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Miju language - Revision history
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->Reidgreg: Adding local short description: "Sino-Tibetan language spoken in India and China", overriding Wikidata description "language" (Shortdesc helper)
2021-10-05T23:22:10Z
<p>Adding local <a href="https://en.bharatpedia.org/wiki/Bharatpedia:Short_description" class="extiw" title="wikipedia:Short description">short description</a>: "Sino-Tibetan language spoken in India and China", overriding Wikidata description "language" (<a href="https://en.bharatpedia.org/wiki/Bharatpedia:Shortdesc_helper" class="extiw" title="wikipedia:Shortdesc helper">Shortdesc helper</a>)</p>
<p><b>New page</b></p><div>{{Short description|Sino-Tibetan language spoken in India and China}}<br />
{{Distinguish|Miji language}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2020}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2020}}<br />
{{Infobox language<br />
|name=Kaman<br />
|pronunciation={{IPA-bodia|kɯ˧˩mɑn˧˥|}}<br />
|altname=Geman, Kman<br />
|nativename=Miju, Kùmán<br />
|region=[[Arunachal Pradesh]], [[India]]<br />
|ethnicity=[[Miju Mishmi tribe|Miju Mishmi]]<br />
|speakers={{sigfig|18,200|2}}<br />
|date=2006<br />
|ref=e18<br />
|familycolor=Sino-Tibetan<br />
|fam1=possibly [[Sino-Tibetan languages|Sino-Tibetan]] ([[Midzu languages|Midzuish]]), or a [[language isolate]]<br />
|iso3=mxj<br />
|glotto=miju1243<br />
|glottorefname=Kman<br />
}}<br />
'''Kaman''' (Geman, Geman Deng, Kùmán), or '''Miju''' (Miju Mishmi, Midzu), is a small language of India and China.<br />
Long assumed to be a [[Sino-Tibetan languages|Sino-Tibetan language]], it may be a [[language isolate]].<ref>{{citation|first1=Roger |last1=Blench |first2=Mark |last2=Post |title=(De)classifying Arunachal languages: Reconstructing the evidence |url=http://www.rogerblench.info/Language/South%20Asia/NEI/General/Lingres/Declassifying%20Arunachal.pdf |year=2011 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130526230734/http://www.rogerblench.info/Language/South%20Asia/NEI/General/Lingres/Declassifying%20Arunachal.pdf |archivedate=2013-05-26 }}</ref><br />
<br />
==Locations==<br />
In China, the Miju are known as the Deng 僜人. The Deng number over 1,000 in [[Zayü County]], Tibet, China, with 1,000 of the Deng having the autonym ''{{IPA|tɑ31 ruɑŋ53}}'' (大让), and 130 having the autonym ''{{IPA|kɯ˧˩mɑn˧˥}}'' (格曼) (''Geman''). They are also neighbors with the [[Idu Mishmi language|Idu]] or ''{{IPA|i53 du31}}'' (义都) people.{{fact|date=February 2020}}<br />
<br />
In India, Miju is spoken in Hawai Circle and the Parsuram Kund area of [[Lohit District]], [[Arunachal Pradesh]] (Boro 1978,<ref>Boro, A. 1978. ''Miju dictionary''. Shillong: Research Department, Arunachal Pradesh Administration.</ref> Dasgupta 1977<ref>Dasgupta, K. 1977. ''A phrase book in Miju''. Shillong: Director of Information and Public Relations, Arunachal Pradesh.</ref>). ''Ethnologue'' reports that Miju is spoken in 25 villages located in high altitude areas to the east of upper Lohit and Dau valleys, which are located east of the Haguliang, Billong, and Tilai valleys.{{fact|date=February 2020}}<br />
<br />
==Phonology==<br />
These are the sounds in the Miju/Kaman language.<ref>{{citation | first1 = Roger | last1 = Blench | title = Kman ethno-ophresiology; characterising taste, smell and texture in a language of Arunachal Pradesh | url = https://www.academia.edu/11637464/Kman_ethno-ophresiology_characterising_taste_smell_and_texture_in_a_language_of_Arunachal_Pradesh | year = 2015 }}</ref><br />
<br />
===Consonants===<br />
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"<br />
|+ Consonant phonemes<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="2" | <br />
! [[Labial consonant|Labial]]<br />
! [[Dental consonant|Dental]]<br />
! [[Alveolar consonant|Alveolar]]<br />
! [[Postalveolar consonant|Post-<br>alveolar]]<br />
! [[Retroflex consonant|Retroflex]]<br />
! [[Palatal consonant|Palatal]]<br />
! [[Velar consonant|Velar]]<br />
! [[Glottal consonant|Glottal]]<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="2" | [[Nasal consonant|Nasal]]<br />
| {{IPA link|m}}<br />
| <br />
| {{IPA link|n}}<br />
| <br />
| {{IPA link|ɳ}}<br />
| {{IPA link|ɲ}}<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="3" | [[Plosive]]<br />
! <small>plain</small><br />
| {{IPA link|p}}<br />
| <br />
| {{IPA link|t}}<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| {{IPA link|k}}<br />
| {{IPA link|ʔ}}<br />
|-<br />
! <small>aspirated</small><br />
| {{IPA link|pʰ}}<br />
| <br />
| {{IPA link|tʰ}}<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| {{IPA link|kʰ}}<br />
| <br />
|-<br />
! <small>voiced</small><br />
| {{IPA link|b}}<br />
| <br />
| {{IPA link|d}}<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| {{IPA link|ɡ}}<br />
| <br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="3" | [[Affricate]]<br />
! <small>plain</small><br />
| <br />
| <br />
| {{IPA link|ts}}<br />
| {{IPA link|tʃ}}<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
! <small>aspirated</small><br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| {{IPA link|tʃʰ}}<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
! <small>voiced</small><br />
| <br />
| <br />
| {{IPA link|dz}}<br />
| {{IPA link|dʒ}}<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="2" | [[Fricative]]<br />
! <small>plain</small><br />
| {{IPA link|f}}<br />
| {{IPA link|θ}}<br />
| {{IPA link|s}}<br />
| {{IPA link|ʃ}}<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| {{IPA link|xʷ}}<br />
| <br />
|-<br />
! <small>voiced</small><br />
| {{IPA link|v}}<br />
| {{IPA link|ð}}<br />
| {{IPA link|z}}<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| {{IPA link|ɣʷ}}<br />
| <br />
|-<br />
! colspan="2" | [[Approximant]]<br />
| {{IPA link|ʋ}}<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| {{IPA link|j}}<br />
| {{IPA link|w}}<br />
| <br />
|-<br />
! colspan="2" | [[Lateral approximant|Lateral]]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| {{IPA link|l}}<br />
| <br />
| {{IPA link|ɭ}}<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
! colspan="2" | [[Rhotic consonant|Rhotic]]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| {{IPA link|r}}<br />
| <br />
| {{IPA link|ɽ}}<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
|}<br />
<br />
===Vowels===<br />
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"<br />
|+ [[Monophthong]] phonemes<br />
! <br />
! [[Front vowel|Front]]<br />
! [[Central vowel|Central]]<br />
! [[Back vowel|Back]]<br />
|-<br />
! [[Close vowel|Close]]<br />
| {{IPA link|i}}<br />
| {{IPA link|ɨ}}<br />
| {{IPA link|u}}<br />
|-<br />
! [[Close-mid vowel|Close-mid]]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| {{IPA link|o}}<br />
|-<br />
! [[Open-mid vowel|Open-mid]]<br />
| {{IPA link|ɛ}}<br />
| {{IPA link|ə}}<br />
| {{IPA link|ʌ}} • {{IPA link|ɔ}}<br />
|-<br />
! [[Open vowel|Open]]<br />
| <br />
| {{IPA link|a}}<br />
| <br />
|}<br />
<br />
===Tones===<br />
There are three main tones in the Miju language, rising (á), falling (à), and level (ā).<ref>{{citation | first1 = Roger | last1 = Blench | first2 = Sokhep | last2 = Kri | first3 = Kruleso | last3 = Ngadong | first4 = Barum | last4 = Masong | title = Kman Reading and writing Kman | url = https://www.academia.edu/20110552/Reading_and_writing_Kman | year = 2015 }}</ref><br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
*Blench, Roger. 2017. [https://www.academia.edu/31295721/A_dictionary_of_Kman_Miju_a_language_of_Arunachal_Pradesh A dictionary of Kman (Miju), a language of Arunachal Pradesh].<br />
*Blench, Roger. 2015. [https://www.academia.edu/20110552/Reading_and_writing_Kman Reading and writing Kman / Kman tasay tapuri pit]. Tezu, Arunachal Pradesh: Kman Language Development Committee.<br />
<br />
{{Sino-Tibetan languages}}<br />
{{language families}}<br />
{{Arunachal languages}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Miju languages]]<br />
[[Category:Mishmi languages]]<br />
[[Category:Languages of India]]<br />
[[Category:Tonal languages]]<br />
[[Category:Languages of Arunachal Pradesh]]</div>
->Reidgreg