population. Others numbered 1,260 and formed 0.63% of the population.<ref name=censusreligion2011>{{cite web\| url = http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/c-01.html \|title = C1 Population by Religious Community \| work= West Bengal \|publisher= Registrar General and Census Commissioner, India \| access-date = 20 July 2016}}</ref>		}}

			In the 2011 census Muslims numbered 102,733 and formed 50.60% of the population Minakhan. Hindus numbered 98,091 and formed 48.77% of the population. Others numbered 1,260 and formed 0.63% of the population.<ref name=censusreligion2011>{{cite web\| url = http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/c-01.html \|title = C1 Population by Religious Community \| work= West Bengal \|publisher= Registrar General and Census Commissioner, India \| access-date = 20 July 2016}}</ref>

	In 1981 Muslims numbered 41,422 and formed 54.10% of the population and Hindus numbered 35,099 and formed 45.80% of the population. In 1991 Muslims numbered 76,169 and formed 55.45% of the population and Hindus numbered 60,332 and formed 43.92% of the population in Minakhan CD Block. (1981 and 1991 census was conducted as per jurisdiction of the police station.)<ref>{{cite web \| url = http://wbplan.gov.in/docs/Handbook_2004/24Pgs(N)2.pdf \| title = Block Level Statistics of North 24 Parganas District \| work = Handbook 2004 \| publisher = Government of West Bengal \| access-date = 20 July 2016 \| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160720152245/http://wbplan.gov.in/docs/Handbook_2004/24Pgs(N)2.pdf \| archive-date = 20 July 2016 \| url-status = dead }}</ref>		In 1981 Muslims numbered 41,422 and formed 54.10% of the population and Hindus numbered 35,099 and formed 45.80% of the population. In 1991 Muslims numbered 76,169 and formed 55.45% of the population and Hindus numbered 60,332 and formed 43.92% of the population in Minakhan CD Block. (1981 and 1991 census was conducted as per jurisdiction of the police station). In 2001 in Minakhan CD block Hindus were 85,070 (50.35%) and Muslims 82,944 (49.09%).<ref>{{cite web \| url = http://wbplan.gov.in/docs/Handbook_2004/24Pgs(N)2.pdf \| title = Block Level Statistics of North 24 Parganas District \| work = Handbook 2004 \| publisher = Government of West Bengal \| access-date = 20 July 2016 \| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160720152245/http://wbplan.gov.in/docs/Handbook_2004/24Pgs(N)2.pdf \| archive-date = 20 July 2016 \| url-status = dead }}</ref>

	In the 2011 census, Hindus numbered 7,352,769 and formed 73.46% of the population in North 24 Parganas district. Muslims numbered 2,584,684 and formed 25.82% of the population.<ref name=censusreligion2011/> In West Bengal Hindus numbered 64,385,546 and formed 70.53% of the population. Muslims numbered 24,654,825 and formed 27.01% of the population.<ref name=censusreligion2011/>		In the 2011 census, Hindus numbered 7,352,769 and formed 73.46% of the population in North 24 Parganas district. Muslims numbered 2,584,684 and formed 25.82% of the population.<ref name=censusreligion2011/> In West Bengal Hindus numbered 64,385,546 and formed 70.53% of the population. Muslims numbered 24,654,825 and formed 27.01% of the population.<ref name=censusreligion2011/>

	~~'''~~See also~~''' - [[~~North 24 Parganas: minority concentrated district]]		{{See also\|North 24 Parganas: minority concentrated district}}

			[[Bengali language\|Bengali]] is the predominant language, spoken by 99.62% of the population.<ref name="languages">{{Cite web \|title=Table C-16 Population by Mother Tongue: West Bengal \|url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/10226/download/13338/DDW-C16-STMT-MDDS-1900.XLSX \|website=www.censusindia.gov.in \|publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref>

	==Rural Poverty==		==Rural Poverty==
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	In 2011, Minakhan CD Block had 1 rural hospital and 2 [[Primary Health Centre (India)\|primary health centres]], with total 41 beds and 7 doctors (excluding private bodies). It had 39 family welfare subcentres. 2,303 patients were treated indoors and 74,623 patients were treated outdoor in the hospitals, health centres and subcentres of the CD Block.<ref name=handbook2010-2011/>		In 2011, Minakhan CD Block had 1 rural hospital and 2 [[Primary Health Centre (India)\|primary health centres]], with total 41 beds and 7 doctors (excluding private bodies). It had 39 family welfare subcentres. 2,303 patients were treated indoors and 74,623 patients were treated outdoor in the hospitals, health centres and subcentres of the CD Block.<ref name=handbook2010-2011/>

	Minakhan Rural ~~Hopital~~ at [[Minakhan, North 24 Parganas\|Minakhan]] with 25 beds functions as the main medical facility in Minakhan CD Block. There are [[Primary Health Centre (India)\|primary health centres]] at Nimichi (with 6 beds) and Duturdaha (with 10 beds).<ref>{{cite web \| url = https://www.wbhealth.gov.in/ \| title = Health & Family Welfare Department \| work= Health Statistics \| publisher = Government of West Bengal \|access-date = 15 May 2018}}</ref>		Minakhan Rural Hospital at [[Minakhan, North 24 Parganas\|Minakhan]] with 25 beds functions as the main medical facility in Minakhan CD Block. There are [[Primary Health Centre (India)\|primary health centres]] at Nimichi (with 6 beds) and Duturdaha (with 10 beds).<ref>{{cite web \| url = https://www.wbhealth.gov.in/ \| title = Health & Family Welfare Department \| work= Health Statistics \| publisher = Government of West Bengal \|access-date = 15 May 2018}}</ref>

	Minakhan block is one of the areas where ground water is affected by [[Arsenic contamination of groundwater\|arsenic contamination]].<ref>{{cite web \| url = http://www.soesju.org/arsenic/wb2.htm \| title = Groundwater Arsenic contamination in West Bengal-India (20 years study ) \| access-date = 18 March 2016 \| work = Groundwater arsenic contamination status of North 24-Parganas district, one of the nine arsenic affected districts of West Bengal-India \| publisher = SOES \| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070927002938/http://www.soesju.org/arsenic/wb2.htm \| archive-date = 27 September 2007 \| url-status = dead }}</ref>		Minakhan block is one of the areas where ground water is affected by [[Arsenic contamination of groundwater\|arsenic contamination]].<ref>{{cite web \| url = http://www.soesju.org/arsenic/wb2.htm \| title = Groundwater Arsenic contamination in West Bengal-India (20 years study ) \| access-date = 18 March 2016 \| work = Groundwater arsenic contamination status of North 24-Parganas district, one of the nine arsenic affected districts of West Bengal-India \| publisher = SOES \| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070927002938/http://www.soesju.org/arsenic/wb2.htm \| archive-date = 27 September 2007 \| url-status = dead }}</ref>

2402:3A80:1172:D35D:126E:BF9E:8976:D5D4 at 15:43, 25 July 2021

2021-07-25T15:43:22Z

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Minakhan - Revision history

82.132.185.67: basic correct citations after review and cleaned formatting

2402:3A80:1172:D35D:126E:BF9E:8976:D5D4 at 15:43, 25 July 2021