Media coverage of 2019 India–Pakistan standoff - Revision history

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	The media coverage of the [[2019 India–Pakistan standoff\|2019 India-Pakistan standoff]] was criticised for largely being "jingoistic" and "nationalistic", to the extent of the media war-mongering and the battle being fought between India and Pakistan through newsrooms.<ref>{{Cite news\|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-47481757\|title=India and Pakistan: How the war was fought in TV studios\|last1=Vaidyanathan\|first1=Rajini\|date=10 March 2019\|work=BBC\|access-date=2019-03-12\|last2=Kermani\|first2=Secunder\|author-link2=Secunder Kermani \|language=en-GB}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web\|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1469008\|title=Nobel winner Satyarthi warns of media 'war-mongering' in India\|date=12 March 2019\|website=DAWN\|others=[[Agence France-Presse]] (AFP)\|access-date=2019-03-12}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web\|url=https://www.ids.ac.uk/opinions/could-better-accountability-put-a-stop-to-india-and-pakistans-war-mongering/\|title=Could better accountability put a stop to India and Pakistan's war-mongering?\|last=Mohmand\|first=Shandana Khan\|date=6 March 2019\|website=[[Institute of Development Studies]]\|language=en-GB\|access-date=2019-03-12}}</ref> During the escalation, fake videos and misinformation were prevalent on the social media which were further reported to escalate tensions between India and Pakistan.<ref>{{Cite news\|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-india-kashmir-socialmedia-idUSKCN1QH1NY\|title=Social media fake news fans tension between India and Pakistan\|last=Phartiyal\|first=Sankalp\|date=28 February 2019\|work=Reuters\|access-date=2019-03-12\|language=en}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite news\|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/tech/internet/fake-news-misinformation-on-indo-pak-tension-flood-the-social-media/articleshow/68194093.cms\|title=Fake news & misinformation on Indo-Pak tension flood the social media\|last=Chaturvedi\|first=Anumeha\|date=28 February 2019\|work=The Economic Times\|access-date=2019-03-12}}</ref> Once tensions started de-escalating, the media coverage shifted to comparisons being made between "India and Pakistan" and "[[Narendra Modi]] and [[Imran Khan]]" in terms of who won the "perception battle".<ref>{{Cite news\|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-47414490\|title=Modi v Khan: Who won the propaganda battle?\|last=Biswas\|first=Soutik\|date=1 March 2019\|work=BBC\|access-date=2019-03-12\|language=en-GB}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web\|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/opinion/india-pakistan-tensions-won-war-perceptions-190304100556184.html\|title=India-Pakistan tensions: Who won the war of perceptions?\|last=Shukla\|first=Ajai\|date=4 March 2019\|website=Al Jazeera\|access-date=2019-03-12}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web\|url=https://www.straitstimes.com/asia/south-asia/india-and-pakistan-engage-in-perception-war\|title=India and Pakistan engage in perception war\|last=Ganapathy\|first=Nirmala\|date=10 March 2019\|website=The Straits Times\|language=en\|access-date=2019-03-12}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web\|url=https://thediplomat.com/2019/03/a-war-of-words-conflicting-media-narratives-between-india-and-pakistan/\|title=A War of Words? Conflicting Media Narratives Between India and Pakistan\|last=Sriram\|first=Akash\|date=8 March 2019\|website=The Diplomat\|access-date=2019-03-12}}</ref>		The media coverage of the [[2019 India–Pakistan standoff\|2019 India-Pakistan standoff]] was criticised for largely being "jingoistic" and "nationalistic", to the extent of the media war-mongering and the battle being fought between India and Pakistan through newsrooms.<ref>{{Cite news\|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-47481757\|title=India and Pakistan: How the war was fought in TV studios\|last1=Vaidyanathan\|first1=Rajini\|date=10 March 2019\|work=BBC\|access-date=2019-03-12\|last2=Kermani\|first2=Secunder\|author-link2=Secunder Kermani \|language=en-GB}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web\|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1469008\|title=Nobel winner Satyarthi warns of media 'war-mongering' in India\|date=12 March 2019\|website=DAWN\|others=[[Agence France-Presse]] (AFP)\|access-date=2019-03-12}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web\|url=https://www.ids.ac.uk/opinions/could-better-accountability-put-a-stop-to-india-and-pakistans-war-mongering/\|title=Could better accountability put a stop to India and Pakistan's war-mongering?\|last=Mohmand\|first=Shandana Khan\|date=6 March 2019\|website=[[Institute of Development Studies]]\|language=en-GB\|access-date=2019-03-12}}</ref> During the escalation, fake videos and misinformation were prevalent on the social media which were further reported to escalate tensions between India and Pakistan.<ref>{{Cite news\|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-india-kashmir-socialmedia-idUSKCN1QH1NY\|title=Social media fake news fans tension between India and Pakistan\|last=Phartiyal\|first=Sankalp\|date=28 February 2019\|work=Reuters\|access-date=2019-03-12\|language=en}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite news\|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/tech/internet/fake-news-misinformation-on-indo-pak-tension-flood-the-social-media/articleshow/68194093.cms\|title=Fake news & misinformation on Indo-Pak tension flood the social media\|last=Chaturvedi\|first=Anumeha\|date=28 February 2019\|work=The Economic Times\|access-date=2019-03-12}}</ref> Once tensions started de-escalating, the media coverage shifted to comparisons being made between "India and Pakistan" and "[[Narendra Modi]] and [[Imran Khan]]" in terms of who won the "perception battle".<ref>{{Cite news\|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-47414490\|title=Modi v Khan: Who won the propaganda battle?\|last=Biswas\|first=Soutik\|date=1 March 2019\|work=BBC\|access-date=2019-03-12\|language=en-GB}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web\|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/opinion/india-pakistan-tensions-won-war-perceptions-190304100556184.html\|title=India-Pakistan tensions: Who won the war of perceptions?\|last=Shukla\|first=Ajai\|date=4 March 2019\|website=Al Jazeera\|access-date=2019-03-12}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web\|url=https://www.straitstimes.com/asia/south-asia/india-and-pakistan-engage-in-perception-war\|title=India and Pakistan engage in perception war\|last=Ganapathy\|first=Nirmala\|date=10 March 2019\|website=The Straits Times\|language=en\|access-date=2019-03-12}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web\|url=https://thediplomat.com/2019/03/a-war-of-words-conflicting-media-narratives-between-india-and-pakistan/\|title=A War of Words? Conflicting Media Narratives Between India and Pakistan\|last=Sriram\|first=Akash\|date=8 March 2019\|website=The Diplomat\|access-date=2019-03-12}}</ref>

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The media coverage of the [[2019 India–Pakistan standoff|2019 India-Pakistan standoff]] was criticised for largely being "jingoistic" and "nationalistic", to the extent of the media war-mongering and the battle being fought between India and Pakistan through newsrooms.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-47481757|title=India and Pakistan: How the war was fought in TV studios|last1=Vaidyanathan|first1=Rajini|date=10 March 2019|work=BBC|access-date=2019-03-12|last2=Kermani|first2=Secunder|author-link2=Secunder Kermani |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1469008|title=Nobel winner Satyarthi warns of media 'war-mongering' in India|date=12 March 2019|website=DAWN|others=[[Agence France-Presse]] (AFP)|access-date=2019-03-12}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ids.ac.uk/opinions/could-better-accountability-put-a-stop-to-india-and-pakistans-war-mongering/|title=Could better accountability put a stop to India and Pakistan's war-mongering?|last=Mohmand|first=Shandana Khan|date=6 March 2019|website=[[Institute of Development Studies]]|language=en-GB|access-date=2019-03-12}}</ref> During the escalation, fake videos and misinformation were prevalent on the social media which were further reported to escalate tensions between India and Pakistan.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-india-kashmir-socialmedia-idUSKCN1QH1NY|title=Social media fake news fans tension between India and Pakistan|last=Phartiyal|first=Sankalp|date=28 February 2019|work=Reuters|access-date=2019-03-12|language=en}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/tech/internet/fake-news-misinformation-on-indo-pak-tension-flood-the-social-media/articleshow/68194093.cms|title=Fake news & misinformation on Indo-Pak tension flood the social media|last=Chaturvedi|first=Anumeha|date=28 February 2019|work=The Economic Times|access-date=2019-03-12}}</ref> Once tensions started de-escalating, the media coverage shifted to comparisons being made between "India and Pakistan" and "[[Narendra Modi]] and [[Imran Khan]]" in terms of who won the "perception battle".<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-47414490|title=Modi v Khan: Who won the propaganda battle?|last=Biswas|first=Soutik|date=1 March 2019|work=BBC|access-date=2019-03-12|language=en-GB}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/opinion/india-pakistan-tensions-won-war-perceptions-190304100556184.html|title=India-Pakistan tensions: Who won the war of perceptions?|last=Shukla|first=Ajai|date=4 March 2019|website=Al Jazeera|access-date=2019-03-12}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.straitstimes.com/asia/south-asia/india-and-pakistan-engage-in-perception-war|title=India and Pakistan engage in perception war|last=Ganapathy|first=Nirmala|date=10 March 2019|website=The Straits Times|language=en|access-date=2019-03-12}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://thediplomat.com/2019/03/a-war-of-words-conflicting-media-narratives-between-india-and-pakistan/|title=A War of Words? Conflicting Media Narratives Between India and Pakistan|last=Sriram|first=Akash|date=8 March 2019|website=The Diplomat|access-date=2019-03-12}}</ref>

== Background ==
Propaganda and psychological warfare through the media is an old concept.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1468925|title=Fake news & war hysteria|last=Editorial|date=11 March 2019|website=DAWN|access-date=2019-03-12}}</ref> The media in both India and Pakistan are important "stakeholders" during times of heightened tensions between the two countries.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://thewire.in/media/india-pakistan-mumbai-attack-media|title=Indian Media Plays a Crucial Role in Times of Crises With Pakistan|last1=Ruhee|first1=Neog|last2=Haegeland|first2=Hannah|date=10 December 2018|website=The Wire|access-date=2019-03-12}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://crises.stimson.org/onset/|title=Anatomy of a Crisis: Explaining Crisis Onset in India-Pakistan Relations|last1=Lalwani|first1=Sameer|last2=Haegeland|first2=Hannah|date=2018|website=[[Stimson Center]]|access-date=2019-03-12}}</ref> Previous studies conducted have suggested the "nationalistic" role of the media in relation to India and Pakistan conflicts.<ref>Dwaipayan Bose (2011). ''"[https://reutersinstitute.politics.ox.ac.uk/sites/default/files/2017-10/Journalism_Caught_in_Narrow_Nationalism_The_India-Pakistan_Media_War.pdf Journalism Caught in Narrow Nationalism: The India-Pakistan Media War]"'' [[Reuters Institute for the Study of Journalism|Reuters institute for the Study of Journalism]]. University of Oxford. Thomson Reuters Foundation.</ref> A [[Bournemouth University]] doctoral study by Chindu Sreedharan concluded the dominance of "anti-peace news" in the overall coverage of Kashmir suggesting that the press in India and Pakistan has a counterproductive role in the Kashmir issue and that the "coverage was vigorously government-led and intensely 'negative'".<ref>Sreedharan, C., (2009). ''[http://eprints.bournemouth.ac.uk/17116/1/Sreedharan%2CC_Ph.D_2009.pdf Reporting Kashmir: an analysis of the conflict coverage in Indian and Pakistani newspapers.]'' Doctorate Thesis (Doctorate). Bournemouth University. [https://web.archive.org/web/20170810173502/http://eprints.bournemouth.ac.uk/17116/1/Sreedharan,C_Ph.D_2009.pdf Archived] from the [http://eprints.bournemouth.ac.uk/17116/ original] on 10 August 2017.</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://staffprofiles.bournemouth.ac.uk/display/csreedharan|title=Dr Chindu Sreedharan - Bournemouth University Staff Profile Pages|website=Bournemouth University|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180726064933/https://staffprofiles.bournemouth.ac.uk/display/csreedharan|archive-date=26 July 2018|access-date=3 February 2018}}</ref> A study in the Pakistan Journal of History and Culture found that newspapers of both countries (India and Pakistan) were "setting the agenda on Kashmir issue positively in the light of foreign policy of their respective country".<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Ali|first1=Shahzad|last2=Fozia|first2=Perveen|date=2015|title=Representation of Kashmir Issue in the Mainstream Newspapers of Pakistan and India: A Test of Media Conformity Theory|url=http://www.nihcr.edu.pk/Latest_English_Journal/Jul-Decem%202015%20No.2/3.%20Representation%20of%20Kashmir%20Issue%20by%20Shahzad%20Ali%20and%20Fozia%20Perveen.pdf|journal=Pakistan Journal of History and Culture|volume=Vol.XXXVI, No.2|pages=46|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190203132008/http://www.nihcr.edu.pk/Latest_English_Journal/Jul-Decem%202015%20No.2/3.%20Representation%20of%20Kashmir%20Issue%20by%20Shahzad%20Ali%20and%20Fozia%20Perveen.pdf|archive-date=3 February 2019}}</ref>

== War mongering ==
Various accusations were made against the sections of the Indian and Pakistani media for war-mongering.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://caravanmagazine.in/media/question-journalists-support-for-armed-forces|title=How the fog of war has blinded journalists to their roles|last=Tripathi|first=Salil|date=2 March 2019|website=The Caravan|access-date=2019-03-12}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://theprint.in/talk-point/fighting-under-tv-and-social-media-glare-can-india-pakistan-contain-escalation/199006/|title=Fighting under TV and social media glare, can India & Pakistan contain escalation?|date=28 February 2019|work=The Print|access-date=13 March 2019}}</ref> Indian [[Nobel Peace Prize]] laureate [[Kailash Satyarthi]] acknowledged the war-mongering prevalent among the Indian media, but added that there were many journalists trying to "de-escalate" the situation too.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.businesstoday.in/latest/nobel-prize-winner-kailash-satyarthi-warns-of-media-war-mongering-in-india/story/326813.html|title=Nobel Prize winner Kailash Satyarthi warns of media 'war-mongering' in India|date=12 March 2019|website=Business Today|others=Press Trust of India|access-date=2019-03-12}}</ref><ref name=":0" /> Both in India and Pakistan, media unions called for a stop on the war-mongering.{{Citation needed|date=November 2020}} A story in [[Quartz (publication)|Quartz]] quotes Indian journalist [[Sadanand Dhume]] (a fellow at the American think tank [[American Enterprise Institute]]) where he says "Paradoxically, the over-zealous Indian media and Pakistani media may help prevent escalation of conflict."<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://qz.com/india/1561178/media-in-india-and-pakistan-share-fake-news-amid-border-conflict/|title=Indian media trumpeting about Pakistani fake news should look in the mirror first|last=Thaker|first=Aria|date=28 February 2019|website=Quartz India|access-date=16 March 2019}}</ref> [[Foreign Policy]] came out with an article titled "India’s Media Is War-Crazy". According to it, Indian journalists were very much willing to “reproduce unverified, contradictory and speculative information” that suited the Indian government.<ref>{{cite news |title=India's Media Is War-Crazy |url=https://foreignpolicy.com/2019/03/01/indias-media-is-war-crazy/ |work=Foreign Policy |date=March 1, 2019}}</ref>

== Perception war ==
[[Ajai Shukla]], an Indian journalist and former [[Indian Army]] colonel, writes in [[Al Jazeera]] that "Pakistan won the perception war", however adds that Pakistan is losing out in other ways.<ref name=":2" /> A report in an Indian media digital website, ''[[Scroll.in]],'' was titled "How Imran Khan stumped Narendra Modi in the perception battle over air strikes" where it criticises Narendra Modi for not addressing the media directly during the crisis as compared to Imran Khan who addressed the media directly during the crisis more than once, and in turn directed the narrative.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://scroll.in/article/914952/how-imran-khan-stumped-narendra-modi-in-the-perception-battle-over-air-strikes|title=How Imran Khan stumped Narendra Modi in the perception battle over air strikes|last=Yamunan|first=Sruthisagar|date=1 March 2019|website=[[Scroll.in]]|language=en-US|access-date=2019-03-16}}</ref> A report in a Pakistani newspaper [[The News International|T''he News International'']] however said that even if Imran Khan and Narendra Modi won the perception battles in their respective constituencies, neither side wanted a war according to Vipin Narang, a professor at [[Massachusetts Institute of Technology|Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT)]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thenews.com.pk/print/439374-modi-vs-imran-who-won-the-war-of-perception|title=Modi vs Imran: Who won the war of perception?|date=4 March 2019|website=[[The News International]]|access-date=2019-03-16}}</ref>
== Fake news and fact-checking ==

Various media houses resorted to fact-checking related to misinformation related to Air Marshal [[Chandrashekharan Hari Kumar]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://businessworld.in/article/Fact-Check-Alert-No-Air-Marshal-Chandrashekharan-Hari-Kumar-Was-Not-Sacked-/04-03-2019-167736|title=Fact Check Alert: No, Air Marshal Chandrashekharan Hari Kumar Was Not Sacked|last=Kapoor|first=Urvashi|date=4 March 2019|website=Business World (BW)|language=en|access-date=2019-03-12}}</ref> Wing Commander [[Abhinandan Varthaman|Abhinandan Varthanman]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/news/fake-wing-commander-abhinandan-features-in-pakistani-tea-advert/articleshow/68280095.cms|title=FAKE: Wing Commander Abhinandan features in Pakistani tea advert|date=6 March 2019|website=The Times of India|access-date=2019-03-12}}</ref> [[General Dynamics F-16 Fighting Falcon|F-16s]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thequint.com/news/webqoof/pakistani-official-lockheed-martin-lawsuit-against-india-fake-news-fact-check|title=Pak Official Falsely Claims F-16 Makers Filing Suit Against India|date=2 March 2019|website=The Quint|language=en|others=The Print|access-date=2019-03-12}}</ref> an Indian submarine and various other things.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2019/feb/26/fact-check-fake-iaf-airstrike-video-goes-viral-1944010.html|title=Fact check: Fake IAF Balakot airstrike video goes viral|date=26 February 2019|website=The New Indian Express|access-date=2019-03-12}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/fact-check/story/fact-check-pakistan-shows-old-doctored-video-claiming-it-an-indian-submarine-1471146-2019-03-06|title=Fact Check: Pakistan shows old, doctored video, claiming it an Indian submarine|last=Kundu|first=Chayan|date=6 March 2019|website=India Today|language=en|access-date=2019-03-12}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/fact-check-do-viral-videos-show-india-pakistan-fighter-jets-in-kashmir/article26384315.ece|title=Fact check: Do viral videos show India, Pakistan fighter jets in Kashmir?|date=27 February 2019|work=The Hindu|access-date=2019-03-12|others=AFP|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.qatar-tribune.com/news-details/id/156473|title=Fact-check: Viral videos showing Indian, Pakistani warplanes in action fake?|date=27 February 2019|website=Qatar-Tribune|language=en-US|others=AFP|access-date=2019-03-12}}</ref> It was reported after the Balakot airstrikes on 26 February, a fact checking website "Check4Spam" reported a 79% increase in traffic.<ref name=":1" /> Old videos and photographs of "crashing fighter jets" were being circulated in both India and Pakistan during the crisis as recent events.<ref name=":1" />
<nowiki/>{{reflist|group=lower-alpha}}

== See also ==

* [[Media coverage of the Iraq War]]
* [[Media coverage of the Arab–Israeli conflict]]
* [[Media coverage of the Syrian Civil War]]
* [[Media coverage of the Virginia Tech shooting]]

== References ==
<references />

== Further reading ==

* ''"‘No self-respecting govt can get off the escalation ladder’: Indian and Pakistani media fight to form narrative"'' - [https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2019/02/27/no-self-respecting-government-can-get-off-escalation-ladder-indian-pakistani-media-fight-form-narrative/ Washington Post]
* ''"The India-Pakistan Conflict was a parade of lies"'' - [https://www.nytimes.com/2019/03/06/opinion/india-pakistan-news.html 6 March 2019, New York Times]
* Media, Policymaking, and Public Opinion in India-Pakistan Crises ([https://www.stimson.org/sites/default/files/InvestigatingCrisesMedia.pdf Stimson Centre, 2018])
* Babel as narrative: The media, a mediated war and I ([https://www.orfonline.org/expert-speak/babel-as-narrative-the-media-a-mediated-war-and-i-48798/ 7 March 2019, Observer Research Foundation])
* Indian media trumpeting about Pakistani fake news should look in the mirror first [https://qz.com/india/1561178/media-in-india-and-pakistan-share-fake-news-amid-border-conflict/ (28 February 2019, QZ India)]
* A look at what the international media is saying about Indo-Pak war games [https://www.newslaundry.com/2019/02/28/a-look-at-what-the-international-media-is-saying-about-the-indo-pak-war-games (28 February 2019, Newslaundry)]
* Wing Commander Abhinandan slams Indian media's gross coverage [https://www.pakistantoday.com.pk/2019/03/01/wing-commander-abhinandan-slams-indian-medias-gross-coverage/ (1 March 2019, Pakistan Today)]
* ‘Army Isn’t Asking for War, Indian Media Is’: Journalism Students [https://www.thequint.com/videos/news-videos/students-asian-college-of-journalism-speak-media-bias-fake-news-jingoistic (8 March 2019, The Quint)]
* Speaking Truth to Power: The Indian Media's Descent from Sharp Hawks to Screeching Parrots [https://www.thehinducentre.com/the-arena/current-issues/article26507482.ece (12 March 2019, The Hindu Centre)]
* India and Pakistan must break free of their shackles ([https://gulfnews.com/opinion/op-eds/india-and-pakistan-must-break-free-of-their-shackles-1.62466581 6 March 2019, Gulf News])

{{Kashmir conflict}}
{{Indo-Pakistani relations}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Media coverage of 2019 India-Pakistan standoff}}
[[Category:Media coverage and representation]]
[[Category:War and the media]]
[[Category:Mass media in India]]
[[Category:Mass media in Pakistan]]