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{{Short description|Russian ethnographer (1911–1992)}}
{{Infobox academic
| name= Mikhail Konstantinovich Kudryavtsev
| native_name= Михаил Константинович Кудрявцев
| native_name_lang= ru
| birth_date= January 12, 1911<ref name="ru1">{{cite web |url=http://www.orientalstudies.ru/rus/index.php?option=com_personalities&Itemid=74&person=1560 |title=Михаил Константинович Кудрявцев |trans-title=Mikhail Konstantinovich Kudryavtsev |language=ru |website=[[Institute of Oriental Manuscripts of the Russian Academy of Sciences]] |place=Saint Petersburg, Russia |access-date=April 9, 2020}}</ref>
| birth_place= [[Orenburg]],<ref name="ru2">{{Cite journal |journal=[[Etnograficheskoe Obozrenie]] |title=Михаил Константинович Кудрявцев (1911 — 1992) |trans-title=Mikhail Konstantinovich Kudryavtsev (1911 — 1992) |author=Александр Михайлович Решетов [Alexandr Mikhailovich Reshetov] |pages=152–155 |url=http://journal.iea.ras.ru/archive/1990s/1992/no6/1992_6_152_Kudriavtsev.pdf |language=ru |year=1992 |accessdate=April 11, 2020 |publisher=[[Russian Academy of Sciences]] |place=Moscow, Russia |issn=0869-5415}}</ref> [[Russian Empire]]
| death_date= {{death date and age|1992|03|04|1911|01|12}}<ref name="ru1"/>
| citizenship= {{br separated entries|{{flag|Russian Empire}}|{{USSR}}|{{flag|Russia}}}}
| occupation= {{br separated entries|Ethnographer|Ethnologist|Indologist}}
| known_for= Ethnography of India<ref name="spb1"/>
| awards= [[Order of the Red Star]]
| education= [[Doktor Nauk]] in Historical Sciences
| alma_mater= {{br separated entries|[[Leningrad State University]] (Graduation)|[[Academy of Sciences of the Soviet Union]] (Post–graduation and Doctor Nauk)}}
| thesis_title= Происхождение Мусульманского Населения Северной Индии
| thesis_url= https://search.rsl.ru/en/record/01005821886
| thesis_year= 1952
|academic_advisors= [[:ru:Ольдерогге, Дмитрий Алексеевич|Dmitry Alexeyevich Ol'derogge]] (Post–graduate studies)<ref name="xxvi"/>
| discipline= {{br separated entries|Ethnography|Ethnology|Indology}}
| workplaces= Former "Senior Scientific Worker", Institute of Ethnography of Academy of Sciences of the Soviet Union<ref name="ssw1"/>
}}

'''Mikhail Konstantinovich Kudryavtsev''' ({{langx|ru|Михаил Константинович Кудрявцев|translit=Mikhail Konstantinovich Kudryavtsev}}; January 12, 1911 – March 4, 1992) was a Soviet [[ethnographer]] and [[Indologist]].

He began his studies in the topography stream, but later focused on the fields of history and ethnography. After graduating from the [[Leningrad State University]] in history, he studied at the [[Academy of Sciences of the USSR]] till the completion of his [[Doktor Nauk]] in historical sciences. However, there was a break of several years in his post–graduate studies because of his commission in the [[Soviet military]]'s technical forces during the second world war. From July 1941 to September 1945, he served at various ranks on several fronts. He had also been the head of the topographic command of the [[USSR]]'s military. He recommenced his studies in 1946.

Later, he worked as a senior researcher at the academy and also lead its Indological studies. He conducted ethnographical research on several ethnic groups of India, and also studied India's social structure in the ancient and medieval times. He died at the age of 81 years and was buried at Saint Petersburg's {{ill|Shuvalov Cemetery|ru|Шуваловское кладбище}}.

==Education==
From 1929 to 1932, Kudryavtsev studied at the Leningrad Topographical Technical School, and worked as a [[topographer]] in [[Yakutia]] after the completion of the academic program.<ref name="ru2"/>

In June 1939, he completed his graduation in history at the [[Leningrad State University]], with a recommendation for post–graduation at the Institute of Ethnography of the Academy of Sciences of the [[USSR]]. He started his studies at the institute, but later in 1941, his studies were halted because of his dis-enrollment from the institute due to his appointment in the Soviet Military. However, in 1946, he was re–enrolled for the postgraduate studies at the institute with a specialty in the ethnography of India after an order from the [[presidium]] of the academy.<ref name="ru2"/> He completed the ''Doktor Nauk in Historical Sciences''<ref name="ru1"/> at the academy in 1952, with the thesis titled ''"Происхождение Мусульманского Населения Северной Индии" (The Origin of the Muslim Population of Northern India)''.<ref>{{cite journal |journal=Страны и Народы Востока [Countries and Peoples of the East] |title=Африка и Азия |trans-title=Africa and Asia |publisher=Nauka |url=http://www.orientalstudies.ru/rus/images/pdf/journals/SNV_15_1973_15_sakharov.pdf |place=Moscow, USSR |year=1973 |via=Institute of Oriental Manuscripts of the Russian Academy of Sciences |language=ru |accessdate=June 9, 2020}}</ref>

He had also studied the [[English language|English]], [[French language|French]], [[Hindi]], [[Marathi language|Marathi]], and [[Urdu language]]s.<ref name="ru3"/>

==World War II==
During the second world war, Kudryavtsev served in the Soviet Military. From 1 July 1941, he worked as a topographer, and from February 1942, as a senior topographer on the [[Leningrad Front]].<ref name="ru3"/> From February to December 1942, he served as the platoon commander and deputy [[battery commander]] in the [[Red Army]]. He also headed the divisions of the Red Army at the [[Volkhov Front]]. After December 1942, he resumed his services as a topographer.<ref name="ru2"/> Between December 1942 and September 1945, he was the head of the topographic services, first on the Volkhov front, and later on [[2nd Ukrainian Front|the second]] and [[1st Ukrainian Front|the first]] Ukrainian fronts.<ref name="ru3"/> From September to December 1945, he taught topography to the infantry officers in [[Lviv]] (Ukraine). The Soviet military units benefited in some of their onerous combat tasks from his knowledge as a topographer.<ref name="ru2"/> He also was the chief of the "military topographic administration" and served as a Lieutenant–general in the "technical forces" of the USSR.<ref>{{citation |title=Geodesy and Cartography |author1=American Geophysical Union |author2=Royer and Roger Inc |author3=National Science Foundation (U.S.) |author4=American Congress on Surveying and Mapping |author5=American Society of Photogrammetry |author-link1=American Geophysical Union |author-link3=National Science Foundation |author-link4=American Congress on Surveying and Mapping |publisher=American Geophysical Union |place=USA |year=1961 |page=253 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QJocAQAAIAAJ&q=M.K.+Kudryavtsev}}</ref>

He was awarded the ''[[Order of the Red Star]]'' "for the defense of Leningrad".<ref name="ru3">{{Cite journal |journal=Etnograficheskoe Obozrenie |title=К 50-летию Победы: События, Воспоминания, Мнения |trans-title=To the 50th anniversary of Victory: Events, Memories, Opinions |author=Александр Михайлович Решетов [Alexandr Mikhailovich Reshetov] |pages=9–11 |url=http://journal.iea.ras.ru/archive/1990s/1995/no4/1995_4_3_Reshetov.pdf |language=ru |year=1995 |accessdate=April 20, 2020 |publisher=Russian Academy of Sciences |place=Moscow, Russia |issn=0869-5415 |archive-date=August 2, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210802005651/https://journal.iea.ras.ru/archive/1990s/1995/no4/1995_4_3_Reshetov.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> He also received the [[Medal "For the Victory over Germany in the Great Patriotic War 1941–1945"]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Кудрявцев Михаил Константинович |trans-title=Mikhail Konstantinovich Kudryavtsev |website=Feat of the People in the Great Patriotic War of 1941–1945 (Project) |place=Russia |url=http://podvignaroda.ru/?#id=1536015885&tab=navDetailManAward |accessdate=August 4, 2020}}</ref> During his service years in the Soviet Military, he visited Romania, Poland, Germany, and Czechoslovakia.<ref name="ru3"/>

==Academic career and research==
Kudryavtsev was a "senior scientific worker" at the Institute of Ethnography of the Academy of Sciences of the Soviet Union.<ref name="ssw1">{{cite book |editor1-first=Bhabagrahi |editor1-last=Misra |editor2-first=James |editor2-last=Preston |title=Community, Self and Identity |chapter=Biographical Notes |edition=reprint |series=World Anthropology |page=300 |orig-year=First published 1978 |year=2011 |publisher=[[Walter de Gruyter]] |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jgDTCVW51WkC&pg=PA300 |isbn=978-3110802658 |oclc=882837173 |quote=M. K. KUDRYAVTSEV (1911– ) was born in Russia. He received his doctorate from the Institute of Ethnography, Academy of Sciences, USSR. A specialist in the ethnography of India, he visited that country in 1957, 1964, 1966, 1974 and 1977. He is a Senior Scientific Worker at the Institute of Ethnography in Leningrad.}}</ref> He headed the Indological research at the institute, and contributed in the development of monographic ethnic research in Russia.<ref name="xxvi">{{cite conference |conference=XXVI International Conference on Source Studies and Historiography of Asia and Africa |conference-url=http://www.orienthist.spbu.ru/schedule-of-the-26th-conference-2011/?lang=en |date=April 20–22, 2011 |title=Modernization and Traditions |url=http://www.orienthist.spbu.ru/arhiv/2011/files/assets/common/downloads/publication.pdf |author=Faculty of Asian and African Studies, Saint Petersburg State University |editor1-first=Nikolai N. |editor1-last=Diakov |editor2-first=A. S. |editor2-last=Matveyev |pages=140–141 |website=Saint Petersburg State University |publisher=Russian Christian Humanitarian Academy |location=Saint Petersburg, Russia |access-date=May 28, 2020}}</ref> He had also worked as a researcher at the [[Peter the Great Museum of Anthropology and Ethnography]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Отдел Этнографии Южной и Юго-Западной Азии |trans-title=Department of Ethnography of South and Southwest Asia |url=http://www.kunstkamera.ru/museums_structure/research_departments/department_of_south_and_southwest_asia |website=[[Kunstkamera]] |language=ru |place=Saint Petersburg, Russia |accessdate=June 9, 2020}}</ref> His main area of study was India's ethnography<ref name="ssw1"/><ref name="in1"/> and northern India's ethnology.<ref name="jsr1">{{cite journal |journal=Journal of Social Research |volume=6–8 |orig-year=Article published in 1964 (Volume 7, Issue 2) |year=1963–1965 |pages=126–135 |publisher=Council of Social and Cultural Research ([[Bihar]]); Department of Anthropology of the [[Ranchi University]] |place=Bihar, India |editor1-first=P. N. |editor1-last=Ojha |editor2-first=A. B. |editor2-last=Saran |editor3-first=A. R. N. |editor3-last=Srivastava |editor4-first=L. P. |editor4-last=Vidyarthi |editor4-link=L. P. Vidyarthi |title=On the Role of the Jats in Northern India's Ethnic History |first=M. K. |last=Kudryavtsev |issn=0449-315X |oclc=1956967 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=K34rAAAAIAAJ&q=senior+research+worker |quote-page=126 |quote=(Editors' Footnote) A Soviet ethnologist from Lelingrad [sic], Mr. Kudryavtsev is a senior research worker at the Institute of Ethnography of Academy of Sciences in the U. S. S. R. He has specialized in North India Ethnology and has written a series of paper in the Russian. He has visited India several times and has a plan to do intensive field work in India.}}</ref> The [[Saint Petersburg State University]] views him as one of the "fathers of Indian Ethnography in Russia".<ref name="spb1">{{cite web |url=http://india.spbu.ru/Indology-centers-en.html |title=Centers for Indian Studies in Russia |website=Saint Petersburg State University |place=Saint Petersburg, Russia |access-date=April 8, 2020 |quote=Outstanding researchers like D.A. Suleykin, V.E. Krasnodembskiy and M.K. Kudryavtsev can be called 'fathers' of Indian Ethnography in Russia.}}</ref>

He visited India five times between 1957 and 1974.<ref name="ssw1"/> In 1966, the [[Anthropological Survey of India]] had invited him and [[:ru:Чебоксаров, Николай Николаевич|Nikolai Cheboxarov]] in India for a study on the anthropological data gathered in 1964 on [[Asur people|Asurs]], [[Korkus]], [[Gonds|Gondas]], Pradhans, [[Khasi people|Khasis]] and the Hindustanis of the Lucknow region. They studied these people with the assistance of P. Gupta.<ref name="in1">{{cite book |title=New Indian studies by Soviet scholars |chapter=New Data on the Ethnic Anthropology of India |series=Problems of the Contemporary World |first1=Alexander |last1=Zubov |first2=Nikolai |last2=Cheboxarov |author1-link=:ru:Зубов, Александр Александрович |pages=17–18 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_NfHAAAAIAAJ&q=Kudryavtsev+Anthropological+Survey+of+India |publisher=Social Sciences Today (Editorial Board) |place=Moscow, USSR |editor-first=G. |editor-last=Abramov |year=1976 |oclc=4003053 |quote=As part of this programme, a party from the USSR Academy of Sciences' Institute of Ethnography, consisting of the authors of this article and M. Kudryavtsev, a specialist in Indian ethnography, went to India in 1966. [..] The survey was supplemented by anthropological data assembled in 1964 about the Asurs, Korkus, Gondas, Pradhans, Khasis and the Hindustanis of the Lucknow area, who were studied by M. Kudryavtsev and N. Cheboxarov, with the help of the Indian anthropologist P. Gupta, during their trip to India at the invitation of the Anthropological Survey of India. The resultant data, together with the material collected previously by H. Risley, B. S. Guha, E. Eickstedt, P. C. Mahalanobis, D. N. Majumdar, C. R. Rao, P. C. Basu, S. S. Sarkar, P. S. Biswas and other anthropologists, cast fresh light on some of the problems associated with the origin and ethnic history of India's peoples.}}</ref> Earlier, he did an ethnographic study on the [[Jats]] of India.<ref>{{Cite journal |journal=Etnograficheskoe Obozrenie |title=Список Основных Работ Доктора Исторических Наук Михаила Константиновича Кудрявцева |trans-title=List of Main Works of Doctor of Historical Sciences Mikhail Konstantinovich Kudryavtsev |page=166 |url=http://journal.iea.ras.ru/archive/1980s/1981/no4/1981_4_166_Spisok%20rabot%20Kudriavtsev.pdf |language=ru |year=1981 |accessdate=August 1, 2020 |publisher=Russian Academy of Sciences |place=Moscow, USSR |issn=0869-5415}}</ref>

He also studied the social history of India, including the structure of society in ancient and medieval India.<ref name="v">{{citation |title=Vostok |trans-title=East |language=ru |issue=1–3 |page=205 |author=Academy of Sciences of the USSR |journal=Vostok: Afro-Aziatskie Obščestva; Istorija i Sovremennost |publisher=Nauka |place=The USSR |year=1991 |issn=0130-6995 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zH0YAQAAMAAJ}}</ref> He concurred with [[M. N. Srinivas]]'s categorization of relationships in the Indian society in two categories — vertical (inter-caste) and horizontal (intra-caste). He was of the view that the seeds of the [[Caste system in India|caste system]] were sown nearly two millenniums ago in India. According to Kudryavtsev, "the core of the caste system, in the form of the ''[[Varna (Hinduism)|varnas]]'', took shape over 2,000 years ago — almost in the [[Vedic period]]. The caste system became increasingly sophisticated with the development of technology, the growing division of labor, and the emergence of new occupations. It thus survived through the colonial period, the expansion of capitalism, and the establishment of the Republic".<ref name="ssw2"/> He also inquired into the [[jajmani system]] as a mechanism of interaction between the communities and castes in India.<ref name="xxvi"/>

==Death==
Kudryavtsev died at the age of 81 years on 4 March 1992. He was buried at the Shuvalov cemetery in Saint Petersburg.<ref name="ru3"/>

==Works==
===Books===
*{{cite book |title=Кастовая система в Индии |trans-title=The Caste System in India |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BJo1AAAAMAAJ |publisher=[[Nauka (publisher)|Nauka]] |place=Moscow, Russia |year=1992 |first=M. K. |last=Kudryavtsev |language=ru |isbn=978-5020171961}}
*{{cite book |title=Община и каста в Хиндустане |trans-title=Community and Caste in Hindustan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nG06AQAAIAAJ |publisher=Nauka |place=Moscow, USSR |year=1971 |first=M. K. |last=Kudryavtsev |language=ru}}

===Selected papers===
*''The Indian Caste Community as a Social System''<ref name="ssw2">{{cite book |first=M. K. |last=Kudryavtsev |editor1-first=Bhabagrahi |editor1-last=Misra |editor2-first=James |editor2-last=Preston |title=Community, Self and Identity |article=The Indian Caste Community as a Social System |edition=reprint |series=World Anthropology |pages=37–44 |orig-year=First published 1978 |year=2011 |publisher=Walter de Gruyter |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jgDTCVW51WkC&pg=PA37 |isbn=978-3110802658 |oclc=882837173}}</ref>
*''Ethnos and Caste in the Indian Society''<ref>{{cite book |title=Ethnicity, Caste, and People: Proceedings of the Indo-Soviet Seminars held in Calcutta and Leningrad, 1990 |article=Ethnos and Caste in the Indian Society |first=M. K. |last=Kudryavtsev |editor1=Kumar Suresh Singh |editor1-link=Kumar Suresh Singh |editor2=Anthropological Survey of India |others=[[N.N. Miklukho-Maklai Institute of Ethnology and Anthropology|N. Miklukho-Maklai Institute of Ethnography]] |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WQ-BAAAAMAAJ&q=Kudryavtsev |pages=165–169 |year=1992 |publisher=Manohar |place=New Delhi, India |isbn=978-8173040146 |oclc=165163976}}</ref>
*''The Language Problem for the Adivasis of India''<ref name="ru4">{{cite journal |journal=Страны и Народы Востока [Countries and Peoples of the East] |title=Индия — Страна и Народ |trans-title=India — Country and People |publisher=Nauka |editor=Дмитрий Алексеевич Ольдерогге [Dmitry Alexeyevich Ol'derogge] |url=http://www.orientalstudies.ru/rus/images/pdf/journals/SNV_14_1972_20_sakharov.pdf |place=Moscow, USSR |year=1972 |via=Institute of Oriental Manuscripts of the Russian Academy of Sciences |language=ru |accessdate=April 16, 2020}}</ref>
*''The Main Characteristics of the Village Communities of Northern India''<ref name="ru4"/>
*''On the Languages as the Media of Education in the Schools for the Scheduled Tribes in India''<ref name="ru4"/>
*''The Buddhist University in Nalanda''<ref name="ru4"/>
*''On the Role of Jats in Northern India's Ethnic History'' (1964)<ref>{{cite book |title=[[International Bibliography of the Social Sciences]] |author=International Committee for Social Science Information and Documentation |volume=11 |page=31 |year=1965 |publication-date=December 31, 1990 |publisher=[[Taylor & Francis]] |isbn=978-0422802406}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[Natalya Romanovna Guseva]]
*[[Sergei Tokarev]]
*[[Yuri Kobishchanov]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kudryavtsev, Mikhail}}
[[Category:1911 births]]

[[Category:1992 deaths]]

[[Category:Topographers]]

[[Category:Soviet military personnel of World War II]]
[[Category:Soviet ethnographers]]
[[Category:Soviet ethnologists]]
[[Category:Soviet Indologists]]
[[Category:Full Members of the USSR Academy of Sciences]]
[[Category:20th-century cartographers]]
[[Category:Soviet expatriates in India]]

Mikhail Kudryavtsev - Revision history

Basavaraj: Starting Basic Data Added Tags