Merajul Islam: Created page with "{{short description|Faculty of brain to store and retrieve data}} {{About|human memory}} Overview of the forms and functions of memory. {{Neuropsychology |functions}} '''Memory''' is the faculty of the brain by which data or information is encoded, stored, and retrieved when needed. It is the retention of information over time for the purpose of influencing future action.{{cite book| vauthors..."

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Created page with "{{short description|Faculty of brain to store and retrieve data}} {{About|human memory}} thumb|right|350px|Overview of the forms and functions of memory. {{Neuropsychology |functions}} '''Memory''' is the faculty of the brain by which data or information is encoded, stored, and retrieved when needed. It is the retention of information over time for the purpose of influencing future action.<ref>{{cite book| vauthors..."

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{{short description|Faculty of brain to store and retrieve data}}
{{About|human memory}}
[[File:Memory.gif|thumb|right|350px|Overview of the forms and functions of memory.]]

{{Neuropsychology |functions}}

'''Memory''' is the faculty of the [[brain]] by which [[data]] or [[information]] is [[Encoding (memory)|encoded]], stored, and retrieved when needed. It is the retention of information over time for the purpose of influencing future action.<ref>{{cite book| vauthors = Sherwood L |title=Human Physiology: From Cells to Systems|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_i5BBAAAQBAJ&pg=PT189|date=1 January 2015|publisher=Cengage Learning|isbn=978-1-305-44551-2|pages=157–162}}</ref> If [[Foresight (psychology)|past event]]s could not be remembered, it would be impossible for language, relationships, or [[personal identity]] to develop.<ref name="Eysenck 2012">{{cite book | vauthors = Eysenck M | title=Attention and Arousal : Cognition and Performance | publisher=Springer Berlin Heidelberg | location=Berlin, Heidelberg | year=2012 | isbn=978-3-642-68390-9 | oclc=858929786 }}</ref> Memory loss is usually described as [[Forgetting|forgetfulness]] or [[amnesia]].<ref name="Staniloiu Markowitsch 2012 p.">{{cite journal | vauthors = Staniloiu A, Markowitsch HJ | title = Towards solving the riddle of forgetting in functional amnesia: recent advances and current opinions | journal = Frontiers in Psychology | volume = 3 | pages = 403 | date = 2012-11-01 | pmid = 23125838 | pmc = 3485580 | doi = 10.3389/fpsyg.2012.00403 | publisher = Frontiers Media SA | doi-access = free }}</ref><ref name="Smith 2014 pp. 959–972">{{cite journal | vauthors = Smith CN | title = Retrograde memory for public events in mild cognitive impairment and its relationship to anterograde memory and neuroanatomy | journal = Neuropsychology | volume = 28 | issue = 6 | pages = 959–72 | date = November 2014 | pmid = 25068664 | pmc = 4227913 | doi = 10.1037/neu0000117 | publisher = American Psychological Association (APA) }}</ref><ref name="Ortega-de San Luis Ryan p=dmm035055">{{cite journal | vauthors = Ortega-de San Luis C, Ryan TJ | title = United states of amnesia: rescuing memory loss from diverse conditions | journal = Disease Models & Mechanisms | volume = 11 | issue = 5 | page = dmm035055 | date = May 2018 | pmid = 29784659 | pmc = 5992608 | doi = 10.1242/dmm.035055 | publisher = The Company of Biologists }}</ref><ref name="Staniloiu Markowitsch pp. 101–129">{{cite journal | vauthors = Staniloiu A, Markowitsch HJ | title = The remains of the day in dissociative amnesia | journal = Brain Sciences | volume = 2 | issue = 2 | pages = 101–29 | date = April 2012 | pmid = 24962768 | pmc = 4061789 | doi = 10.3390/brainsci2020101 | publisher = MDPI AG | doi-access = free }}</ref><ref name="Spiegel Smith Wade Cherukuru 2017 pp. 2691–2703">{{cite journal | vauthors = Spiegel DR, Smith J, Wade RR, Cherukuru N, Ursani A, Dobruskina Y, Crist T, Busch RF, Dhanani RM, Dreyer N | display-authors = 6 | title = Transient global amnesia: current perspectives | journal = Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment | volume = 13 | pages = 2691–2703 | date = 2017-10-24 | pmid = 29123402 | pmc = 5661450 | doi = 10.2147/ndt.s130710 | publisher = Dove Medical Press Ltd. }}</ref><ref name="Bauer Larkina pp. 907–924">{{cite journal | vauthors = Bauer PJ, Larkina M | title = The onset of childhood amnesia in childhood: a prospective investigation of the course and determinants of forgetting of early-life events | journal = Memory | volume = 22 | issue = 8 | pages = 907–24 | date = 2013-11-18 | pmid = 24236647 | pmc = 4025992 | doi = 10.1080/09658211.2013.854806 | publisher = Informa UK Limited }}</ref>

Memory is often understood as an [[information processing|informational processing]] system with explicit and implicit functioning that is made up of a [[sensory processor]], [[short-term memory|short-term]] (or [[working memory|working]]) memory, and [[long-term memory]].<ref name="Baddeley 2007" /> This can be related to the [[neuron]].
The sensory processor allows information from the outside world to be sensed in the form of chemical and physical stimuli and attended to various levels of focus and intent. Working memory serves as an encoding and retrieval processor. Information in the form of stimuli is encoded in accordance with explicit or implicit functions by the working memory processor. The working memory also retrieves information from previously stored material. Finally, the function of long-term memory is to store data through various categorical models or systems.<ref name="Baddeley 2007">{{cite book | vauthors = Baddeley A | title=Working Memory, Thought, and Action | publisher=Oxford University Press | date=2007-03-15 | isbn=978-0-19-852801-2 | doi=10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198528012.001.0001 | s2cid=142763675 | url=https://semanticscholar.org/paper/fbb0aa52c0be173553e0cecea4c77a5457079049 }}</ref>

[[Explicit memory|Declarative, or explicit, memory]] is the conscious storage and recollection of data.<ref name="Graf Schacter 1985 pp. 501–18">{{cite journal | vauthors = Graf P, Schacter DL | title = Implicit and explicit memory for new associations in normal and amnesic subjects | journal = Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition | volume = 11 | issue = 3 | pages = 501–18 | date = July 1985 | pmid = 3160813 | doi = 10.1037/0278-7393.11.3.501 | url = https://scholar.harvard.edu/files/schacterlab/files/grafschacter1985.pdf }}</ref> Under declarative memory resides [[semantic memory|semantic]] and [[episodic memory]]. Semantic memory refers to memory that is encoded with specific meaning,<ref name="Eysenck 2012" /> while episodic memory refers to information that is encoded along a spatial and temporal plane.<ref name="Schacter Addis pp. 773–786">{{cite journal | vauthors = Schacter DL, Addis DR | title = The cognitive neuroscience of constructive memory: remembering the past and imagining the future | journal = Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological Sciences | volume = 362 | issue = 1481 | pages = 773–86 | date = May 2007 | pmid = 17395575 | pmc = 2429996 | doi = 10.1098/rstb.2007.2087 | publisher = The Royal Society }}</ref><ref name="Schacter Addis Buckner 2007 pp. 657–661">{{cite journal | vauthors = Schacter DL, Addis DR, Buckner RL | title = Remembering the past to imagine the future: the prospective brain | journal = Nature Reviews. Neuroscience | volume = 8 | issue = 9 | pages = 657–61 | date = September 2007 | pmid = 17700624 | doi = 10.1038/nrn2213 | publisher = Springer Nature | s2cid = 10376207 }}</ref><ref name="Szpunar 2010 pp. 142–162">{{cite journal | vauthors = Szpunar KK | title = Episodic Future Thought: An Emerging Concept | journal = Perspectives on Psychological Science | volume = 5 | issue = 2 | pages = 142–62 | date = March 2010 | pmid = 26162121 | doi = 10.1177/1745691610362350 | url = https://semanticscholar.org/paper/9ce4f7ab2cd683f2ca61af0eb12053237dfc400a | publisher = SAGE Publications | s2cid = 8674284 }}</ref> Declarative memory is usually the primary process thought of when referencing memory.<ref name="Eysenck 2012" /> [[Implicit memory|Non-declarative, or implicit, memory]] is the unconscious storage and recollection of information.<ref name="Foerde Knowlton Poldrack pp. 11778–11783" /> An example of a non-declarative process would be the unconscious learning or retrieval of information by way of [[procedural memory]], or a priming phenomenon.<ref name="Eysenck 2012" /><ref name="Foerde Knowlton Poldrack pp. 11778–11783" /><ref name="Tulving Schacter pp. 301–6" /> [[Priming (psychology)|Priming]] is the process of [[subliminal stimuli|subliminally]] arousing specific responses from memory and shows that not all memory is consciously activated,<ref name="Tulving Schacter pp. 301–6">{{cite journal | vauthors = Tulving E, Schacter DL | title = Priming and human memory systems | journal = Science | volume = 247 | issue = 4940 | pages = 301–6 | date = January 1990 | pmid = 2296719 | doi = 10.1126/science.2296719 | url = https://semanticscholar.org/paper/48cd9ac64957992b572621f75a716b39c8fdfeef | s2cid = 40894114 | bibcode = 1990Sci...247..301T }}</ref> whereas procedural memory is the slow and gradual learning of skills that often occurs without conscious attention to learning.<ref name="Eysenck 2012" /><ref name="Foerde Knowlton Poldrack pp. 11778–11783">{{cite journal | vauthors = Foerde K, Knowlton BJ, Poldrack RA | title = Modulation of competing memory systems by distraction | journal = Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America | volume = 103 | issue = 31 | pages = 11778–83 | date = August 2006 | pmid = 16868087 | pmc = 1544246 | doi = 10.1073/pnas.0602659103 | publisher = Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences | bibcode = 2006PNAS..10311778F | doi-access = free }}</ref>

Memory is not a perfect processor, and is affected by many factors. The ways by which information is encoded, stored, and retrieved can all be corrupted. Pain, for example, has been identified as a physical condition that impairs memory, and has been noted in animal models as well as chronic pain patients.<ref>Moriarty O, McGuire BE, Finn DP. (2011). The effect of pain on cognitive function: a review of clinical and preclinical research. Prog Neurobiol93:385–404.</ref><ref>Low LA. (2013). The impact of pain upon cognition: what have rodent studies told us? Pain154:2603–2605</ref><ref>Liu X, Li L, Tang F, Wu S, Hu Y. (2014). Memory impairment in chronic pain patients and the related neuropsychological mechanisms: a review. Acta Neuropsychiatrica26:195–201</ref><ref>Lazzarim, Mayla K, Targa, Adriano, Sardi, Natalia F, et al. Pain impairs consolidation, but not acquisition or retrieval of a declarative memory. ''Behavioural Pharmacology.'' 2020;31(8):707-715. doi:10.1097/FBP.0000000000000576.</ref> The amount of attention given new stimuli can diminish the amount of information that becomes encoded for storage.<ref name="Eysenck 2012" /> Also, the storage process can become corrupted by physical damage to areas of the brain that are associated with memory storage, such as the hippocampus.<ref name="Squire pp. 12711–12716">{{cite journal | vauthors = Squire LR | title = Memory and brain systems: 1969-2009 | journal = The Journal of Neuroscience | volume = 29 | issue = 41 | pages = 12711–6 | date = October 2009 | pmid = 19828780 | pmc = 2791502 | doi = 10.1523/jneurosci.3575-09.2009 }}</ref><ref name="Squire Wixted 2011 pp. 259–288">{{cite journal | vauthors = Squire LR, Wixted JT | title = The cognitive neuroscience of human memory since H.M | journal = Annual Review of Neuroscience | volume = 34 | issue = 1 | pages = 259–88 | date = 2011-07-21 | pmid = 21456960 | pmc = 3192650 | doi = 10.1146/annurev-neuro-061010-113720 | publisher = Annual Reviews }}</ref> Finally, the retrieval of information from long-term memory can be disrupted because of decay within long-term memory.<ref name="Eysenck 2012" /> Normal functioning, decay over time, and brain damage all affect the accuracy and capacity of the memory.<ref name="Li Zhong Lu Wang p=e0146356">{{cite journal | vauthors = Li M, Zhong N, Lu S, Wang G, Feng L, Hu B | title = Cognitive Behavioral Performance of Untreated Depressed Patients with Mild Depressive Symptoms | journal = PLOS ONE | volume = 11 | issue = 1 | pages = e0146356 | date = 2016-01-05 | pmid = 26730597 | pmc = 4711581 | doi = 10.1371/journal.pone.0146356 | publisher = Public Library of Science (PLoS) | bibcode = 2016PLoSO..1146356L | veditors = Branchi I | doi-access = free }}</ref><ref name="Bennett Rivera Rypma 2013 pp. 20–32">{{cite journal | vauthors = Bennett IJ, Rivera HG, Rypma B | title = Isolating age-group differences in working memory load-related neural activity: assessing the contribution of working memory capacity using a partial-trial fMRI method | journal = NeuroImage | volume = 72 | pages = 20–32 | date = May 2013 | pmid = 23357076 | pmc = 3602125 | doi = 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2013.01.030 | publisher = Elsevier BV }}</ref>

Memory - Revision history