Meshuchrarim - Revision history

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2023-07-23T15:00:40Z

Included a reliable source for verification.

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	'''Meshuchrarim''' are a [[Jew]]ish community of freed [[slave]]s, often of [[mixed-race]] [[African-European]] descent, who accompanied [[Sephardic Jews]] in their immigration to India following the 16th-century expulsion from Spain. The Sephardic Jews became known as the [[Paradesi Jews]] (as "foreigners" to India.{{~~citation needed~~\|date=~~December 2015~~}} They were also sometimes called the White Jews, for their European ancestry).{{~~citation needed~~\|date=~~October 2020~~}}		'''Meshuchrarim''' are a [[Jew]]ish community of freed [[slave]]s, often of [[mixed-race]] [[African-European]] descent, who accompanied [[Sephardic Jews]] in their immigration to India following the 16th-century expulsion from Spain. The Sephardic Jews became known as the [[Paradesi Jews]] (as "foreigners" to India.<ref>{{Cite web \|title=Jew Town and Synagogue {{!}} Times of India Travel \|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/travel/things-to-do/jew-town-and-synagogue/amp_articleshow/46997176.cms \|access-date=2022-05-22 \|website=timesofindia.indiatimes.com}}</ref> They were also sometimes called the White Jews, for their European ancestry).<ref>{{Citation \|last=Parfitt \|first=Tudor \|title=The Jews of Africa and Asia (1500–1815) \|date=2017 \|url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/cambridge-history-of-judaism/jews-of-africa-and-asia-15001815/78F47B909D37C7038F972F1BD05A710F \|work=The Cambridge History of Judaism: Volume 7: The Early Modern World, 1500–1815 \|volume=7 \|pages=1022–1045 \|editor-last=Sutcliffe \|editor-first=Adam \|series=The Cambridge History of Judaism \|place=Cambridge \|publisher=Cambridge University Press \|isbn=978-0-521-88904-9 \|access-date=2022-05-24 \|editor2-last=Karp \|editor2-first=Jonathan}}</ref>

	The descendants of the ''meshuchrarim'' were historically discriminated against in India by other "White Jews." They were at the lowest of the [[Cochin Jews\|Cochin Jewish informal caste ladder]]. The Paradesi came to use the [[Paradesi Synagogue]]; while they allowed the ''meshuchrarim'' as Jews to worship there, they had to sit in the back, could not become full members, and were excluded from the community's [[endogamous]] marriage circle.{{~~citation needed~~\|date=~~October 2020~~}} At the same time, they were excluded by the [[Malabar Jews]], the much larger community of Jews who had lived in Cochin for perhaps 1,000 years.		The descendants of the ''meshuchrarim'' were historically discriminated against in India by other "White Jews." They were at the lowest of the [[Cochin Jews\|Cochin Jewish informal caste ladder]]. The Paradesi came to use the [[Paradesi Synagogue]]; while they allowed the ''meshuchrarim'' as Jews to worship there, they had to sit in the back, could not become full members, and were excluded from the community's [[endogamous]] marriage circle.<ref>{{Cite journal \|last1=Katz \|first1=Nathan \|last2=Goldberg \|first2=Ellen S. \|title=The Sephardi Diaspora in Cochin, India \|date=1993 \|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/25834277 \|journal=Jewish Political Studies Review \|volume=5 \|issue=3/4 \|pages=97–140 \|jstor=25834277 \|issn=0792-335X}}</ref> At the same time, they were excluded by the [[Malabar Jews]], the much larger community of Jews who had lived in Cochin for perhaps 1,000 years.

	In the early 20th century, [[Abraham Barak Salem]] became one of the most prominent Cochin Jews.<ref>[http://www.easas.org/?q=panel39 PANEL 39: Nationalisms and their Impact in South Asia]{{dead link\|date=June 2017 \|bot=InternetArchiveBot \|fix-attempted=yes }} - European Association of South Asian Studies</ref> A descendant of ''meshuchrarim,'' he was the first to earn a college degree and the first Cochin Jew of any sort to become a lawyer.{{~~citation needed~~\|date=~~October 2020~~}} He fought against the discrimination against his people. By the 1930s, social discrimination against the ''meshuchrarim'' began to diminish. Most Cochin Jews, including the ''meshuchrarim,'' emigrated to [[Israel]] by the mid-1950s.		In the early 20th century, [[Abraham Barak Salem]] became one of the most prominent Cochin Jews.<ref>[http://www.easas.org/?q=panel39 PANEL 39: Nationalisms and their Impact in South Asia]{{dead link\|date=June 2017 \|bot=InternetArchiveBot \|fix-attempted=yes }} - European Association of South Asian Studies</ref> A descendant of ''meshuchrarim,'' he was the first to earn a college degree and the first Cochin Jew of any sort to become a lawyer.<ref>{{Cite journal \|last=Chiriyankandath \|first=James \|date=2008 \|title=Nationalism, religion and community: A. B. Salem, the politics of identity and the disappearance of Cochin Jewry \|url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/journal-of-global-history/article/abs/nationalism-religion-and-community-a-b-salem-the-politics-of-identity-and-the-disappearance-of-cochin-jewry/8238DDCBA088A12FFBFE2C2F71D1F531# \|journal=Journal of Global History \|language=en \|volume=3 \|issue=1 \|pages=21–42 \|doi=10.1017/S1740022808002428 \|issn=1740-0236}}</ref> He fought against the discrimination against his people. By the 1930s, social discrimination against the ''meshuchrarim'' began to diminish. Most Cochin Jews, including the ''meshuchrarim,'' emigrated to [[Israel]] by the mid-1950s.

	==See also==		==See also==

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← Older revision		Revision as of 03:08, 1 June 2021
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	{{Use dmy dates\|date=July 2019}}		{{Use dmy dates\|date=July 2019}}
	'''Meshuchrarim''' are a [[Jew]]ish community of freed [[slave]]s, often of [[mixed-race]] [[African-European]] descent, who accompanied [[Sephardic Jews]] in their immigration to India following the 16th-century expulsion from Spain. The Sephardic Jews became known as the [[Paradesi Jews]] (as "foreigners" to India.{{cn\|date=December 2015}} They were also sometimes called the White Jews, for their European ancestry).{{citation needed\|date=October 2020}}		'''Meshuchrarim''' are a [[Jew]]ish community of freed [[slave]]s, often of [[mixed-race]] [[African-European]] descent, who accompanied [[Sephardic Jews]] in their immigration to India following the 16th-century expulsion from Spain. The Sephardic Jews became known as the [[Paradesi Jews]] (as "foreigners" to India.{{citation needed\|date=December 2015}} They were also sometimes called the White Jews, for their European ancestry).{{citation needed\|date=October 2020}}

	The descendants of the ''meshuchrarim'' were historically discriminated against in India by other "White Jews." They were at the lowest of the [[Cochin Jews\|Cochin Jewish informal caste ladder]]. The Paradesi came to use the [[Paradesi Synagogue]]; while they allowed the ''meshuchrarim'' as Jews to worship there, they had to sit in the back, could not become full members, and were excluded from the community's [[endogamous]] marriage circle.{{citation needed\|date=October 2020}} At the same time, they were excluded by the [[Malabar Jews]], the much larger community of Jews who had lived in Cochin for perhaps 1,000 years.		The descendants of the ''meshuchrarim'' were historically discriminated against in India by other "White Jews." They were at the lowest of the [[Cochin Jews\|Cochin Jewish informal caste ladder]]. The Paradesi came to use the [[Paradesi Synagogue]]; while they allowed the ''meshuchrarim'' as Jews to worship there, they had to sit in the back, could not become full members, and were excluded from the community's [[endogamous]] marriage circle.{{citation needed\|date=October 2020}} At the same time, they were excluded by the [[Malabar Jews]], the much larger community of Jews who had lived in Cochin for perhaps 1,000 years.

	In the early 20th century, [[Abraham Barak Salem]] became one of the most prominent Cochin Jews.<ref>[http://www.easas.org/?q=panel39 PANEL 39: Nationalisms and their Impact in South Asia]{{dead link\|date=June 2017 \|bot=InternetArchiveBot \|fix-attempted=yes }} - European Association of South Asian Studies</ref> A descendant of ''meshuchrarim,'' he was the first to earn a college degree and the first Cochin Jew of any sort to become a lawyer.{{citation needed\|date=October 2020}} He fought against the discrimination against his people. By the 1930s, social discrimination against the ''meshuchrarim'' began to diminish. Most Cochin Jews, including the ''meshuchrarim,'' emigrated to [[Israel]] by the mid-1950s.		In the early 20th century, [[Abraham Barak Salem]] became one of the most prominent Cochin Jews.<ref>[http://www.easas.org/?q=panel39 PANEL 39: Nationalisms and their Impact in South Asia]{{dead link\|date=June 2017 \|bot=InternetArchiveBot \|fix-attempted=yes }} - European Association of South Asian Studies</ref> A descendant of ''meshuchrarim,'' he was the first to earn a college degree and the first Cochin Jew of any sort to become a lawyer.{{citation needed\|date=October 2020}} He fought against the discrimination against his people. By the 1930s, social discrimination against the ''meshuchrarim'' began to diminish. Most Cochin Jews, including the ''meshuchrarim,'' emigrated to [[Israel]] by the mid-1950s.

	~~==References==~~
	~~<references/>~~

	==See also==		==See also==
	* [[Paradesi Jews]]		* [[Paradesi Jews]]
	* [[Cochin Jews]]		* [[Cochin Jews]]

			==References==
			<references/>

	==Further reading==		==Further reading==
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	[[Category:Indian Jews\| ]]		[[Category:Indian Jews\| ]]
	[[Category:Jewish ethnic groups]]		[[Category:Jewish ethnic groups]]
			[[Category:Paradesi Jews]]
			[[Category:Multiracial affairs in Asia]]
			[[Category:Cochin Jews]]


	{{judaism-stub}}		{{judaism-stub}}
	{{india-ethno-stub}}		{{india-ethno-stub}}
	~~[[Category:Paradesi Jews]]~~
	~~[[Category:Multiracial affairs in Asia]]~~
	~~[[Category:Cochin Jews]]~~

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{{More footnotes needed|date=May 2020}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
'''Meshuchrarim''' are a [[Jew]]ish community of freed [[slave]]s, often of [[mixed-race]] [[African-European]] descent, who accompanied [[Sephardic Jews]] in their immigration to India following the 16th-century expulsion from Spain. The Sephardic Jews became known as the [[Paradesi Jews]] (as "foreigners" to India.{{cn|date=December 2015}} They were also sometimes called the White Jews, for their European ancestry).{{citation needed|date=October 2020}}

The descendants of the ''meshuchrarim'' were historically discriminated against in India by other "White Jews." They were at the lowest of the [[Cochin Jews|Cochin Jewish informal caste ladder]]. The Paradesi came to use the [[Paradesi Synagogue]]; while they allowed the ''meshuchrarim'' as Jews to worship there, they had to sit in the back, could not become full members, and were excluded from the community's [[endogamous]] marriage circle.{{citation needed|date=October 2020}} At the same time, they were excluded by the [[Malabar Jews]], the much larger community of Jews who had lived in Cochin for perhaps 1,000 years.

In the early 20th century, [[Abraham Barak Salem]] became one of the most prominent Cochin Jews.<ref>[http://www.easas.org/?q=panel39 PANEL 39: Nationalisms and their Impact in South Asia]{{dead link|date=June 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} - European Association of South Asian Studies</ref> A descendant of ''meshuchrarim,'' he was the first to earn a college degree and the first Cochin Jew of any sort to become a lawyer.{{citation needed|date=October 2020}} He fought against the discrimination against his people. By the 1930s, social discrimination against the ''meshuchrarim'' began to diminish. Most Cochin Jews, including the ''meshuchrarim,'' emigrated to [[Israel]] by the mid-1950s.

==References==
<references/>

==See also==
* [[Paradesi Jews]]
* [[Cochin Jews]]

==Further reading==
*{{cite book |title=Who Are the Jews of India? |last=Katz |first=Nathan |year=2000 |publisher=University of California Press |location=Berkeley, CA }}
*{{cite book |title=Religions of South Asia |last=Mittal |first=Sushil |author2=Gene R. Thursby |year=2006 |publisher=Routledge }}

[[Category:African diaspora in India]]
[[Category:Europeans in India]]
[[Category:Indian castes]]
[[Category:Indian Jews| ]]
[[Category:Jewish ethnic groups]]

{{judaism-stub}}
{{india-ethno-stub}}
[[Category:Paradesi Jews]]
[[Category:Multiracial affairs in Asia]]
[[Category:Cochin Jews]]