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clean up, added orphan tag

← Older revision		Revision as of 14:45, 25 February 2022
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	The '''Meitei currency''' for most of the [[history of Manipur]] consisted of [[gold]], [[silver]], [[bronze]] and [[copper]] [[coinage]].<ref>{{Cite book\|url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=LVpuAAAAMAAJ&dq=Manipur+gold,+silver,+bronze+copper+coin&focus=searchwithinvolume&q=gold,+silver,+bronze+copper+coin\|title=Recent Researches in Oriental Indological Studies: Including Meiteilogy\|last=Singh\|first=Moirangthem Kirti\|date=1998\|publisher=Parimal Publications\|language=en}}</ref>		The '''Meitei currency''' for most of the [[history of Manipur]] consisted of [[gold]], [[silver]], [[bronze]] and [[copper]] [[coinage]].<ref>{{Cite book\|url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=LVpuAAAAMAAJ&dq=Manipur+gold,+silver,+bronze+copper+coin&focus=searchwithinvolume&q=gold,+silver,+bronze+copper+coin\|title=Recent Researches in Oriental Indological Studies: Including Meiteilogy\|last=Singh\|first=Moirangthem Kirti\|date=1998\|publisher=Parimal Publications\|language=en}}</ref>
	From the earliest history of the coinage in the [[Ancient Manipur]] ([[Antique Kangleipak]]), during the 1st century CE, well into the modern times, Meitei currency saw many changes in form,		From the earliest history of the coinage in the [[Ancient Manipur]] ([[Antique Kangleipak]]), during the 1st century CE, well into the modern times, Meitei currency saw many changes in form,
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	== Modern period ==		== Modern period ==
	On special occasions, coins were distributed among the crowds with a grand possession of the royalty.<ref>{{Cite book\|url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=b1huAAAAMAAJ&q=meitei+coins&dq=meitei+coins&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjt0JvGhIvyAhVf4zgGHXi0Clc4UBDoATAGegQIBxAD\|title=The Lost Kingdom: Royal Chronicle of Manipur\|last=Singh\|first=L. Joychandra\|date=1995\|publisher=Prajatantra Publishing House\|language=en}}</ref>		On special occasions, coins were distributed among the crowds with a grand possession of the royalty.<ref>{{Cite book\|url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=b1huAAAAMAAJ&q=meitei+coins&dq=meitei+coins&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjt0JvGhIvyAhVf4zgGHXi0Clc4UBDoATAGegQIBxAD\|title=The Lost Kingdom: Royal Chronicle of Manipur\|last=Singh\|first=L. Joychandra\|date=1995\|publisher=Prajatantra Publishing House\|language=en}}</ref>
	In the [[Northeast India]], only [[Manipur]] struck low denomination coins that were useful for market trading.<ref>{{Cite book\|url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=CDluAAAAMAAJ&dq=meitei+coins&focus=searchwithinvolume&q=Manipur+Low+denomination+coins+market+trading\|title=Proceedings of North East India History Association\|last=Session\|first=North East India History Association\|date=2002\|publisher=The Association\|language=en}}</ref> When [[Manipur]] came under the [[India]]n Union, the Indian currency came into use.		In the [[Northeast India]], only [[Manipur]] struck low denomination coins that were useful for market trading.<ref>{{Cite book\|url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=CDluAAAAMAAJ&dq=meitei+coins&focus=searchwithinvolume&q=Manipur+Low+denomination+coins+market+trading\|title=Proceedings of North East India History Association\|last=Session\|first=North East India History Association\|date=2002\|publisher=The Association\|language=en}}</ref> When [[Manipur]] came under the [[India]]n Union, the Indian currency came into use.

	== Minting ==		== Minting ==
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	== References ==		== References ==
	{{Reflist}}		{{Reflist}}
			{{simple-Wikipedia}}

	[[Category:History of Manipur]]		[[Category:History of Manipur]]
	~~{{simple-Wikipedia}}~~

SonOfZeus at 10:02, 2 August 2021

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	{{Reflist}}		{{Reflist}}
	[[Category:History of Manipur]]		[[Category:History of Manipur]]
			{{simple-Wikipedia}}

SonOfZeus: 1 revision imported: Importing article from Simple English Wikipedia

2021-08-02T10:02:16Z

1 revision imported: Importing article from Simple English Wikipedia

← Older revision	Revision as of 15:32, 2 August 2021
(No difference)

simple>Darubrub at 14:03, 31 July 2021

2021-07-31T14:03:27Z

New page

The '''Meitei currency''' for most of the [[history of Manipur]] consisted of [[gold]], [[silver]], [[bronze]] and [[copper]] [[coinage]].<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=LVpuAAAAMAAJ&dq=Manipur+gold,+silver,+bronze+copper+coin&focus=searchwithinvolume&q=gold,+silver,+bronze+copper+coin|title=Recent Researches in Oriental Indological Studies: Including Meiteilogy|last=Singh|first=Moirangthem Kirti|date=1998|publisher=Parimal Publications|language=en}}</ref>
From the earliest history of the coinage in the [[Ancient Manipur]] ([[Antique Kangleipak]]), during the 1st century CE, well into the modern times, Meitei currency saw many changes in form,
denomination and composition. A persistent feature was the inflationary debasement and the replacement of coins over the centuries. Notable examples include the reforms of King [[Pamheiba]] ({{lang-fa|Gharibniwaj}}). This trend continued into modern times.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=XScmdGvMf7IC&pg=PA100&dq=Manipuri+numismatics&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiho8CntIvyAhV6gtgFHQoSDpIQ6AEwBHoECAoQAw#v=onepage&q=Manipuri%20numismatics%20Garibaniwaja%20nagari%20script&f=false|title=Encyclopaedia of North-East India|last=Bareh|first=Hamlet|date=2001|publisher=Mittal Publications|isbn=978-81-7099-790-0|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=E4vT9cxJAN0C&pg=PA49&dq=meitei+coins&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjpvqmRg4vyAhV2zzgGHRo5Afw4PBDoATAAegQIARAD#v=snippet&q=coins%20seventeenth%20nineteenth%20Sanskrit%20&f=false|title=Historical Researches Into Some Aspects of the Culture and Civilization of North-East India|last=Singh|first=G. P.|date=2009|publisher=Gyan Publishing House|isbn=978-81-212-1012-6|language=en}}</ref>
There are many archeological sites excavated in [[Manipur]] from where many ancient coins were found, among which [[Nachou]] is one of the most significant places.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=QApuAAAAMAAJ&dq=meitei+coins&focus=searchwithinvolume&q=Nachou+coins|title=Indian Archaeology|last=India|first=Archæological Survey of|date=2002|publisher=Archaeological Survey of India, Government of India|language=en}}</ref>
== Standards and denominations ==
There were two kinds of coins issued in [[Ancient Manipur]] right from the time of the onset of [[marketing]], which are "semkhai" and "sen". These are generally crafted out of [[bronze]]. Two "semkhai"s equals to one "sen".<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=GmZuAAAAMAAJ&dq=meitei+coins&focus=searchwithinvolume&q=Semkhai+sen+coins+bronze+currency|title=Genesis of Indian Tribes: An Approach to the History of Meiteis and Thais|last=Tensuba|first=Keerti Chand|date=1993|publisher=Inter-India Publications|isbn=978-81-210-0308-7|language=en}}</ref>
== Ancient period ==
The earliest known coinage was issued by during the reign of Emperor [[Ura Konthouba]] in the 7th century CE in [[Ancient Manipur]] ([[Antique Kangleipak]]).<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=Z6d-IyINtk4C&pg=PA701&dq=ura+konthouba&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjQrbbGv4jyAhXaxDgGHQRpBu0Q6AEwAnoECAgQAw#v=snippet&q=ura%20konthouba%20568%20issued%20coins&f=false|title=Encyclopaedia Of Manipur (3 Vol.)|last=Lisam|first=Khomdan Singh|date=2011|publisher=Gyan Publishing House|isbn=978-81-7835-864-2|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=ObFCT5_taSgC&pg=PA142&dq=meitei+coins&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjU1Nrrg4vyAhVczjgGHb6dBrI4RhDoATABegQIBRAD#v=onepage&q=Urakonthauba%20Ayangba%20coins%20mutua%20museum%20&f=false|title=Encyclopaedia of Indian Literature: A-Devo|last=Datta|first=Amaresh|date=1987|publisher=Sahitya Akademi|isbn=978-81-260-1803-1|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=3CvjAAAAMAAJ&dq=wura+konthouba+coin&focus=searchwithinvolume&q=wura+konthouba+coin+earliest|title=Bulletin|date=1980|publisher=Publication Sub-Committee, Mutua Museum|language=en}}</ref> Some historians strongly opined that the oldest known coins were circulated from the 1st century CE during the reign of Emperor [[Nongda Lairen Pakhangba]] in [[Ancient Manipur]].<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=Ws4BAAAAMAAJ&dq=meitei+coins&focus=searchwithinvolume&q=Oldest+coins+Pakhangba|title=History of Manipur|last=Roy|first=Jyotirmoy|date=1973|publisher=Eastlight Book House|language=en}}</ref> It is evident that [[bronze]] coins dating back to 568 AD to 658 AD were found inscribed with letters of archaic [[Meitei script]].<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=fNM1jbGkfJAC&pg=PT4&dq=meitei+coins&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiN1dvhgIvyAhV47HMBHfRODMo4HhDoATAGegQIBhAD#v=onepage&q=meitei%20script%20bronze%20coins%20568%20658&f=false|title=Fresh Fictions: Folk Tales, Plays, Novellas from the North East|date=2005|publisher=Katha|isbn=978-81-87649-44-1|language=en}}</ref>

== Medieval period ==
=== Early medieval ===
It is evident from the coins discovered that there was a good deal of literary activity taken place during the reign of King [[Kyamba]].<ref>https://books.google.co.in/books?id=COCBAAAAMAAJ&dq=meitei+coins&focus=searchwithinvolume&q=meitei+coins+kyamba</ref> The [[Cheitharol Kumbaba]] recorded that King [[Khagemba]] issued coins along with which there was all round progress in the kingdom.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=KYLpvaKJIMEC&pg=PA336&dq=meitei+coins&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiN1dvhgIvyAhV47HMBHfRODMo4HhDoATAAegQIBxAD#v=snippet&q=Khagemba's%20coins%20cheitharol%20Kumbaba&f=false|title=Medieval Indian Literature: Surveys and selections|last=Paniker|first=K. Ayyappa|date=1997|publisher=Sahitya Akademi|isbn=978-81-260-0365-5|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=aFluAAAAMAAJ&q=Manipuri+numismatics&dq=Manipuri+numismatics&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjh2oqbt4vyAhXRmeYKHQ9pANI4ChDoATAAegQIBBAD|title=Archaeology in Manipur|last=Devi|first=L. Kunjeswori|date=2003|publisher=Rajesh Publications|isbn=978-81-85891-18-7|language=en}}</ref> In the [[Sana Keithel]] (Royal Market), there was a custom in which the king threw bell metal coins amidst the public as familiar gestures of goodwill and responsibility for public welfare.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=Xsrgg1Mel8UC&pg=PA72&dq=meitei+coins&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjAzIOShYvyAhUExTgGHdCDAig4WhDoATADegQIAhAD#v=onepage&q=bell%20metal%20coins%20public%20welfare%20sana%20keithel&f=false|title=Folklore, Public Sphere, and Civil Society|last=Muthukumaraswamy|first=M. D.|last2=Kaushal|first2=Molly|date=2004|publisher=NFSC www.indianfolklore.org|isbn=978-81-901481-4-6|language=en}}</ref> In the beginning, kings had to abandon the plan to issue copper coins when the women traders refused to accept them.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=hNALAAAAIAAJ&dq=meitei+coins&focus=searchwithinvolume&q=copper+coins|title=Feminism in a Traditional Society: Women of the Manipur Valley|last=Chaki-Sircar|first=Manjusri|date=1984|publisher=Shakti Books|isbn=978-0-7069-1967-7|language=en}}</ref>
=== Late medieval ===
The coins issued before the reign of King [[Pamheiba]] ({{lang-fa|Garibaniwaja}}) depicted legends in the archaic [[Meetei script]]. For the first time in the [[history of Manipur]]'s [[numismatics]], Garibaniwaja introduced the [[Nagari script]] in depicting the legends. The tradition of depicting [[Bengali script]] and [[Nagari script]] in the coins was followed by the succeeding rulers of later times.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=XScmdGvMf7IC&pg=PA100&dq=Manipuri+numismatics&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiho8CntIvyAhV6gtgFHQoSDpIQ6AEwBHoECAoQAw#v=onepage&q=Manipuri%20numismatics%20Garibaniwaja%20nagari%20script&f=false|title=Encyclopaedia of North-East India|last=Bareh|first=Hamlet|date=2001|publisher=Mittal Publications|isbn=978-81-7099-790-0|language=en}}</ref>
Many of the coins, issued in between seventeenth and nineteenth century AD, bear [[Sanskrit]] legends in [[Devanagari script]].<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=E4vT9cxJAN0C&pg=PA49&dq=meitei+coins&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjpvqmRg4vyAhV2zzgGHRo5Afw4PBDoATAAegQIARAD#v=snippet&q=coins%20seventeenth%20nineteenth%20Sanskrit%20&f=false|title=Historical Researches Into Some Aspects of the Culture and Civilization of North-East India|last=Singh|first=G. P.|date=2009|publisher=Gyan Publishing House|isbn=978-81-212-1012-6|language=en}}</ref> On special occasions, coins were distributed among the crowds with a grand possession of the royalty.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=b1huAAAAMAAJ&q=meitei+coins&dq=meitei+coins&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjt0JvGhIvyAhVf4zgGHXi0Clc4UBDoATAGegQIBxAD|title=The Lost Kingdom: Royal Chronicle of Manipur|last=Singh|first=L. Joychandra|date=1995|publisher=Prajatantra Publishing House|language=en}}</ref>

== Modern period ==
On special occasions, coins were distributed among the crowds with a grand possession of the royalty.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=b1huAAAAMAAJ&q=meitei+coins&dq=meitei+coins&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjt0JvGhIvyAhVf4zgGHXi0Clc4UBDoATAGegQIBxAD|title=The Lost Kingdom: Royal Chronicle of Manipur|last=Singh|first=L. Joychandra|date=1995|publisher=Prajatantra Publishing House|language=en}}</ref>
In the [[Northeast India]], only [[Manipur]] struck low denomination coins that were useful for market trading.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=CDluAAAAMAAJ&dq=meitei+coins&focus=searchwithinvolume&q=Manipur+Low+denomination+coins+market+trading|title=Proceedings of North East India History Association|last=Session|first=North East India History Association|date=2002|publisher=The Association|language=en}}</ref> When [[Manipur]] came under the [[India]]n Union, the Indian currency came into use.

== Minting ==
The [[Senjam]] and the [[Aheibam]] families were engaged for making coins under the supervision of the institution of the [[maiba]]s.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=WEQqAAAAYAAJ&dq=meitei+coins&focus=searchwithinvolume&q=Senjam+Aheiba+coins|title=The Religion of Manipur: Beliefs, Rituals, and Historical Development|last=Parratt|first=Saroj Nalini|date=1980|publisher=Firma KLM|isbn=978-0-8364-0594-1|language=en}}</ref> The populace often learned about of a new ruler when coins appeared with the new ruler's name. For example, [[Ura Konthouba]] (Wura Konthouba) issued coins bearing the [[Meitei script|Meetei letter]] '''"ꯋ" ("wa")''' denoting his name.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=aFluAAAAMAAJ&dq=wura+konthouba+coin&focus=searchwithinvolume&q=wura+konthouba+coin+'Wa'|title=Archaeology in Manipur|last=Devi|first=L. Kunjeswori|date=2003|publisher=Rajesh Publications|isbn=978-81-85891-18-7|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=ZlgaAAAAYAAJ&dq=wura+konthouba+coin&focus=searchwithinvolume&q=wura+konthouba+coin+legend+wa|title=Manipuri Numismatics|last=Singh|first=P. Gunindra|date=1983|publisher=Mutua Museum|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=Z6d-IyINtk4C&pg=PA701&dq=ura+konthouba&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjQrbbGv4jyAhXaxDgGHQRpBu0Q6AEwAnoECAgQAw#v=snippet&q=ura%20konthouba%20568%20issued%20coins&f=false|title=Encyclopaedia Of Manipur (3 Vol.)|last=Lisam|first=Khomdan Singh|date=2011|publisher=Gyan Publishing House|isbn=978-81-7835-864-2|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=ObFCT5_taSgC&pg=PA142&dq=meitei+coins&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjU1Nrrg4vyAhVczjgGHb6dBrI4RhDoATABegQIBRAD#v=onepage&q=Urakonthauba%20Ayangba%20coins%20mutua%20museum%20&f=false|title=Encyclopaedia of Indian Literature: A-Devo|last=Datta|first=Amaresh|date=1987|publisher=Sahitya Akademi|isbn=978-81-260-1803-1|language=en}}</ref>

== Coins in religious activities ==
The senior most/chief male family members (pibas) used coins in the names of God [[Sanamahi]] and Goddess [[Leimarel Sidabi|Leimarel]] and regularly perform rites and rituals in the [[Sanamahi Kachin]] ([[Lainingthou Kachin]]).<ref>{{Cite web|title=The Manipuri Lais|url=http://manipuri.itgo.com/the_lais.html#sanamahi|access-date=2021-07-31|website=manipuri.itgo.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=The Manipuri Lais|url=http://manipuri.itgo.com/the_lais.html#leimaren|access-date=2021-07-31|website=manipuri.itgo.com}}</ref>
During the [[Laiching Jagoi]], an ancient dance performance in the [[Lai Haraoba]] festival, the senior most [[maiba]] has to throw a "konyai" (gold or silver coin) and rice into the water to invoke a [[Meitei deities|deity]].<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=xRbkAAAAMAAJ&dq=meitei+coins&focus=searchwithinvolume&q=konyai+gold+silver+coins|title=Dances of Manipur: The Classical Tradition|last=Doshi|first=Saryu|date=1989|publisher=Marg Publications|isbn=978-81-85026-09-1|language=en}}</ref> The art of fortune telling consists of throwing the coins on the floor and reading its results by the [[maiba]]s and the [[maibi]]s.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=l8xiAAAAMAAJ&dq=meitei+coins&focus=searchwithinvolume&q=coins|title=Proceedings and Transactions of the ... All-India Oriental Conference ...|date=1982|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=xNQ5AAAAIAAJ&dq=meitei+coins&focus=searchwithinvolume&q=coins+maibas+maibis|title=Astrological Magazine|language=en}}</ref>

== Bibliography ==
* https://www.jstor.org/stable/44141193
* https://books.google.co.in/books?id=G32uMwEACAAJ&dq=the+coinage+of+Manipur&hl=en&sa=X&redir_esc=y
* https://books.google.co.in/books?id=ZlgaAAAAYAAJ&q=Manipuri+numismatics&dq=Manipuri+numismatics&hl=en&sa=X&redir_esc=y

== Other websites ==
* http://e-pao.net/epSubPageExtractor.asp?src=manipur.History_of_Manipur.Unexplored_Antique_Coins_of_Manipur
* http://www.e-pao.net/epSubPageExtractor.asp?src=manipur.Arts_and_Culture.Mutua_Bahadur_Art_Collection.Cultural_Heritage_Complex_8
* https://books.google.co.in/books?id=bQQNCU-QWBAC&pg=PA246&dq=meitei+coins&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjLxt77_4ryAhXA7XMBHVC_DPU4FBDoATADegQICRAD#v=onepage&q=coins&f=false
* https://books.google.co.in/books?id=9jtuAAAAMAAJ&dq=meitei+coins&focus=searchwithinvolume&q=coins
* https://books.google.co.in/books?id=Jao5AQAAIAAJ&dq=meitei+coins&focus=searchwithinvolume&q=meitei+bellmetal+coins
* https://books.google.co.in/books?id=qkUHAQAAIAAJ&dq=meitei+coins&focus=searchwithinvolume&q=coins
* https://books.google.co.in/books?id=COCBAAAAMAAJ&q=meitei+coins&dq=meitei+coins&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwi_ira8hYvyAhVSwjgGHSFVB_84ZBDoATAIegQICBAD
* https://books.google.co.in/books?id=fVWGDW07ZrAC&dq=meitei+coins&focus=searchwithinvolume&q=coins
* https://books.google.co.in/books?id=r74yAAAAIAAJ&dq=meitei+coins&focus=searchwithinvolume&q=coins
* https://books.google.co.in/books?id=1lpuAAAAMAAJ&dq=meitei+coins&focus=searchwithinvolume&q=coins
* https://books.google.co.in/books?id=PdEiAQAAMAAJ&q=meitei+coins&dq=meitei+coins&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjpvqmRg4vyAhV2zzgGHRo5Afw4PBDoATAJegQIAhAD
* https://books.google.co.in/books?id=ZF9uAAAAMAAJ&dq=meitei+coins&focus=searchwithinvolume&q=coins
* https://books.google.co.in/books?id=VNeRDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA63&dq=meitei+coins&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjLxt77_4ryAhXA7XMBHVC_DPU4FBDoATAIegQIAhAD#v=onepage&q=%20coins&f=false
== References ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Category:History of Manipur]]

Meitei currency - Revision history

CleanupBot: clean up, added orphan tag

SonOfZeus at 10:02, 2 August 2021

SonOfZeus: 1 revision imported: Importing article from Simple English Wikipedia

simple>Darubrub at 14:03, 31 July 2021