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imported>Ser Amantio di Nicolao: Moving from Category:Melakarta Ragas to Category:Melakarta ragas using Cat-a-lot

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Moving from Category:Melakarta Ragas to Category:Melakarta ragas using Cat-a-lot

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{{Short description|Set of 72 sampurna ragas in Carnatic music}}
{{For|Asampurna melakarta scheme and details|Melakarta (asampurna scheme)}}
{{Use British English|date=October 2011}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2011}}
{{Carnatic}}
'''Mēḷakarta''' is a collection of fundamental musical scales ([[raga]]s) in [[Carnatic music]] (South Indian classical music). ''Mēḷakarta'' ragas are parent ragas (hence known as ''janaka'' ragas) from which other ragas may be generated. A ''melakarta'' raga is sometimes referred as ''mela'', ''karta'' or ''sampurna'' as well, though the latter term is inaccurate, as a ''sampurna'' raga need not be a ''melakarta'' (take the raga ''Bhairavi,'' for example).

In [[Hindustani music]] the ''[[thaat]]'' is equivalent of ''Melakarta''. There are 10 ''thaats'' in Hindustani music, though the commonly accepted ''melakarta'' scheme has 72 ragas.

==Rules for ''Mēḷakarta'' ragas==
Ragas must contain the following characteristics to be considered ''Melakarta''.
*They are ''[[sampurna raga]]s'' – they contain all seven ''[[swara]]s'' (notes) of the octave in both ascending and descending scale<ref name="ragas">''Ragas in Carnatic music'' by Dr. S. Bhagyalekshmy, Pub. 1990, CBH Publications</ref><ref name="primer">''A practical course in Carnatic music'' by Prof. P. Sambamurthy, 15th edition published 1998, The Indian Music publishing house</ref>
*The upper shadjam is included in the raga scale<ref name="primer" /> (ragas like ''Punnagavarali'' and ''Chenchurutti'' are not ''mēḷakarta'' as they end with ''nishadam'')
*The ascending and descending scales must have the same notes<ref name="primer" />

==History==
The ''mēḷa'' system of ragas was first propounded by Raamamaatya in his work [[Svaramelakalanidhi]] c. 1550. He is considered the father of ''mela'' system of ragas. Later, [[Venkatamakhin]], a gifted musicologist in the 17th century, expounded a new ''mela'' system known today as ''mēḷakarta'' in his work ''Chaturdandi Prakaasikaa''.<ref name="dikshitar">Shree Muthuswami Dikshitar Keertanaigal, by A Sundaram Iyer, Madras Book Publications, Mylapore, Chennai</ref> He made some bold and controversial claims and defined somewhat arbitrarily 6 ''svaras'' from the known 12 semitones, at that time, to arrive at 72 ''mēḷakarta'' ragas. The controversial parts relate to double counting of R2 (and similar ''svaras'') and his exclusive selection of ''madyamas'' for which there is no specific reasoning (also known as ''asampurna melas'' as opposed to ''[[sampurna raga]]s''). However, today the 72 ''mēḷakarta'' ragas use a standardized pattern, unlike Venkatamakhi's pattern, and have gained a significant following. Govindhacharya is credited with the standardization of rules and known for giving different names for standard ragas that have a different structure but the same swaras as those proposed by Venkatamakhi.<ref name="dikshitar" /> The scales in this page are those proposed by Govindaacharya.

==Determining the ''Mēḷakarta''==
{{Main|Katapayadi sankhya}}
A hundred years after Venkatamakhin's time the ''Katapayadi sankhya'' rule came to be applied to the nomenclature of the ''mēḷakarta'' ragas. The ''sankhya'' associates [[Sanskrit]] consonants with digits. The digits corresponding to the first two syllables of the name of a raga, when reversed, give the index of the raga. Thus the scale of a ''mēḷakarta'' raga can be easily derived from its name.

For example, ''[[Harikambhoji]]'' raga starts with syllables ''Ha'' and ''ri'', which have numbers 8 and 2 associated with them. Reversing them we get 28. Hence Harikambhoji is the 28th Mēḷakarta rāga. See [[Katapayadi sankhya]] for more details and examples.

==''Mēḷakarta'' scale==
Each ''mēḷakarta'' raga has a different [[scale (music)|scale]]. This scheme envisages the lower Sa (''Keezh Shadja''), upper Sa (''Mael Shadja'') and Pa (''Panchama'') as fixed ''[[swaras]]'', with the Ma (''Madhyama'') having two variants and the remaining swaras Ri (''Rishabha''), Ga (''Gandhaara''), Dha (''Dhaivata'') and Ni (''Nishaada'') as having three variants each. This leads to 72 seven-note combinations (scales) referred to as the ''Mēḷakarta'' ragas as follows.

There are twelve [[semitone]]s of the octave S, R1, R2=G1, R3=G2, G3, M1, M2, P, D1, D2=N1, D3=N2, N3 (see [[swara#Swaras in Carnatic music|''swaras'' in Carnatic music]] for explanation of these notations). A melakarta raga must necessarily have S and P, one of the M's, one each of the R's and G's, and one each of the D's and N's. Also, R must necessarily precede G and D must precede N (''krama sampūrṇa'' rāga). This gives 2 × 6 × 6 = 72 ragas. Finding ''mēḷakarta ragas'' is a mathematical process. By following a simple set of rules we can find the corresponding raga and the scale associated with it.

A raga which has a subset of ''svarās'' from a ''Mēḷakarta'' raga is said to be a ''[[janya]]'' (means born or derived from) of that ''Mēḷakarta'' raga. Every raga is the ''janya'' of a ''mēḷakarta'' raga. ''Janya'' ragas whose notes are found in more than one ''mēḷakarta'' raga are assigned (or associated) parent ''Melakarta'' based on subjective notions of similarity. This is obvious for ragas that have less than seven notes. For such ragas it can be associated with a ''Mēḷakarta'' which has any of the different swaras in that position. For example, [[Hindolam]] has Rishabha and Panchama missing. Hence, it could be considered a janya of ''Todi'' (also known as ''[[Hanumatodi]]'') which has ''shuddha rishabha'' or with ''[[Natabhairavi]]'' which has a ''chathushruti rishabha''. It is popularly associated with ''Natabhairavi''.

==''Chakras''==
[[Image:Melakarta.katapayadi.sankhya.72.png|250px|thumb|Melakarta chart as per [[Katapayādi system]]. (On the prati-madhyamam side, all instances of ni2da3 should instead say ni3da2.)

(Sarasangi and Harikamboji should be swapped. That is Sarasangi is the 27th raaga and Harikamboji is the 28th)]]
The 72 ''Mēḷakarta'' ragas are split into 12 groups called ''chakrās'', each containing 6 ragas. The ragas within the chakra differ only in the ''dhaivatam'' and ''nishadam'' notes (D and N), as [[#Table of Melakarta ragas|illustrated below]]. The name of each of the 12 ''chakras'' suggest their ordinal number as well.<ref name="ragas" /><ref name="sim">''South Indian Music'' Book III, by Prof. P Sambamoorthy, Published 1973, The Indian Music Publishing House</ref>

* ''[[Chandra|Indu]]'' stands for the moon, of which we have only one – hence it is the first ''chakra''.
* ''Nētra'' means eyes, of which we have two – hence it is the second.
* ''[[Agni]]'' is the third ''chakra'' it indicates three kinds of Agni (Dakshina, Ahavaniyam and gArhapatyam). So agni indicates 3rd ''Chakra''.
* ''Vēda'' denoting four ''[[Vedas]]'' is the name of the fourth ''chakra''.
* ''Bāṇa'' comes fifth as it stands for the five Arrows of ''[[Kamadeva|Manmatha]]''.
* ''[[Ritu (Indian season)|Rutu]]'' is the sixth ''chakra'' standing for the 6 seasons of Hindu calendar, which are Vasanta, Greeshma, Varsha, Sharat, Hemanta and Shishira.
* ''[[Rishi]]'', meaning sage, is the seventh ''chakra'' representing the [[Saptarishi|seven sages]].
* ''[[Vasu]]'' stands for the eight ''vasus'' of Hinduism.
* ''[[Brahma]]'' comes next of which there are 9.
* Disi ''Chakra'' indicates Ten directions(East, West, North, South, North East, North West, South East, South West, Above and Below). Hence it is 10th ''Chakra''.
* Eleventh ''chakra'' is ''[[Rudra]]'' of which there are eleven.
* Twelfth comes ''[[Ādityas#Brahmanas|Ādityas]]'' of which there are twelve.

These 12 ''chakras'' were also established by Venkatamakhi.

==Table of ''Melakarta'' ragas==
The 72 ''Mēḷakarta'' ragas can be divided into two parts, viz. ''suddha madhyama'' and ''prati madhyama'' ragas. When a given ''suddha madhyama'' raga's M1 is replaced by M2, we get the corresponding ''prati madhyama'' raga. See [[Katapayadi sankhya]] for more information on how to derive the various ''swaras'' of a raga from its ''melakarta'' number.

See [[swara#Swaras in Carnatic music|swaras in Carnatic music]] for explanation of the notations like R1, G2, N2, and so forth.
{|class="wikitable" width="90%"

!colspan=6 align="center"|<big>''''{{IAST|Mēḷakartā Rāgas}}''''</big>
|-
!colspan=3 align="center"|''''Shuddha Madhyama''''!!colspan=3 align="center"|''''Prati Madhyama''''
|-
!No.!!Raga!!Scale!!No.!!Raga!!Scale
|-
!colspan=3 align="center"|1.''Indu Chakra''!!colspan=3 align="center"|7. ''Rishi Chakra''
|-
|1 ||''[[Kanakangi]]''
|{{svaraC|S|R1|G1|M1|P|D1|N1|S'}}
||37 ||''[[Salagam]]''
|{{svaraC|S|R1|G1|M2|P|D1|N1|S'}}
|-
|2 ||''[[Ratnangi]]''
|{{svaraC|S|R1|G1|M1|P|D1|N2|S'}}
||38 ||''[[Jalarnavam]]''
|{{svaraC|S|R1|G1|M2|P|D1|N2|S'}}
|-
|3 ||''[[Ganamurti]]''
|{{svaraC|S|R1|G1|M1|P|D1|N3|S'}}
||39 ||''[[Jhalavarali]]''
|{{svaraC|S|R1|G1|M2|P|D1|N3|S'}}
|-
|4 ||''[[Vanaspati (Raga)|Vanaspati]]''
|{{svaraC|S|R1|G1|M1|P|D2|N2|S'}}
||40 ||''[[Navaneetam]]''
|{{svaraC|S|R1|G1|M2|P|D2|N2|S'}}
|-
|5 ||''[[Manavati]]''
|{{svaraC|S|R1|G1|M1|P|D2|N3|S'}}
||41 ||''[[Pavani (raga)|Pavani]]''
|{{svaraC|S|R1|G1|M2|P|D2|N3|S'}}
|-
|6 ||''[[Tanarupi]]''
|{{svaraC|S|R1|G1|M1|P|D3|N3|S'}}
||42 ||''[[Raghupriya]]''
|{{svaraC|S|R1|G1|M2|P|D3|N3|S'}}
|-
!colspan=3 align="center"|2. ''Netra Chakra''!!colspan=3 align="center"|8. ''Vasu Chakra''
|-
|7 ||''[[Senavati]]''
|{{svaraC|S|R1|G2|M1|P|D1|N1|S'}}
||43 ||''[[Gavambhodi]]''
|{{svaraC|S|R1|G2|M2|P|D1|N1|S'}}
|-
|8 ||''[[Hanumatodi]]''
|{{svaraC|S|R1|G2|M1|P|D1|N2|S'}}
||44 ||''[[Bhavapriya]]''
|{{svaraC|S|R1|G2|M2|P|D1|N2|S'}}
|-
|9 ||''[[Dhenuka (raga)|Dhenuka]]''
|{{svaraC|S|R1|G2|M1|P|D1|N3|S'}}
||45 ||''[[Shubhapantuvarali]]''
|{{svaraC|S|R1|G2|M2|P|D1|N3|S'}}
|-
|10 ||''[[Natakapriya]]''
|{{svaraC|S|R1|G2|M1|P|D2|N2|S'}}
||46 ||''[[Shadvidamargini]]''
|{{svaraC|S|R1|G2|M2|P|D2|N2|S'}}
|-
|11 ||''[[Kokilapriya]]''
|{{svaraC|S|R1|G2|M1|P|D2|N3|S'}}
||47 ||''[[Suvarnangi]]''
|{{svaraC|S|R1|G2|M2|P|D2|N3|S'}}
|-
|12 ||''[[Rupavati]]''
|{{svaraC|S|R1|G2|M1|P|D3|N3|S'}}
||48 ||''[[Divyamani]]''
|{{svaraC|S|R1|G2|M2|P|D3|N3|S'}}
|-
!colspan=3 align="center"|3. ''Agni Chakra''!!colspan=3 align-"center"|9. ''Brahma Chakra''
|-
|13 ||''[[Gayakapriya]]''
|{{svaraC|S|R1|G3|M1|P|D1|N1|S'}}
||49 ||''[[Dhavalambari]]''
|{{svaraC|S|R1|G3|M2|P|D1|N1|S'}}
|-
|14 ||''[[Vakulabharanam]]''
|{{svaraC|S|R1|G3|M1|P|D1|N2|S'}}
||50 ||''[[Namanarayani|Nāmanarayani]]''
|{{svaraC|S|R1|G3|M2|P|D1|N2|S'}}
|-
|15 ||''[[Mayamalavagowla]]''
|{{svaraC|S|R1|G3|M1|P|D1|N3|S'}}
||51 ||''[[Kamavardhini]]''
|{{svaraC|S|R1|G3|M2|P|D1|N3|S'}}
|-
|16 ||''[[Chakravakam (raga)|Chakravakam]]''
|{{svaraC|S|R1|G3|M1|P|D2|N2|S'}}
||52 ||''[[Ramapriya]]''
|{{svaraC|S|R1|G3|M2|P|D2|N2|S'}}
|-
|17 ||''[[Suryakantam]]''
|{{svaraC|S|R1|G3|M1|P|D2|N3|S'}}
||53 ||''[[Gamanashrama]]''
|{{svaraC|S|R1|G3|M2|P|D2|N3|S'}}
|-
|18 ||''[[Hatakambari]]''
|{{svaraC|S|R1|G3|M1|P|D3|N3|S'}}
||54 ||''[[Vishwambari]]''
|{{svaraC|S|R1|G3|M2|P|D3|N3|S'}}
|-
!colspan=3 align="center"|4. ''Veda Chakra''!!colspan=3 align="center"|10. ''Disi Chakra''
|-
|19 ||''[[Jhankaradhwani]]''
|{{svaraC|S|R2|G2|M1|P|D1|N1|S'}}
||55 ||''[[Shamalangi|Shāmalangi]]''
|{{svaraC|S|R2|G2|M2|P|D1|N1|S'}}
|-
|20 ||''[[Natabhairavi]]''
|{{svaraC|S|R2|G2|M1|P|D1|N2|S'}}
||56 ||''[[Shanmukhapriya]]''
|{{svaraC|S|R2|G2|M2|P|D1|N2|S'}}
|-
|21 ||''[[Keeravani]]''
|{{svaraC|S|R2|G2|M1|P|D1|N3|S'}}
||57 ||''[[Simhendramadhyamam]]''
|{{svaraC|S|R2|G2|M2|P|D1|N3|S'}}
|-
|22 ||''[[Kharaharapriya]]''
|{{svaraC|S|R2|G2|M1|P|D2|N2|S'}}
||58 ||''[[Hemavati (ragam)|Hemavati]]''
|{{svaraC|S|R2|G2|M2|P|D2|N2|S'}}
|-
|23 ||''[[Gourimanohari]]''
|{{svaraC|S|R2|G2|M1|P|D2|N3|S'}}
||59 ||''[[Dharmavati]]''
|{{svaraC|S|R2|G2|M2|P|D2|N3|S'}}
|-
|24 ||''[[Varunapriya]]''
|{{svaraC|S|R2|G2|M1|P|D3|N3|S'}}
||60 ||''[[Neetimati]]''
|{{svaraC|S|R2|G2|M2|P|D3|N3|S'}}
|-
!colspan=3 align="center"|5. ''Bana Chakra''!!colspan=3 align="center"|11. ''Rudra Chakra''
|-
|25 ||''[[Mararanjani]]''
|{{svaraC|S|R2|G3|M1|P|D1|N1|S'}}
||61 ||''[[Kantamani]]''
|{{svaraC|S|R2|G3|M2|P|D1|N1|S'}}
|-
|26 ||''[[Charukesi]]''
|{{svaraC|S|R2|G3|M1|P|D1|N2|S'}}
||62 ||''[[Rishabhapriya]]''
|{{svaraC|S|R2|G3|M2|P|D1|N2|S'}}
|-
|27 ||''[[Sarasangi]]''
|{{svaraC|S|R2|G3|M1|P|D1|N3|S'}}
||63 ||''[[Latangi]]''
|{{svaraC|S|R2|G3|M2|P|D1|N3|S'}}
|-
|28 ||''[[Harikambhoji]]''
|{{svaraC|S|R2|G3|M1|P|D2|N2|S'}}
||64 ||''[[Vachaspati (raga)|Vachaspati]]''
|{{svaraC|S|R2|G3|M2|P|D2|N2|S'}}
|-
|29 ||''[[Dheerasankarabharanam|Dheerasankarabaranam]]''
|{{svaraC|S|R2|G3|M1|P|D2|N3|S'}}
||65 ||''[[Mechakalyani]]''
|{{svaraC|S|R2|G3|M2|P|D2|N3|S'}}
|-
|30 ||''[[Naganandini]]''
|{{svaraC|S|R2|G3|M1|P|D3|N3|S'}}
||66 ||''[[Chitrambari]]''
|{{svaraC|S|R2|G3|M2|P|D3|N3|S'}}
|-
!colspan=3 align="center"|6. ''Rutu Chakra''!!colspan=3 align="center"|12. ''Aditya Chakra''
|-
|31 ||''[[Yagapriya]]''
|{{svaraC|S|R3|G3|M1|P|D1|N1|S'}}
||67 ||''[[Sucharitra]]''
|{{svaraC|S|R3|G3|M2|P|D1|N1|S'}}
|-
|32 ||''[[Ragavardhini]]''
|{{svaraC|S|R3|G3|M1|P|D1|N2|S'}}
||68 ||''[[Jyoti swarupini]]''
|{{svaraC|S|R3|G3|M2|P|D1|N2|S'}}
|-
|33 ||''[[Gangeyabhushani]]''
|{{svaraC|S|R3|G3|M1|P|D1|N3|S'}}
||69 ||''[[Dhatuvardani]]''
|{{svaraC|S|R3|G3|M2|P|D1|N3|S'}}
|-
|34 ||''[[Vagadheeswari]]''
|{{svaraC|S|R3|G3|M1|P|D2|N2|S'}}
||70 ||''[[Nasikabhushani|Nāsikabhushini]]''
|{{svaraC|S|R3|G3|M2|P|D2|N2|S'}}
|-
|35 ||''[[Shulini]]''
|{{svaraC|S|R3|G3|M1|P|D2|N3|S'}}
||71 ||''[[Kosalam|Kōsalam]]''
|{{svaraC|S|R3|G3|M2|P|D2|N3|S'}}
|-
|36 ||''[[Chalanata]]''
|{{svaraC|S|R3|G3|M1|P|D3|N3|S'}}
||72 ||''[[Rasikapriya]]''
|{{svaraC|S|R3|G3|M2|P|D3|N3|S'}}
|}

==Alternate ''Mēḷakarta'' scheme==
{{Main|Melakarta (asampurna scheme)}}
[[Muthuswami Dikshitar]] school followed a different set of scales as the 72 ''Mēḷakarta'' ragas.<ref name="dikshitar-appendices">Shree Muthuswami Dikshitar Keerthanaigal, Appendix III and IV, by A Sundaram Iyer of Kallidaikurichi, Music Books Publishers, Mylapore, Chennai</ref> These were taught by [[Venkatamakhin]].<ref name="dikshitar" /> Many of the scales were ''asampurna'' (not [[sampurna raga]]s) because Dikshitar chose to follow the earlier established structure to mitigate ill-effects of usage of direct ''[[Vivadi|vivadi swaras]]'' in the scales.<ref name="dikshitar" />

==See also==
{{Portal|India|Music}}
{{Commons category|Carnatic ragams (svg)}}
{{Commons|Melakarta ragams (svg)}}
*[[Janya|''Janya'' raga]]
*[[List of Janya Ragas]]
*Illustration of the [[Commons:Melakarta ragams (svg)|notes in Melakarta ragas in a Keyboard layout]] at Wikimedia commons
*[[Katapayadi system]]
*[[List of film songs based on ragas]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://members.tripod.com/~RKSanka/music/katapaya.html The katapayadi sankhya applied to the melakarta ragas]
* [http://webspace.webring.com/people/dv/vasudevanvrv/carnatic/mela.htm Explanation of the two melakarta systems]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20060723184530/http://hkhandrika.blinkk.com/music/ Explanation of the melakarta and demonstration of ragas with piano keys]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20100725092647/http://www.carnaticcorner.com/articles/mukund_chart.htm Melakarta Raga Chart]
* [http://www.christianpiaget.ch/photos/Pdf/Anglais/72_Melagartams.pdf Explanation of the 72 Melakartas composed by Shuddhananda Bharati]
*[http://bhmurali.com/melakarta_ragas.html Melakarta Ragas - '''Video Demonstration''' with "piano keys"]

{{Janya|state=collapsed}}

[[Category:Melakarta ragas| ]]
[[Category:Carnatic music terminology]]

Melakarta - Revision history

CleanupBot II: Removed empty portal template using script

WikiDwarfBOT: Cleanup: Information added.

imported>Ser Amantio di Nicolao: Moving from Category:Melakarta Ragas to Category:Melakarta ragas using Cat-a-lot