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{{Short description|Indian Muslim ethnic group from Mewat}}
{{More citations needed|date=June 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2019}}
{{for|the group of peoples in southeast Asia|Miao people}}
{{infobox ethnic group|
| group = Meo
| native_name = Mayo
| population = 270,000 ~ 600,000 (1984)<ref name="Kukreja">{{citation |last1=Kukreja |first1=Reena |title=Meo Muslim, Mev, Mewati Muslim |date=2020 |url=https://open.library.ubc.ca/cIRcle/collections/ubccommunityandpartnerspublicati/52387/items/1.0394975 |work=Database of Religious History |doi=10.14288/1.0394975|s2cid=238914736 |publisher=University of British Columbia}}</ref>
{{flagicon|India}} [[India]]<ref name="Kukreja"/>
{{hlist|[[Haryana]] districts:| [[Nuh district|Nuh]] | [[Palwal district|Palwal]] | [[Faridabad district|Faridabad]] | [[Ambala district|Ambala]] | [[Gurgaon district|Gurgaon]]}}
{{hlist|[[Rajasthan]] districts:| [[Bharatpur district|Bharatpur]] | [[Alwar district|Alwar]]}}
{{flagicon|Pakistan}} [[Pakistan]]<ref>{{cite conference |last1=Meo |first1=Shahabuddin Khan |url=http://pu.edu.pk/home/journal/14/V_48_No1_2011.html |title=History of Mewat–An Outline |journal=Journal of the Research Society of Pakistan |conference=Khan Foundation for Education and Research|location=Department of History, Quaik-e Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan |date=2011 |volume=48 |issue=1 |issn=0034-5431}} [http://pu.edu.pk/images/journal/history/PDF-FILES/salauddin.pdf PDF file]</ref>
[[Punjab]]: {{hlist|[[Lahore]] | [[Sialkot]] | [[Kasur]] | [[Narowal]]}}
[[Sindh]]: {{hlist|[[Karachi]] | [[Larkana]]}}
| langs = [[Mewati]], [[Haryanvi]], [[Khariboli]], [[Rajasthani languages|Rajasthani]], [[Urdu]]
| rels = [[File:Star and Crescent.svg|15px]] [[Islam]]
| related = [[Cheetah (caste)|Cheetah]] • [[Merat]] • [[Qaimkhani]] • [[Sindhi-Sipahi]] • [[Deshwali]] • [[Bhatti Khanzada]] • [[Khanzada]] • [[Ranghar]] • [[Ahir]] • [[Meena]]
}}
'''Meo''' (pronounced: ''may-o'' or ''mev''), is an ethnic group of the [[Mewat]] region from north-western India,<ref name="scroll">{{cite news |last1=Naqvi |first1=Saba |title=Meet the Muslims who consider themselves descendants of Arjuna |url=https://scroll.in/article/805833/meet-the-muslims-who-consider-themselves-descendants-of-arjuna |work=Scroll.in |date=30 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230410070246/https://scroll.in/article/805833/meet-the-muslims-who-consider-themselves-descendants-of-arjuna |archive-date=10 April 2023}}</ref><ref name="ht 2016 Ghosh"/> particularly from the [[Nuh district]] (previously Mewat district) in [[Haryana]] and parts of adjacent [[Alwar district|Alwar]] and [[Bharatpur district]]s in [[Rajasthan]]. They speak [[Mewati language|Mewati]], a language of the [[Indo-Aryan language]] family,<ref name="Kukreja"/> although in some areas the [[Linguistic imperialism|language dominance]] of Urdu and Hindi has seen Meos adopt these languages instead.<ref name="poi Dehli"/><ref name="A Hasan pages 811"/>

==Origin and history==
Meos are inhabitants of Mewat, a region that consists of the former Mewat district of Haryana and some parts of adjoining [[Alwar]] and [[Bharatpur district]]s of [[Rajasthan]] and [[Western Uttar Pradesh]], where the Meos have lived for a millennium. According to one theory, they were Hindu [[Rajput]]s and [[Kashtriya]] who converted to [[Islam]] between the 12th and 17th century,<ref>{{cite book |title=Textuality and inter-textuality in the Mahabharata: Myth, meaning and metamorphosis |editor-first=Pradeep |editor-last=Trikha |first=Malati |last=Mathur |chapter=The Mewati Mahabharata: Pandun Ka Kaba |year=2006 |publisher=Sarup & Sons |page=84|isbn=9788176256919 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zAPK3QYcEkAC&pg=PA365 |title=Emerging Social Science Concerns: Festschrift in Honour of Professor Yogesh Atal |editor-first=Surendra K. |editor-last=Gupta |page=365 |first=Abha |last=Chauhan |chapter=Custom, Religion and Social Change Among the Meos of Mewat |year=2004 |publisher=Concept Publishing|isbn=9788180690983 }}</ref><ref name="ht 2016 Ghosh"/> until as late as [[Aurangzeb]]'s rule. Over the centuries, they have maintained their age-old distinctive cultural identity. According to S. L. Sharma and R. N. Srivastava, Mughal persecution had little effect on the strengthening of their Islamic identity, but it reinforced their resistance to [[Mughal Empire|Mughal rule]].<ref>{{cite book|last1=Eaton|first1=Richard M.|title=The Rise of Islam and the Bengal Frontier, 1204-1760|date=1993|publisher=University of California Press |location=Berkeley, California, USA|isbn=9780520205079|page=55|url=http://www.ucpress.edu/book.php?isbn=9780520205079|access-date=20 December 2016}}</ref> They have shared this region with a number of other Muslim communities, such as [[Khanzada]], [[Qaimkhani]] and [[Malkana]].<ref name="poi Rajasthan-986–990">{{cite book|editor1=B.K. Lavania |editor2=D. K. Samanta|editor3=S. K. Mandal|editor4=N. N. Vyas|title=People of India: Rajasthan, Part Two |volume=XXXVIII |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vm_KCE4XXPMC&pg=PA638 |access-date=13 May 2011 |date=1998 |publisher=Popular Prakashan |isbn=978-81-7154-769-2 |pages=986–990}}</ref>

A [[British Raj]]-era theory briefly suggested by the colonial ethnographer and [[Political officer (British Empire)|political agent]] for [[Alwar State]], Major P. W. Powlett, has it that the Meo are related to the [[Meenas]] (Minas). In Powlett's 1878 ''Gazetteer of Ulwur'' (later spelt ''Alwar''), he comments: "The similarity between the words ''Meo'' and ''Mina'' suggests that the former may be a contraction of the latter".<ref name="Gazet"/>{{rp|38}} He continues by pointing out that several clans in both communities (Singal, Náí, Dúlot, Pimdalot, Dingal, Bálot) have identical names. He mentions the Meo's traditional narrative ballad of Dariyā Khān ("Daria Meo") and the story of his betrothal to Sisbadani, a Mina woman, their separation and reunion, as possibly suggestive of historical intermarriage between the groups.<ref name="Gazet">{{cite book |last1=Powlett |first1=P. W. (Percy William) |title=Gazetteer of Ulwur |date=1878 |publisher=Trübner & Co. |location=London |pages=37–44 |url=https://archive.org/details/gazetteerofulwur00powliala/page/38/mode/2up|quote=Though Meos claim to be of Rájpút origin, there are grounds for believing that many spring from the same stock as the Mínás. The similarity between the words ''Meo'' and ''Míná'' suggests that the former may be a contraction of the latter. Several of the respective clans are identical (Singal, Náí, Dúlot, Pimdalot, Dingal, Bálot), and a story of one Daria Meo and his lady love, Sísbadaní Míná, seems to show that they formerly intermarried. In Bolandshahr a caste called Meo Mínás is spoken of in the Settlement Report, which would seem further to connect the two. However, it is probable enough that apostate Rájpúts and bastard sons of Rájpúts founded many of the clans, as the legends tell.|quote-page=38}}</ref>

According to Shail Mayaram, author, and professor of [[Subaltern (postcolonialism)|Subaltern Studies]] at the [[Centre for the Study of Developing Societies]], this view was likely constructed for political reasons by colonial authorities. In her view, following [[1857 Mutiny|the 1857 insurrection]] in which the Meo joined action against the [[Company Raj]], it was helpful to the British if they could conflate the still-resistant Meos with another nearby group whom they had already [[Criminal Tribes|classified as "criminal"]], the Minas. While there had been some instances of Minas prosecuted for theft, dacoity, and similar, in the aftermath of the mutiny, there had been almost no Meo involvement in such cases.<ref name="construct Mayaram"/>{{rp|pp=129–130, 139}} Mayaram traces the theory of a Meo–Mina intermixing from its relatively tentative genesis with Powlett, through repetitions of varying strength in colonial reports, to its emergence as a fully-fledged "common origin" in [[Alexander Cunningham]]'s Eastern Rajputana report.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Cunningham |first1=Alexander |title=Report of a tour in Eastern Rajputana in 1882-83 |volume=XX |date=1885 |publisher=[[Anthropological Survey of India]] |pages=23, 27 |url=https://archive.org/details/in.gov.ignca.85073/page/n37/mode/2up |orig-date=Reprinted 2000}}</ref> Even the traditional epic of Dariyā Khān and Sisbadani was transmuted from the "story" in Powlett to an acknowledged event in the later text.<ref name="construct Mayaram">{{cite book |last1=Mayaram |first1=Shail |title=Against History, Against State: Counterperspectives from the Margins |date=2003 |publisher=Columbia University Press |location=New York |isbn=978-0-231-12730-1 |pages=126–151 |chapter=The Construction of Meo Criminality: Toward a Critique of Colonial Ethnography |chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/againsthistoryag0000maya/page/134/mode/2up}}</ref>{{rp|pp=129–130, 132}}

Mewati make up majority of Muslims in Nawabo ka [[Nimbahera]]. Historically, the Gorwal [[Khanzadas of Mewat]], [[Chauhan]], [[Rathore]], and [[Tomar clan]]s of the Meo Rajputs ruled various states of India.<ref name="Meo">{{Cite book |title=Meo Rajput |author= Sardar Azeemullah Khan Meo |url=https://www.jadeed.store/meo-rajput.html |access-date=2023-02-23|language=en}}</ref>

===Khanzada Dynasty===
In 1372, [[Firuz Shah Tughlaq]] of the Delhi Sultanate granted the Lordship of [[Mewat]] to [[Raja Nahar Khan]], Raja Nahar Khan established a hereditary polity in Mewat and proclaimed the title of [[Wali (administrative title)|Wali]]-e-[[Khanzadas of Mewat|Mewat]]. Later his descendants affirmed their own sovereignty in Mewat. They ruled Mewat till 1527.{{cn|date=June 2023}} Raja [[Hasan Khan Mewati]] represented the Meo Community in [[Battle of Khanwa]] in that year.{{cn|date=June 2023}}

===Mughal Empire===
[[Nawab Feroz Khan]] was the first Nawab of [[Shahabad, Alwar]] and a [[Faujdar]] (commander) in [[Mughal Army]]. He was a close confidant and trusted aide of [[Mughal Emperor]] [[Bahadur Shah I]]. He belonged to a [[Khanzada]] [[Muslim Rajput]] family which ruled the region of [[Mewat]]. He was a descendant of [[Raja Nahar Khan]] (through his son [[Malik Alaudin Khan]]), who was a Rajput ruler of [[Mewat State]] in 14th century. Due to his loyal service in [[Mughal Army]], he was granted the [[Jagir]] of Simbli (later [[Shahabad, Alwar|Shahbad]]) by Emperor [[Bahadur Shah I]] in 1710. In 1710 he led the Mughal counter-offensive against the Sikhs, and defeated the Sikhs at the [[Battle of Thanesar (1710)]].<ref>{{cite book |title= Later Mughals |author= William Irvine |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=ak5oFjTys8MC&q=firuz+mewati&pg=PA107 |publisher= Atlantic Publishers & Distri |date= 1904 }}</ref>

==Culture==
The Meo have been subject to a number of recent ethnographic studies. These books have dealt with issues such as marriage and self-perception of the community. Raymond Jamous studied kinship and rituals among the Meo; his book was published in 2003.<ref name="Northern India 2003">{{cite book |last1=Jamous |first1=Raymond |translator-last=Scott |translator-first=Nora |others=Translated to English from the French|title=Kinship and rituals among the Meo of Northern India: Locating sibling relationship |date=2003 |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=New Delhi |isbn=0-19-566459-0}}</ref>
===Religion===
Meo profess the beliefs of Islam but the roots of their ethnic structure are in Hindu caste society. The neighbouring Hindu [[Jat]]s,<ref name="prasad">{{cite journal |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=03_ZAAAAMAAJ |access-date=13 May 2011 |last1=Prasad |first1=Jitendra |title=Plural ethnic group characteristics: The nature of identity formation in Haryana |journal=Guru Nanak Journal of Sociology |date=2003 |volume=24 |issue=2 |pages=1–21 |issn=0970-0242}}</ref> Minas, [[Ahir]]s and Rajputs share the same ''mores''.<ref name="poi Rajasthan-part 2:638">{{cite book|author=K. S. Singh|author-link=Kumar Suresh Singh |title=People of India: Rajasthan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vm_KCE4XXPMC&pg=PA638 |access-date=13 May 2011 |date=1998 |publisher=Popular Prakashan |isbn=978-81-7154-769-2 |pages=638–640|editor1=B.K. Lavania |editor2=D. K. Samanta|editor3=S. K. Mandal|editor4=N. N. Vyas}}</ref>{{bsn|date=June 2023|reason=Probably not well-regarded for this purpose, see hidden editing note}} According to some sources, the Meo community may have a common origin with the [[Meena]] community. Such views were especially prominent in colonial-era ethnographies.<ref name="Mayaram against 2003">{{cite book |title=Against History, Against State: Counterperspectives from the Margins |first=Shail |last=Mayaram |publisher=Columbia University Press |year=2003 |isbn=978-0-231-12730-1 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Yi6QpFCZBy8C}}</ref>{{Page needed|date=August 2012}}

[[Hindu]] inhabitants of Mewat, although belonging to the same [[Kshatriya]] castes to which the Meos belonged before conversion to Islam, are not called Meo. Thus the word ''Meo'' is both region-specific and religion-specific. Apparently, Meos come from many Hindu clans who converted to Islam and [[Amalgamation (race)|amalgamated]] as the Meo community.<ref name="prasad"/>

Despite pressure to do so from the regional [[princely state]]s of [[Alwar State|Alwar]] and [[Bharatpur State|Bharatpur]], ruled by Gorwal Khanzadas, the Meo Rajput community decided not to migrate to [[Pakistan]] during the [[Partition of India]].<ref name="Meo" /> In 1947, [[Mahatma Gandhi]] visited [[Ghasera]], a village in present-day [[Nuh district]] to urge the Muslims living there not to leave, calling the Meos "{{transl|hi|Iss desh ki reed ki haddi}}" or 'the backbone of the country', India.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/photos/india-news/photos-71-years-after-independence-gandhi-gram-ghasera-battles-neglect/photo-QgSXBqopID9AGYuHNvYznM.html|title=Photos: 71 years after independence, Gandhi Gram Ghasera battles neglect|date=1 October 2018|work=Hindustan Times|access-date=20 August 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://scroll.in/article/911290/why-the-meo-muslims-in-mewat-remember-mahatma-gandhi-in-december-every-year|title=Why the Meo Muslims in Mewat remember Mahatma Gandhi in December every year|date=30 January 2019|website=Scroll.in|access-date=20 August 2020}}</ref> Although on the whole the community did not migrate, there were a number of gotras of the Rajput Meos who, on an individual basis, did decide to relocate to Pakistan during partition. They were mostly settled in Pakistani districts of [[Sialkot]], [[Lahore]], [[Karachi]], [[Narowal]], [[Dera Ghazi Khan]], [[Sheikhupura]], [[Gujranwala District|Gujranwala]], [[Multan]], [[Hyderabad, Sindh|Haiderabad]] and [[Kasur]], among others.<ref name="Meo" />

{{blockquote|The Meos (Muhammadans) of the eastern Punjab still participate in the observance of the Holi and Diwali festivals. On the latter occasion they paint the horns, hoofs, etc., of their bullocks and join in the general rejoicings.<ref name="punjab1911">{{cite web|url=http://lsi.gov.in:8081/jspui/bitstream/123456789/7086/1/PANJAB%20PART%20I.pdf|title=CENSUS OF INDIA, 1911 VOLUME XIV PUNJAB|access-date=21 July 2022}}</ref>{{rp|174}}|Excerpt from the [[Census of India]] (Punjab Province)|1911 AD}}

Many Rajasthani Meos retain mixed Hindu–Muslim names. Names such as Ram Khan or Shankar Khan are not unusual in the Meo tracts in Alwar. The Muslim community of Meos was highly Hinduised before independence. Meos celebrated [[Diwali]] and [[Holi]] as they celebrated two Eids ([[Eid ul-Fitr]] and [[Eid al-Adha]]). Like Hindus of the north, the Meo do not marry within their own [[gotra]]s although Islam permits marriage with cousins. Solemnization of marriage among Meos was not complete without both [[Nikah]] as in Islam. Meos believe that they are direct descendants of [[Krishna]] and [[Rama]] even as they claim to be among the unnamed prophets of God referred to in the [[Quran]].<ref name="ht 2016 Ghosh">{{cite news |last1=Ghosh |first1=Paramita |title=What you should know about the Meo Muslims of Mewat |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/static/Meo-Muslims-of-Mewat/ |work=Hindustan Times |date=16 September 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230407140038/https://www.hindustantimes.com/static/Meo-Muslims-of-Mewat/ |archive-date=7 April 2023 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Mayaram">{{cite book |last1=Mayaram |first1=Shail |title=Resisting regimes: Myth, memory, and the shaping of a Muslim identity |date=1997 |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=Delhi Oxford |isbn=978-0195639551}}</ref>

====Gotra====
Meo profess the beliefs of Islam but the roots of their ethnic structure are in Hindu caste society. Meos claim high-caste Hindu Rajput descent. This may be true for some of them. However, some of them may be descendants of other castes who might have laid claim to Rajput ancestry after converting to Islam to enhance their social standing (Harris 1901:23; Channing 1882:28). The names of many gots ([[gotra]]) or exogamous lineages of Meos are common with other Hindu castes as [[Meena]], [[Ahir]] and [[Gujjar]] who live in their vicinity. It thus seems possible that the Meos belonged to many different castes and not just to the Rajputs;<ref>{{cite book |last1=Aggarwal |first1=Partap C. |chapter=Caste hierarchy in a Meo village of Rajasthan|editor=Imtiaz Ahmad |title=Caste and social stratification among Muslims in India |date=1978 |publisher=South Asia Books |location=New Delhi |isbn=9780836400502 |edition=2nd revised and enlarged |pages=141–158}}</ref><ref name="prasad"/><ref name="poi Rajasthan-part 2:638"/><ref name="Mayaram against 2003"/>{{page needed|date=August 2012}} this phenomena is also seen in other Rajput communities and is not limited to the Meos.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Parry |first1=Jonathan P. |title=Caste and Kinship in Kangra |date=1978 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1138862036 |page=133 |edition=First |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=v70X9x_abdwC&dq=same%20clan%20names%20in%20different%20castes&pg=PA163 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Mayer |first1=Adrian C. |title=Caste and Kinship in Central India |date=1998 |publisher=Psychology Press |isbn=978-0-415-17567-8 |pages=161–163 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=v70X9x_abdwC&dq=same%20clan%20names%20in%20different%20castes&pg=PA163 |language=en}}</ref>

Rajput Meos were divided into thirteen {{lang|und|pals}} and fifty-two gotras by [[Rana (title)|''Rana'']] Kaku Balot Meo in the 13th century.<ref name="Meo" /><ref>{{cite journal |date=April 2001 |last=Ahmad|first=Aijaz |title=Origin of the Meos: An assessment |journal=The Punjab Past and Present |volume=32 |issue= 1 |pages=39–44 |url=https://archive.org/details/ThePunjabPastAndPresent-Volume32Part1/page/n45/mode/2up |language=English |isbn=81-7380-878-3|id=Serial No. 63}}</ref>

====Marriage and kinship customs====
Meos generally do not follow the [[Inheritance#Islamic laws|Muslim law of inheritance]] and so among them, like various other communities in the region, custom makes a younger brother or a cousin marry the widow of the deceased by a simple [[Nikah]] ceremony.<ref>{{cite book|author1=Hashim Amir Ali |author2=Mohammad Rafiq Khan |author3=Om Prakash Kumar |title=The Meos of Mewat: Old neighbours of New Delhi |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6xguAAAAMAAJ |access-date=13 May 2011 |date=1970 |publisher=Oxford & IBH Pub. Co.}}</ref>

==Geography and demography==
===Mewat===
The boundary of Mewat region is not precisely defined. The region largely consists of plains but has hills of Aravali range. The inconsistency in Mewat topography is evident from its patches of land with hills and hillock of the Aravali on the one hand and plains on the other. The region is semi-arid with scanty rainfall and this has defined the vocations the Meos follow. They are peasants, agriculturists and cattle breeders.<ref name="poi Rajasthan-part 2:638"/>

===Uttar Pradesh===
In Uttar Pradesh, the Meos are found mainly in the western regions of [[Rohilkhand]] and [[Doab]]. Unlike those of Mewat, the Uttar Pradesh Meos are dispersed. Their main [[gotras]] in the state are the Chhirklot, Dalut, Demrot, Pandelot, Balot, Dawar, Kalesa, Landawat, Rattawat, Dingal and Singhal. The Uttar Pradesh Meos maintain a system of community endogamy, and [[gotra]] exogamy. The Meos of UP are a community of small farmers, and urban wage labourers.<ref name="A Hasan pages 811">''People of India: Uttar Pradesh''. Volume XLII, Part Two. Edited by A. Hasan & J. C. Das pp. 811, 963–967</ref>

The Meo also extend to [[Meerut District]]. The Doab Meos now speak [[Urdu]], and have abandoned Mewati.<ref name="A Hasan pages 811"/>

Separate from the Doab Meo are the Meo of [[Rohilkhand]]. Culturally they are now indistinguishable from the neighbouring Muslim communities. They are found mainly in [[Moradabad District|Moradabad]], [[Bareilly District|Bareilly]], [[Rampur District|Rampur]] and [[Pilibhit District]]s. These Meo are said to have left Mewat in the 18th Century, fleeing the [[Chalisa famine|great famine of 1783]], and these Meo are generally referred to by the term Mewati. They now speak [[Khari Boli]] and [[Urdu]], and no longer maintain a system of [[gotra]] exogamy, with now many practicising parallel-cousin marriages.<ref name="A Hasan pages 811"/>

===Delhi===
The Meo in Delhi are found mainly in the neighbourhood of Walled City (Kucha Pandit Lal Kuan, Gali Shahtara Ajmri Gate and Bara Hindu Rao), Azadpur, [[Hauz Khas]], [[Mehrauli]] and various outlying villages with names ending in Sarai which have become urbanised. All their villages have been swallowed up by ever-expanding Delhi city. The growth of urban Delhi has led to the abandonment of the [[Mewati]] dialect in favour of [[Hindi]], which is now their main language. Similarly, there has been a decline in the power of the caste council (panchayat). The Meos of Delhi have maintained [[gotra]] exogamy, very rarely marrying into their own gotra.<ref name="poi Dehli">''People of India: Delhi''. Volume XX Edited by T. Ghosh & S. Nath pp. 469−474 Manohar Publications</ref>

==See also==
* [[The People of India#The People of India (1992–)|''The People of India'' (1992–)]], a multi-volume series from the government-run [[Anthropological Survey of India]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Indian Muslim}}
{{Social groups of Rajasthan}}

[[Category:Mewat]]
[[Category:Social groups of Haryana]]
[[Category:Muslim communities of Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Muslim communities of Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Social groups of Rajasthan]]

Meo (ethnic group) - Revision history

Kuldeep Singh Deep: update intro as per guidelines per standard format

Ajay Kumar: Created a new article