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{{Short description|King belonging to the Gurjara-Pratihara Dynasty}}
{{distinguish|Bhoja}}
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{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2016}}
{{Infobox royalty
| title = Adivaraha
| image =
| alt =
| caption = Samrat Mihira Bhoja statue in Bharat Upvan Akshardham
| succession = 6th [[Gurjara-Pratihara]] king
| predecessor = [[Ramabhadra]]
| successor = [[Mahendrapala I]]
| issue = [[Mahendrapala I]]
| death_date = 885
| death_place = [[Narmada River]]
| reign = {{circa|836|885 CE}}
| religion = [[Hinduism]]
| father = [[Ramabhadra]]
}}
[[File:Pratihara bhoja.JPG|thumb|''Adivaraha Dramma'' coin, circa 836 - 885 CE]]
'''Mihira Bhoja''' (c. 836–885 CE) or '''Bhoja I''' was a king belonging to the [[Gurjara-Pratihara]] Dynasty. He succeeded his father [[Ramabhadra]]. Bhoja was a devotee of [[Vishnu]] and adopted the title of ''Ādivarāha'' which is inscribed on some of his coins.<ref>{{cite book|title=Medieval India: a textbook for classes XI-XII, Part 1|author=Satish Chandra, National Council of Educational Research and Training (India)|publisher=National Council of Educational Research and Training|year=1978|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tHVDAAAAYAAJ&q=adivaraha|page=9}}</ref> One of the outstanding political figures of India in ninth century, he ranks with [[Dhruva Dharavarsha]] and [[Dharmapala (emperor)|Dharmapala]] as a great general and empire builder.<ref name="RSC_207">{{cite book
| title =History of Ancient India: Earliest Times to 1000 A. D.
| author = Radhey Shyam Chaurasia
| publisher =Atlantic Publishers & Distributors
| year =2002
| page =207
|isbn=978-81-269-0027-5| url =https://books.google.com/books?id=cWmsQQ2smXIC&pg=PA207
| quote=He was undoubtedly one of the outstanding political figures of India in ninth century and ranks with Dhruva and Dharmapala as a great general and empire builder.
}}</ref>

At its height, Bhoja's empire extended to [[Narmada River]] in the South, [[Sutlej|Sutlej River]] in the northwest, and up to [[Bengal]] in the east. It extended over a large area from the foot of the [[Himalayas]] up to the river [[Narmada River|Narmada]] and included the present district of [[Etawah]] in [[Uttar Pradesh]].<ref>[http://etawah.nic.in/gaz/2.htm E-gazeteer-History of Etawah district]</ref><ref>[https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/schwartzberg/pager.html?object=068 Digital South Asia Library]</ref>

== Reign ==
{{multiple image|perrow=3|total_width=400|caption_align=center
| align = right
| image2 = Gate of Teki Mandir, Gwalior Fort.jpg|caption2=Gate of Teli ka Mandir, Gwalior Fort.
| image1 = Teli ka mandir fort Gwalior - panoramio - Gyanendrasinghchauha… (1).jpg|caption1=[[Teli ka Mandir]] is a Hindu Temple built by Mihira Bhoja.<ref name="Bajpai2006">{{cite book|author=K. D. Bajpai|title=History of Gopāchala|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Q3KcwLKuRnYC&pg=PA31|year=2006|publisher=Bharatiya Jnanpith|isbn=978-81-263-1155-2|page=31}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Jain |first1=Kailash Chand |title=Malwa Through The Ages |date=31 December 1972 |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass Publ. |isbn=978-81-208-0824-9 |pages=429–430 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_3O7q7cU7k0C&pg=PA429 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Rajan |first1=K. V. Soundara |title=Early Kalinga Art and Architecture |date=1984 |publisher=Sundeep |page=103 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ydojAAAAMAAJ |language=en|quote="When we have to compare a khākhärä temple of Kalinga with anything outside its borders , the most logical analogue coming to our mind will be that of Teli ka Mandir at Gwalior of the time of Pratihara Mihira Bhoja."}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Sharma |first1=Dr Shiv |title=India - A Travel Guide |date=2008 |publisher=Diamond Pocket Books (P) Ltd. |isbn=978-81-284-0067-4 |page=531 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=COHI7LlpkSAC&pg=PA531 |language=en}}</ref>
}}
During his reign, the capital was in [[Kannauj]] (present-day [[Uttar Pradesh]]), during his period Kannauj was referred as [[Panchala]].

He was a bitter enemy of the [[Arab]] invaders<ref name="RSC_207"/> who, according to an Arab chronicler, [[Sulaiman al-Tajir|Sulaiman]], maintained a large army and had a fine cavalry.<ref name="RSC_207"/>

He was succeeded by his son [[Mahendrapala I]] (c.836 - 910 CE).

== Military career ==
Mihira Bhoja first consolidated his territories by crushing the rebellious feudatories in Rajasthan, before turning his attention against the old enemies the Palas and Rastrakutas.<ref name="8129108909 p277-285">{{cite book|title=A History of Rajasthan |first1=Rima |last1=Hooja |publisher=Rupa & Company |year=2006 |location=Rajasthan |pages=277–280|isbn=8129108909}}</ref>
The [[Pala Empire|Pala]]s of [[Bengal]], ruled by King [[Devapala (Pala dynasty)|Devapala]] (c. 810–850), were reputed to have
{{Quotation|Eradicated the race of the [[Utkala Kingdom|Utkala]]s, humbled the pride of the [[Hunas]] and scattered the conceit of the [[Dravidian peoples|Dravida]]s and [[Pratihara]]s."-[[Badal]] Inscription.}}

When Mihira Bhoja started his career reverses and defeats suffered by his father Ramabhadra had considerably lowered the prestige of the Royal family. He invaded the [[Pala Empire]] of [[Bengal]], but was defeated by [[Devapala (Pala dynasty)|Devapala]]

He then launched a campaign to conquer the territories to the south of his empire and was successful, [[Malwa]], [[Deccan]] and [[Gujarat]] were conquered. In Gujarat he Stepped into a [[war of succession]] for the throne of Gujarat between [[Branches of Rashtrakuta dynasty#Rashtrakutas of Lata (Gujarat)|Dhruva II]] of the [[Branches of Rashtrakuta dynasty#Rashtrakutas of Lata (Gujarat)|Gujarat Rashtrakuta dynasty]] and his younger brother, Bhoja led a cavalry raid into Gujarat against the Dhruva while supporting his Dhruva's younger brother. Although the raid was repulsed by Dhruva II. Bhoja was able to retain dominion over parts of Gujarat and Malwa.<ref name="8129108909 p277-285"/>

The [[Gurjara-Pratihara dynasty|Pratiharas]] were defeated in large battle in [[Ujjain]] by Rastrakutas of Gujarat however, retribution followed on the part of the Pratiharas,by the end of his reign, Bhoja had successfully destroyed the Gujarat Rashtrakuta dynasty.<ref name=Sen>Sen, S.N., 2013, A Textbook of Medieval Indian History, Delhi: Primus Books, {{ISBN|9789380607344}}</ref>{{rp|20–21}}

Bhoja's feudatory, the‌ [[Sisodia|Guhilas]] chief named Harsha of [[Chaksu|Chatsu]], is described as :
{{blockquote|“defeating the northern rulers with the help of the mighty elephant force”, and “loyally presenting to Bhoja the special ‘Shrivamsha’ breed of horses, which could easily cross seas of sand."<ref name="8129108909 p277-285"/>
He gradually rebuilt the empire by conquest of territories in [[Rajputana]], [[Gujarat]] and [[Madhya Pradesh]]<ref name="RSC_207"/>}} Besides being a conqueror, Bhoja was a great diplomat.<ref name="RSC_207" />
The Kingdoms which were conquered and acknowledged his suzerainty includes Travani, Valla, Mada, Arya, Gujaratra,Lata Parvarta
and [[Chandela]]s of [[Bundelkhand]]. Bhoja's [[Daulatpura]]-[[Dausa]] Inscription(AD 843), confirms his rule in Dausa region. Another inscription states that,"Bhoja's territories extended to the east of the [[Sutlej]] river."

[[Kalhana]]'s [[Rajatarangini]] states that the territories of Bhoja extended to [[Kashmir]] in the north, and bhoja had conquered [[Punjab]] by defeating ruling ‘Thakkiyaka’ dynasty .<ref name="8129108909 p277-285"/><ref>[[Dasharatha Sharma]], Rajasthan Through the Ages "a comprehensive and authentic history of Rajasthan" Bikaner , Rajasthan State Archives 1966, pp.144-54</ref>

After Devapala's death, Bhoja defeated the [[Pala Empire|Pala]] King [[Narayanapala]] and expanded his boundaries eastward into Pala-held territories near [[Gorakhpur]].

Hudud-ul-Alam a tenth century [[Persian language|Persian]] geographic text states that most of the kings of India acknowledged the supremacy of the powerful ‘Rai of Qinnauj’, ([[kannauj]] was the capital of Imperial Pratiharas) whose mighty army had 150,000 strong cavalry and 800 war elephants.<ref name="8129108909 p277-285"/>

His son [[Mahenderpal I]] (890–910), expanded further eastwards in [[Magadha]], Bengal, and [[Assam]].{{citation needed|date=June 2014}}

==Coins of Mihira Bhoja==
[[File:Gurjara-Pratihara coinage.jpg|thumb|The ''[[Varaha|Adivaraha]]'' drammas, coinage of the Gurjar-Pratihara ruler Bhoja I who is known by the same title, 850-900 CE. Obv: Boar, incarnation of [[Vishnu]], and solar symbol. Rev: "Traces of Sasanian type". Legend: ''Srímad Ādi Varāha'' "The fortunate primaeval boar", a title also known to have been used for king Bhoja I.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Smith |first1=Vincent Arthur |last2=Edwardes |first2=S. M. (Stephen Meredyth) |title=The early history of India : from 600 B.C. to the Muhammadan conquest, including the invasion of Alexander the Great |date=1924 |publisher=Oxford : Clarendon Press |page=Plate 2 |url=https://archive.org/details/earlyhistoryofi00smit/page/76}}</ref><ref name="HPR164">{{cite book |last1=Ray |first1=Himanshu Prabha |title=Negotiating Cultural Identity: Landscapes in Early Medieval South Asian History |date=2019 |publisher=Taylor & Francis |isbn=9781000227932 |pages=164 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qkyfDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT162 |language=en}}</ref>]]

Mihira Bhoja's epithet was ''[[Varaha|Srimad-Adivaraha]]'' (the fortunate primeval boar incarnation of [[Vishnu]]) and therefore there is a broad agreement amongst the scholars on the attribution of ''adivaraha dramma'' billon coins to him. These coins have a depiction of ''Adivaraha'' on the obverse.<ref>{{harvnb|Deyell|1999|pp=28–29}}</ref> On the obverse along with the God Adivaraha, in his right there is a solar wheel with spokes and in the left are other emblems such as mace, lotus flower and conch-shell. Under the feet of the God is probably a two-headed serpent.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|last=Puri|first=Baij Nath|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=szkhAAAAMAAJ|title=The History of the Gurjara-Pratihāras|publisher=Munshiram Manoharlal Publishers|year=1986|location=New Delhi|pages=229–231|language=en}}</ref>

According to [[Alexander Cunningham]] these types of coins are only found in silver and copper. It is suggested that Copper coins were originally coated with silver to circulate as silver coins.<ref name=":0" />

Adivarah coins were noted by Thakkar pheru in 13th century text Dravya-Pariksha who was mint master under [[Alauddin Khalji|Alauddin khilji]].<ref name="8129108909 p277-285" />

==Notes==
{{reflist}}

==References==
*{{Citation
| surname1 = Deyell
| given1 = John S.
| year = 1999
| title = Living without Silver
| publisher = Oxford University Press, New Delhi
| isbn = 0-19-564983-4
}}

{{s-start}}
{{succession box
| title = [[Gurjara-Pratihara|Gurjara-Pratihara Emperor]]
| years = 836–885 CE
| before =[[Ramabhadra]] (833–836)
| after = [[Mahenderpal I|Mahendrapala I]]
}}
{{s-end}}
{{Gurjara-Pratihara kings}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bhoja, Mihira, I}}
[[Category:885 deaths]]
[[Category:9th-century Indian monarchs]]
[[Category:People from Kannauj]]
[[Category:Pratihara empire]]
[[Category:830s births]]
[[Category:Hindu monarchs]]
[[Category:Indian military leaders]]

Mihira Bhoja - Revision history

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