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Alter: template type, journal. Add: journal, pmid, doi, pages, authors 1-1. Removed parameters. Some additions/deletions were parameter name changes. | Use this bot. Report bugs. | Suggested by Abductive | Category:Use Indian English from January 2020 | via #UCB_Category 1355/1871

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{{Short description|Species of amphibian}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2020}}
{{Speciesbox
| image = Microhyla sholigari DSC 1454 copy Seshadri K S.jpg
| status = EN
| status_system = IUCN3.1
| status_ref = <ref name=IUCN>{{cite iucn | first1 = S.D. | last1 = Biju | author2 = Sushil Dutta | author3 = Gajanan Dasaramji Bhuddhe | author4 = Karthikeyan Vasudevan | author5 = Chelmala Srinivasulu |name-list-style=amp | title = ''Microhyla sholigari'' | page = e.T57893A11688938 | year = 2004 | access-date = 4 June 2020}}</ref>
| taxon = Microhyla sholigari
| authority = Dutta and Ray, 2000<ref name="Dutta and Ray 2000"/>
}}

'''''Microhyla sholigari''''' is a species of [[Microhyla|microhylid]] frog endemic to [[South India|southern India]].<ref name=Frost/> It was [[species description|described]] from the [[Biligirirangan Hills]] in [[Chamarajanagar district]], [[Karnataka]] and is named after the [[Soliga tribe|Soliga]] tribal people living in the forests in and around these hills.<ref name="Dutta and Ray 2000"/> The frog was thought to be endemic to the [[Western Ghats]] and known only from the type locality and another location in Kerala and was listed as an [[Endangered species]].<ref name=IUCN/> A recent study reported the species from 15 localities in the central [[Western Ghats]] with individuals sighted near the [[Bannerghatta National Park]], [[Bangalore]], [[Karnataka]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|last1=Seshadri|first1=Kadaba Shamanna|last2=Priti|first2=H.|last3=Ravikanth|first3=G.|last4=Vidisha|first4=M. K.|last5=Vineeth|first5=K. K.|last6=Singal|first6=Ramit|last7=Sarma|first7=R. R.|last8=Aravind|first8=N. A.|last9=Gururaja|first9=Kotambylu Vasudeva |name-list-style=amp |date=2016-12-21 |title=Redescription and range extension of ''Microhyla sholigari'' Dutta & Ray (Amphibia: Anura: Microhylidae) from South West India |url=https://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.4208.6.3|journal=Zootaxa|language=en|volume=4208|issue=6|pages=zootaxa.4208.6.3|doi=10.11646/zootaxa.4208.6.3|pmid=28006797|issn=1175-5334}}</ref> The study supplemented the original species description with color photographs, call recordings and provided a re-assessment of the threat status as per the [[IUCN Red List]] and suggest the status as [[Least-concern species]] because the criteria for classifying it as an endangered species are no longer fulfilled.<ref name=":1" />

==Description==
''Microhyla sholigari'' is a small sized frog with adult males measuring 15.9–16.2 mm (N = 3) and females measuring 16.5–19.2 mm (N = 4). Individuals of this species have a pointed snout in dorsal and ventral views. The snout protrudes beyond the lower jaw in ventral view. The [[Tympanum (anatomy)|tympanum]] is indistinct. The head is wider than long and the throat is buff colored with brown pigmentation. Finger and toe tips are dilated with reduced webbing between toes. The dorsal skin is smooth with small tubercles increasing in density towards the vent. Dorsally, the skin coloration is brown with pale red tubercles. Forelimbs are reddish brown in color with black cross bands. The lateral aspect of the body is greyish black with the color fading towards the groin. Anterior portion of the thigh has a black band terminating just short of the groin. In life, the frog is primarily brown in color with contrasting black markings on dorsum, hands, feet and flanks. A dark trifoliar pattern on dorsum is present from the region between the eyes and up to the vent. This pattern appears like a [[sword]] with a [[hilt]]-guard.
[[File:Microhyla sholigari top view.jpg|thumb|''Microhyla sholigari'' in dorsal view|alt=|right]]
The iris is golden yellow with brown mottling and a black pupil. The advertisement calls of ''M. sholigari'' sound like a sharp ‘Zeeeeee…..Zeeeee…..Zeeeee…’ and are heard as a chorus with each call being 0.76 ± 0.04 s (range: 0.65–0.81 s) long in duration. The calls have 52–67 pulses (mean ± SE: 63 ± 4, N = 13) with a mean dominant frequency of 3596 ± 98 Hz (range: 3375–3704).<ref name="Dutta and Ray 2000"/><ref name=":1" /> Genetically, the species is closely related to ''M. laterite''.<ref name="Seshadri et al. 2016"/>
[[File:Microhyla sholigari Front profile.jpg|thumb|Anterior view of ''M. sholigari''|alt=|right]]

== Ecology and natural history ==
''Microhyla sholigari'' is a terrestrial species and common in and around human settlements, open areas in forests, and around ponds. They typically inhabit areas with dense grass clumps and vocalize between 18:00 h to about 23:00 h during the months of June to October. They breed in shallow water bodies and possibly in slow flowing streams in forested areas. They have overlapping calls with other ''M. sholigari'' individuals and with ground crickets.<ref name=":1" /> It is threatened by [[habitat loss]], at present mostly driven by urbanization but in the past by agricultural expansion and wood extraction.<ref name=IUCN/>

==Distribution==
''Microhyla sholigari'' is known to occur in a widespread area of [[south India]]. The [[Occupancy–abundance relationship|extent of occurrence]] is about 28,304.6 km<sup>2</sup>. The frogs are locally abundant with over 50 calling male individuals/100 sq. m in locations such as [[Bisle]], Biligiri Rangaswamy Hills [[Project Tiger|Tiger Reserve]] and near Shivanalli, [[Bangalore]], [[Karnataka]].

==References==
{{Reflist|30em|refs=
<ref name="Dutta and Ray 2000">{{cite journal |last1=Dutta |first1=S. K. |last2=Ray |first2=P. |name-list-style=amp |year=2000 |title=''Microhyla sholigari'', a new species of microhylid frog (Anura: Microhylidae) from Karnataka, India |journal=Hamadryad |volume=25 |pages=38–44 }}</ref>

<ref name=Frost>{{cite journal |url=https://amphibiansoftheworld.amnh.org/Amphibia/Anura/Microhylidae/Microhylinae/Microhyla/Microhyla-sholigari |title=''Microhyla sholigari'' Dutta and Ray, 2000 |author=Frost, Darrel R. |year=2020 |journal=Amphibian Species of the World: An Online Reference. Version 6.1 |publisher=American Museum of Natural History |doi=10.5531/db.vz.0001 |access-date=4 June 2020}}</ref>

<ref name="Seshadri et al. 2016">{{cite journal |last1=Seshadri|first1=K. S. |last2=Singal|first2=Ramit |last3=Priti|first3=H. |last4=Ravikanth|first4=G. |last5=Vidisha|first5=M. K. |last6=Saurabh|first6=S. |last7=Pratik|first7=M. |last8=Gururaja|first8=Kotambylu Vasudeva |name-list-style=amp |year=2016 |title=''Microhyla laterite'' sp. nov., a new species of ''Microhyla'' Tschudi, 1838 (Amphibia: Anura: Microhylidae) from a laterite rock formation in south west India |journal=PLOS ONE |volume=11|issue=3 |pages=e0149727 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0149727 |pmc=4784882 |pmid=26960208}}</ref>
}}

{{Commons category|Microhyla sholigari}}

{{Taxonbar|from=Q2710092}}

[[Category:Microhyla|sholigari]]
[[Category:Frogs of India]]
[[Category:Endemic fauna of the Western Ghats]]
[[Category:Amphibians described in 2000]]

Microhyla sholigari - Revision history