Middle Malayalam - Revision history

2001:4490:4E59:F118:8D9A:F0A8:2B8A:5049: minor changes

2025-07-23T13:05:12Z

minor changes

← Older revision		Revision as of 18:35, 23 July 2025
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			{{Short description\|Period of the Malayalam language}}
	{{Infobox language		{{Infobox language
	\|name= Middle Malayalam		\|name= Middle Malayalam
	\|nativename= മധ്യകാലമലയാളം		\|nativename= മധ്യകാലമലയാളം
	\|pronunciation= Madhyakālamalayāḷam		\|pronunciation= Madhyakālamalayāḷam
	\|region= [[Kerala]]		\|region= [[Kerala]]
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	\|fam4 = [[Tamil–Kodagu languages\|Tamil–Kodagu]]		\|fam4 = [[Tamil–Kodagu languages\|Tamil–Kodagu]]
	\|fam5 = [[Tamil-Malayalam]]		\|fam5 = [[Tamil-Malayalam]]
	~~\|fam6 = [[Karintamil]]~~
	\|ancestor = [[Old Malayalam]]		\|ancestor = [[Old Malayalam]]
	\|script = [[Vatteluttu]], then [[Kolezhuthu]], [[Malayanma]], [[Grantha script\|Grantha]]		\|script = [[Vatteluttu]], then [[Kolezhuthu]], [[Malayanma]], [[Grantha script\|Grantha]]
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	'''Middle Malayalam''' is the period of the [[Malayalam language]] spanning from 13th century to 15th century AD.<ref>{{Cite book\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=R9GbBVfrm4gC&q=%22middle+malayalam%22&pg=PA14\|title=A Primer of Malayalam Literature\|first=T. K. Krishna\|last=Menon\|date=1939\|publisher=Asian Educational Services\|isbn=9788120606036\|via=Google Books}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KnPoYxrRfc0C\|title=Encyclopaedia of Indian Literature: Sasay to Zorgot\|first=Mohan\|last=Lal\|date=June 6, 1992\|publisher=Sahitya Akademi\|isbn=9788126012213\|via=Google Books}}</ref>		'''Middle Malayalam''' is the period of the [[Malayalam language]] spanning from 13th century to 15th century AD.<ref>{{Cite book\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=R9GbBVfrm4gC&q=%22middle+malayalam%22&pg=PA14\|title=A Primer of Malayalam Literature\|first=T. K. Krishna\|last=Menon\|date=1939\|publisher=Asian Educational Services\|isbn=9788120606036\|via=Google Books}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KnPoYxrRfc0C\|title=Encyclopaedia of Indian Literature: Sasay to Zorgot\|first=Mohan\|last=Lal\|date=June 6, 1992\|publisher=Sahitya Akademi\|isbn=9788126012213\|via=Google Books}}</ref>

	The works including ''Unniyachi Charitham'', ''Unnichiruthevi Charitham'', and ''Unniyadi Charitham'', are written in Middle Malayalam, those date back to 13th and 14th centuries of [[Common Era]].<ref name="mlm">{{cite book \|title=A Short History of Malayalam Literature \|author=Dr. K. Ayyappa Panicker \|url=https://archive.org/details/ASHORTHISTORYOFMALAYALAMLITERATURE \|year=2006 \|location=Thiruvananthapuram \|publisher=Department of Information and Public Relations, Kerala}}</ref><ref name="Malabar">{{cite book \|last1=Sreedhara Menon \|first1=A. \|title=''Kerala Charitram'' \|year=2007 \|publisher=DC Books \|location=Kottayam \|isbn=978-8126415885 \|edition=2007 \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FAlXPgAACAAJ&q=%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%87%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%B3+%E0%B4%9A%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%82}}</ref> The ''Sandesha Kavya''s of 14th century CE written in [[Manipravalam]] language include ''[[Unnuneeli Sandesam]]''.<ref name="mlm"/><ref name="Malabar"/> The word ''Manipravalam'' literally means ''Diamond-Coral'' or ''Ruby-Coral''. The 14th-century ''[[Lilatilakam]]'' text states Manipravalam to be a ''Bhashya'' (language) where "Malayalam and Sanskrit should combine together like ruby and coral, without the least trace of any discord".<ref name="PollockPollock2003">{{cite book\|author1=Sheldon Pollock\|author2=Arvind Raghunathan\|title=Literary Cultures in History: Reconstructions from South Asia\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ak9csfpY2WoC \|date=19 May 2003\|publisher=University of California Press\|isbn=978-0-520-22821-4\|pages=449, 455–472}}</ref><ref>Ke Rāmacandr̲an Nāyar (1971). ''Early Manipravalam: a study.'' Anjali. Foreign Language Study. pp. 78</ref> ''Kannassa Ramayanam'' and ''Kannassa Bharatam'' by '''Rama Panikkar''' of the [[Niranam poets]] who lived between 1350 and 1450 are representative of this language.<ref name="ptn">{{Citation\|last=Kerala (India)\|first=Dept. of Public Relations\|title=District Handbooks of Kerala: Pathanamthitta (Volume 7 of District Handbooks of Kerala, Kerala (India). Dept. of Public Relations\|year=2003}}</ref> The ''[[Champu]] Kavyas'' written by Punam Nambudiri, one among the ''Pathinettara Kavikal'' (Eighteen and a half poets) in the court of the [[Zamorin of Calicut]], also belong to Middle Malayalam.<ref name="Malabar"/><ref name="mlm"/>		The works including ''[[Unniyachi Charitham]]'', ''[[Unnichiruthevi Charitham]]'', and ''Unniyadi Charitham'', are written in Middle Malayalam, those date back to 13th and 14th centuries of [[Common Era]].<ref name="mlm">{{cite book \|title=A Short History of Malayalam Literature \|author=Dr. K. Ayyappa Panicker \|url=https://archive.org/details/ASHORTHISTORYOFMALAYALAMLITERATURE \|year=2006 \|location=Thiruvananthapuram \|publisher=Department of Information and Public Relations, Kerala}}</ref><ref name="Malabar">{{cite book \|last1=Sreedhara Menon \|first1=A. \|title=''Kerala Charitram'' \|year=2007 \|publisher=DC Books \|location=Kottayam \|isbn=978-8126415885 \|edition=2007 \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FAlXPgAACAAJ&q=%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%87%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%B3+%E0%B4%9A%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%82}}</ref> The ''Sandesha Kavya''s of 14th century CE written in [[Manipravalam]] language include ''[[Unnuneeli Sandesam]]''.<ref name="mlm"/><ref name="Malabar"/> The word ''Manipravalam'' literally means ''Diamond-Coral'' or ''Ruby-Coral''. The 14th-century ''[[Lilatilakam]]'' text states Manipravalam to be a ''Bhashya'' (language) where "Malayalam and Sanskrit should combine together like ruby and coral, without the least trace of any discord".<ref name="PollockPollock2003">{{cite book\|author1=Sheldon Pollock\|author2=Arvind Raghunathan\|title=Literary Cultures in History: Reconstructions from South Asia\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ak9csfpY2WoC \|date=19 May 2003\|publisher=University of California Press\|isbn=978-0-520-22821-4\|pages=449, 455–472}}</ref><ref>Ke Rāmacandr̲an Nāyar (1971). ''Early Manipravalam: a study.'' Anjali. Foreign Language Study. pp. 78</ref> ''Kannassa Ramayanam'' and ''Kannassa Bharatam'' by '''Rama Panikkar''' of the [[Niranam poets]] who lived between 1350 and 1450 are representative of this language.<ref name="ptn">{{Citation\|last=Kerala (India)\|first=Dept. of Public Relations\|title=District Handbooks of Kerala: Pathanamthitta (Volume 7 of District Handbooks of Kerala, Kerala (India). Dept. of Public Relations\|year=2003}}</ref> The ''[[Champu]] Kavyas'' written by Punam Nambudiri, one among the ''Pathinettara Kavikal'' (Eighteen and a half poets) in the court of the [[Zamorin of Calicut]], also belong to Middle Malayalam.<ref name="Malabar"/><ref name="mlm"/>

	The [[Old Malayalam]] language (~~9th century CE~~ – 13th century CE) was employed in several official records and transactions (at the level of the [[Chera/Perumals of Makotai\|Chera Perumal]] kings as well as the [[Caste\|upper-caste]] ([[Nambudiri]]) villages).<ref name=":830">{{Cite book\|last=Narayanan\|first=M. G. S.\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0YDCngEACAAJ&q=Perumals+of+Kerala\|title=Perumals of Kerala\|publisher=CosmoBooks\|year=2013\|isbn=9788188765072\|location=Thrissur\|pages=380–82}}</ref> It was an inscriptional language and there was not any literary work of its own, with possible exceptions of ''[[Ramacharitam]]'' and ''[[Thirunizhalmala]]''.<ref>{{cite book\|last=Ayyar\|first=L. V. Ramaswami\|url=https://archive.org/stream/TheEvolutionOfMalayalamMorphology/The-Evolution-of-Malayalam-Morphology\|title=The Evolution of Malayalam Morphology\|publisher=Rama Varma Research Institute\|year=1936\|isbn=\|edition=1st\|location=Trichur\|pages=3}}</ref> However the [[Malayalam literature]] completely ~~got~~ diverged from the contemporary [[Tamil literature]] by the period of Middle Malayalam.<ref name="ptn"/> The Middle Malayalam period marked the commencement of the unique traits of [[Malayalam literature]].<ref name="mlm"/><ref name="Malabar"/> The literary works written in Middle Malayalam were heavily influenced by [[Sanskrit]] and [[Prakrit]], while comparing them with the modern [[Malayalam literature]].<ref name="mlm"/><ref name="Malabar"/>		The [[Old Malayalam]] language ( 1stcentury BCE – 13th century CE) was employed in several official records and transactions (at the level of the [[Chera Perumals of Makotai\|Chera Perumal]] kings as well as the [[Caste\|upper-caste]] ([[Nambudiri]]) villages).<ref name=":830">{{Cite book\|last=Narayanan\|first=M. G. S.\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0YDCngEACAAJ&q=Perumals+of+Kerala\|title=Perumals of Kerala\|publisher=CosmoBooks\|year=2013\|isbn=9788188765072\|location=Thrissur\|pages=380–82}}</ref> It was an inscriptional language and there was not any literary work of its own, with possible exceptions of ''[[Ramacharitam]]'' and ''[[Thirunizhalmala]]''.<ref>{{cite book\|last=Ayyar\|first=L. V. Ramaswami\|url=https://archive.org/stream/TheEvolutionOfMalayalamMorphology/The-Evolution-of-Malayalam-Morphology\|title=The Evolution of Malayalam Morphology\|publisher=Rama Varma Research Institute\|year=1936\|isbn=\|edition=1st\|location=Trichur\|pages=3}}</ref> However the [[Malayalam literature]] completely diverged from the contemporary [[Tamil literature]] by the period of Middle Malayalam.<ref name="ptn"/> The Middle Malayalam period marked the commencement of the unique traits of [[Malayalam literature]].<ref name="mlm"/><ref name="Malabar"/> The literary works written in Middle Malayalam were heavily influenced by [[Sanskrit]] and [[Prakrit]], while comparing them with the modern [[Malayalam literature]].<ref name="mlm"/><ref name="Malabar"/>

	==Notes==		==Notes==
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	* {{cite book \|title=A Short History of Malayalam Literature \|author=Dr. K. Ayyappa Panicker \|url=https://archive.org/details/ASHORTHISTORYOFMALAYALAMLITERATURE \|year=2006 \|location=Thiruvananthapuram \|publisher=Department of Information and Public Relations, Kerala}}		* {{cite book \|title=A Short History of Malayalam Literature \|author=Dr. K. Ayyappa Panicker \|url=https://archive.org/details/ASHORTHISTORYOFMALAYALAMLITERATURE \|year=2006 \|location=Thiruvananthapuram \|publisher=Department of Information and Public Relations, Kerala}}
	* {{cite book\|author=Menon, A. Sreedhara \|title=A Survey of Kerala History\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FVsw35oEBv4C\|year=2007\|publisher=DC Books\|isbn=9788126415786}}		* {{cite book\|author=Menon, A. Sreedhara \|title=A Survey of Kerala History\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FVsw35oEBv4C\|year=2007\|publisher=DC Books\|isbn=9788126415786}}
	* {{Cite book\|title=Mathrubhumi Yearbook Plus - 2019 ~~(Malayalam Edition)~~\|publisher=P. V. Chandran, Managing Editor, Mathrubhumi Printing & Publishing Company Limited, Kozhikode\|year=2018\|location=Kozhikode}}		* {{Cite book\|title=Mathrubhumi Yearbook Plus - 2019\|publisher=P. V. Chandran, Managing Editor, Mathrubhumi Printing & Publishing Company Limited, Kozhikode\|year=2018\|location=Kozhikode \|edition=Malayalam }}
	{{Malayalam Literature\|state=collapsed}}		{{Malayalam Literature\|state=collapsed}}
	{{Languages of India}}		{{Languages of India}}

->DanCherek: remove text copied from https://books.google.com/books?id=R9GbBVfrm4gC

2021-08-27T05:22:20Z

remove text copied from https://books.google.com/books?id=R9GbBVfrm4gC

New page

{{Infobox language
|name= Middle Malayalam
|nativename= മധ്യകാലമലയാളം
|pronunciation= Madhyakālamalayāḷam
|region= [[Kerala]]
|era=Developed into [[Malayalam|Modern Malayalam]] by the 15th century
|familycolor=Dravidian
|fam2 = [[Southern Dravidian languages|Southern]]
|fam3 = [[Tamil–Kannada languages|Tamil–Kannada]]
|fam4 = [[Tamil–Kodagu languages|Tamil–Kodagu]]
|fam5 = [[Tamil-Malayalam]]
|fam6 = [[Karintamil]]
|ancestor = [[Old Malayalam]]
|script = [[Vatteluttu]], then [[Kolezhuthu]], [[Malayanma]], [[Grantha script|Grantha]]
|isoexception=historical
|glotto=none
}}

'''Middle Malayalam''' is the period of the [[Malayalam language]] spanning from 13th century to 15th century AD.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=R9GbBVfrm4gC&q=%22middle+malayalam%22&pg=PA14|title=A Primer of Malayalam Literature|first=T. K. Krishna|last=Menon|date=1939|publisher=Asian Educational Services|isbn=9788120606036|via=Google Books}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KnPoYxrRfc0C|title=Encyclopaedia of Indian Literature: Sasay to Zorgot|first=Mohan|last=Lal|date=June 6, 1992|publisher=Sahitya Akademi|isbn=9788126012213|via=Google Books}}</ref>

The works including ''Unniyachi Charitham'', ''Unnichiruthevi Charitham'', and ''Unniyadi Charitham'', are written in Middle Malayalam, those date back to 13th and 14th centuries of [[Common Era]].<ref name="mlm">{{cite book |title=A Short History of Malayalam Literature |author=Dr. K. Ayyappa Panicker |url=https://archive.org/details/ASHORTHISTORYOFMALAYALAMLITERATURE |year=2006 |location=Thiruvananthapuram |publisher=Department of Information and Public Relations, Kerala}}</ref><ref name="Malabar">{{cite book |last1=Sreedhara Menon |first1=A. |title=''Kerala Charitram'' |year=2007 |publisher=DC Books |location=Kottayam |isbn=978-8126415885 |edition=2007 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FAlXPgAACAAJ&q=%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%87%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%B3+%E0%B4%9A%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%82}}</ref> The ''Sandesha Kavya''s of 14th century CE written in [[Manipravalam]] language include ''[[Unnuneeli Sandesam]]''.<ref name="mlm"/><ref name="Malabar"/> The word ''Manipravalam'' literally means ''Diamond-Coral'' or ''Ruby-Coral''. The 14th-century ''[[Lilatilakam]]'' text states Manipravalam to be a ''Bhashya'' (language) where "Malayalam and Sanskrit should combine together like ruby and coral, without the least trace of any discord".<ref name="PollockPollock2003">{{cite book|author1=Sheldon Pollock|author2=Arvind Raghunathan|title=Literary Cultures in History: Reconstructions from South Asia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ak9csfpY2WoC |date=19 May 2003|publisher=University of California Press|isbn=978-0-520-22821-4|pages=449, 455–472}}</ref><ref>Ke Rāmacandr̲an Nāyar (1971). ''Early Manipravalam: a study.'' Anjali. Foreign Language Study. pp. 78</ref> ''Kannassa Ramayanam'' and ''Kannassa Bharatam'' by '''Rama Panikkar''' of the [[Niranam poets]] who lived between 1350 and 1450 are representative of this language.<ref name="ptn">{{Citation|last=Kerala (India)|first=Dept. of Public Relations|title=District Handbooks of Kerala: Pathanamthitta (Volume 7 of District Handbooks of Kerala, Kerala (India). Dept. of Public Relations|year=2003}}</ref> The ''[[Champu]] Kavyas'' written by Punam Nambudiri, one among the ''Pathinettara Kavikal'' (Eighteen and a half poets) in the court of the [[Zamorin of Calicut]], also belong to Middle Malayalam.<ref name="Malabar"/><ref name="mlm"/>

The [[Old Malayalam]] language (9th century CE – 13th century CE) was employed in several official records and transactions (at the level of the [[Chera/Perumals of Makotai|Chera Perumal]] kings as well as the [[Caste|upper-caste]] ([[Nambudiri]]) villages).<ref name=":830">{{Cite book|last=Narayanan|first=M. G. S.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0YDCngEACAAJ&q=Perumals+of+Kerala|title=Perumals of Kerala|publisher=CosmoBooks|year=2013|isbn=9788188765072|location=Thrissur|pages=380–82}}</ref> It was an inscriptional language and there was not any literary work of its own, with possible exceptions of ''[[Ramacharitam]]'' and ''[[Thirunizhalmala]]''.<ref>{{cite book|last=Ayyar|first=L. V. Ramaswami|url=https://archive.org/stream/TheEvolutionOfMalayalamMorphology/The-Evolution-of-Malayalam-Morphology|title=The Evolution of Malayalam Morphology|publisher=Rama Varma Research Institute|year=1936|isbn=|edition=1st|location=Trichur|pages=3}}</ref> However the [[Malayalam literature]] completely got diverged from the contemporary [[Tamil literature]] by the period of Middle Malayalam.<ref name="ptn"/> The Middle Malayalam period marked the commencement of the unique traits of [[Malayalam literature]].<ref name="mlm"/><ref name="Malabar"/> The literary works written in Middle Malayalam were heavily influenced by [[Sanskrit]] and [[Prakrit]], while comparing them with the modern [[Malayalam literature]].<ref name="mlm"/><ref name="Malabar"/>

==Notes==
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
* {{cite book |title=A Short History of Malayalam Literature |author=Dr. K. Ayyappa Panicker |url=https://archive.org/details/ASHORTHISTORYOFMALAYALAMLITERATURE |year=2006 |location=Thiruvananthapuram |publisher=Department of Information and Public Relations, Kerala}}
* {{cite book|author=Menon, A. Sreedhara |title=A Survey of Kerala History|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FVsw35oEBv4C|year=2007|publisher=DC Books|isbn=9788126415786}}
* {{Cite book|title=Mathrubhumi Yearbook Plus - 2019 (Malayalam Edition)|publisher=P. V. Chandran, Managing Editor, Mathrubhumi Printing & Publishing Company Limited, Kozhikode|year=2018|location=Kozhikode}}
{{Malayalam Literature|state=collapsed}}
{{Languages of India}}
{{Languages of South Asia}}
{{Dravidian languages}}
{{Languages spoken in Kerala}}
{{Kerala topics}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Medieval languages]]
[[Category:Malayalam language]]
[[Category:Dravidian languages]]