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2022-06-26T10:42:49Z

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	===Non-consolidated areas===		===Non-consolidated areas===
	These areas have been all consolidated as per the standard system now. These are older measurements from during the [[British Raj]] prior to these areas were consolidated. In the areas consolidated on the basis of the local ~~meas ure~~ and the non-consolidated areas of Amritsar, Gurdaspur, (except Shahpur Hill Circle and Chak Andar in Pathankot tehsil), Ferozepur (except Fazilka) and the erstwhile princely State of Faridkot. Also applicable for Lahore (Pakistan):		These areas have been all consolidated as per the standard system now. These are older measurements from during the [[British Raj]] prior to these areas were consolidated. In the areas consolidated on the basis of the local measUte and the non-consolidated areas of Amritsar, Gurdaspur, (except Shahpur Hill Circle and Chak Andar in Pathankot tehsil), Ferozepur (except Fazilka) and the erstwhile princely State of Faridkot. Also applicable for Lahore (Pakistan):

	* 1 Karam 60 inches		* 1 Karam 60 inches

122.177.108.128: /* Current standard measurement of farm land */

2021-10-27T16:50:07Z

Current standard measurement of farm land

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{{Multiple issues|
{{refimprove|date=May 2018}}
{{notability|date=February 2010}}
}}

The following are the basic measurements of land used in the [[Punjab region]], divided between [[Punjab, India|Indian]] and [[Punjab, Pakistan|Pakistani]] Punjab and many parts of North [[India]] and [[Pakistan]] in ascending order.

==Current standard measurement of farm land==
'''All Units'''

1 karam X 1 karam = 1 sq. karam

5.5 feet X 5.5 feet = 30.25 sq. feet

30.25 square feet = 1 Sarsai

9 Sarsai (Karam) = 1 Marla

20 Marlas = 1 Kanal

20 Biswas = 1 Bigha

8 Kanals = 1 Killa(Acre)

5 Bighas = 1 Killa(Acre)

2.5 Killas(Acres) = 1 Hectare

25 Killas(Acres) = 1 Murabba

This the current standard system of measurement of farm land.

===Muraba-Killa-Bigha system===
* one 'karam' is 5.5 ft
* one 'Sq. Karam' is 'One Sarsai' = (5.5 x 5.5) = 30.25 Sq. Yard
* one 'marla' is 9 (Sarsai) square karams = 9 x (5.5x5.5) = 272.25 Sq ft =30.25 Sq yard.
* one 'kanaal' is 20 marlas (5,445 sq ft) = 605 Sq.yard (Gajz)
* one 'bigha' is 20 biswa (21,780 sq ft)
* three '[[bigha]]' = 60 nisa
* 5 kanaals (27225 sq. ft) = 5x605 = 100 marla = 3025 sq.yd. (gajz)
* one 'killa' is of 8 kanaals = 8x605 = 4840sq.yd. (gajz)
* one 'murabba' is 25 killas (1,089,000 sq ft = 25 acres)
* 1 hectare is 2.47 Acres
*

===Killa or acre measurements===
A killa or acre is measured [[Rectangle|rectangularly]], reckoned as an area 36 karams (198 ft) x 40 karams (220 ft) (43,560 square ft). 1
/5th of a killa or acre is known as bigha

* 1 Karam = 5.5 feet = 1.83
#
* '[[]]' or Gaj
* 1 Yard or Gaj = 36 Inch = 0.91 Metre = 3 feet
* 1 Sq Yard = 9 Sq Feet
* To convert Sq feet to Sq Yard = Divide by 9
* 1 Marla is 30.25 Sq Yard ( 272.25 sq feet)
* 1 Kanal is 605 sq Yard ( 5445 sq feet)
* 1 Acre is 4840 Sq Yard

==Units of measurements in [[Haryana|Sindh (Pakistan)]]==
Following are the current units of measurement in Sindh residential as well as open / agricultural land.

* 1 Athaas = 4 Acres
* 1 Acre = 2 Jarebs = 43,560 Sq.ft = 4,840 Sq.yd
* 1 Jareb = 20 Wiswa = 21,780 Sq.ft = 2,420 Sq.yd
* 1 Wiswa = 1089 Sq.ft = 121 Sq.yd = 33 x 33 feet

==Measurements of residential properties==
[[Koti (disambiguation)|Kothis]] (residential homes) and [[havelis]] (traditional mansions) are measured in marlas and kanaals. Most are two to four kanaals but the big ones can be anything from four to six kanaals.

==Units of measurements in Haryana==
Following are the current units of measurement as per [[HALRIS]].<ref name=harunit1>[http://jamabandi.nic.in/Land%20Records/Units.aspx Haryana jamabandi Units of measurements] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180418162328/http://jamabandi.nic.in/Land%20Records/Units.aspx |date=2018-04-18 }}, [[HALRIS]].</ref> Different areas have different size of Bigha,<ref name=harunit1/> hence this system is no longer used since 1957 when it was replaced by the standardised Acre-Kanal-Marla based meter system.

Acre-Kanal-Marla system (currently used, standardised metre system)
* 1 Karam = 66 inch
* 1 Sarsari = 1 Karam X 1 Karam
* 9 Sarsari = 1 Marla
* 20 Marla = 1 Kanal
* 8 Kanal = 1 Acre (Ghumman)
* 1 Acre = 36 Karam (north to south) X 40 Karam (east to west)
Bigha-Biswa system conversion to current Acre system
* 1 Karam = 57.157 inch
* 1 Biswansi = 1 Karam X 1 Karam
* 20 Biswansi = 1 Biswa
* 20 Biswa = 1 Bigha
* 4 Bigha और 16 Biswa = 1 Acre
Killa-Biswa-Bigha system (old system, no longer used since 1957)
* 1 Karam = 57.157 inch
* 20 Biswansi = 1 Biswa
* 20 Biswa = 1 Bigha
* 4 Bigha = 1 Killa (40 Karam X 40 Karam)

===Historic units of measurements===
This measure was used in the [[Permanent Settlement|revenue settlement]] of the districts of Delhi, [[Hisar district|Hisar]], [[Rohtak district|Rohtak]], [[Ambala district|Ambala]], [[Karnal district|Karnal]], [[Fazilka district|Fazilka]], [[Ferozepur district|Ferozepur]] and [[Ludhiana district|Ludhiana]] during British Raj.<ref name=britraj1>[http://dlc.dlib.indiana.edu/dlc/bitstream/handle/10535/8896/CHAKRAVARTY-KAUL_1098.pdf?sequence=1 British raj measurements]</ref> This is now not used.

* 1 Bigha = 0.20 acres or 4.8 Bighas = 1 acre

==Historic measurements in Punjab==
These are now outdated and have been standardised as above after the consolidation of land in Haryana and Punjab post-independence.

* one biswa = 15 Sq karams; 12 biswas = 1 kanaal (605 gaz)
* one [[bigha]] = 60 biswas - 3025 square yards - 2530 sq m

=== Consolidated areas===
In all areas [[Permanent Settlement|settled]] and [[Land consolidation|consolidated]] on the basis of the standard measure of 66 inches i.e. Karam or Gatha:

* 1 Sq. Karam or Sarsahi 3.0896352 Sq.yds say 30.56
* 9 Sarsahies or 1 Marla 30.249999 Sq.yds say 30.25 Sq.yds.
* 20 Marlas or 1 Kanal 604.99996 Sq.yds say 605 Sq.yds.
* 160 Marlas or 8 Kanals 4839.99998 Sq.yds.say 4840 Sq.yds. (1 acre or 1 killa)

===Non-consolidated areas===
These areas have been all consolidated as per the standard system now. These are older measurements from during the [[British Raj]] prior to these areas were consolidated. In the areas consolidated on the basis of the local meas ure and the non-consolidated areas of Amritsar, Gurdaspur, (except Shahpur Hill Circle and Chak Andar in Pathankot tehsil), Ferozepur (except Fazilka) and the erstwhile princely State of Faridkot. Also applicable for Lahore (Pakistan):

* 1 Karam 60 inches
* 1 Sq. Karam or Sarsahi 2.777777 Sq. yds.
* 9 Sarsahies or 1 Marla 24.999999 Sq. yards say 25 Sq.yards.
* 20 Marlas or 1 Kanal 499.9999 Sq. yards say 500 Sq.yards
* 193.60 Marlas (9 Kanals1 Acre or 4840 Sq.yds 13 Marlas 5 Sarsahis)

=== Consolidated areas based on non-standard measures===
In the areas consolidated on the basis of the local measure and the non-consolidated areas of Hoshiarpur, Jalandhar, Anandpur Sahib (Ropar) and the Shahpur hill Circle in Gurdaspur District during the British Raj.

* 1 Karam 57.5 inches
* 1 Sq. Karam or Sarsahi 2.5511188 Sq.yds.
* 9 Sarsahies or 1 Marla 22.960069 Sq.yards say 22.96 Sq.yds
* 20 Marlas or 1 Kanal 459.20138 Sq.yards say 459 Sq.yards.
* 210.8 Marlas 10.54 Kanals 1 Acre or 4840 Sq.yds

=== Consolidated areas based on non-standard measures in erstwhile princely State of Kapurthala ===
In the area consolidated on the basis of the local measure and the non-consolidated areas of the erstwhile princely State of Kapurthala:

* 1 Karam 54 inches
* 1 Sq. Karam or Sarsahi = 2.25 Sq.yds.
* 9 Sarsahies or 1 Marla = 20.25 Sq.yards
* 20 Marlas or 1 Kanal = 405 Sq.yards.
* 239 Marlas(11 Kanals 19 Marlas) = 1 Acre or 4840 Sq.yds.

1 Karam or Gat ha x 1 Karam or Gatha
1 Sq. Karam or Biswansi 20 Biswansis
1 Biswa 20 Biswa 1 Satty 2

{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Sq feet!! Sq gaz!! Sq metre !! Karams!! Marla!! Kanaal!! Killa !! Begha!! Muraba
|-
|| 272.25 || 30.25 || 25.293 || 9 || 1 || 0.05 || 0.00625 || 0.0005 || 0.00025
|-
|| 5445 || 605 || 505.86 || 180 || 20 || 1 || 0.125 || 0.01 || 0.005
|-
|| 43560 || 4840 || 4046.88 || 1440 || 160 || 8 || 1 || 0.08 || 0.04
|-
|| 544500 || 60500 || 50586 || 18000 || 2000 || 100 || 12.5 || 1 || 0.5
|-
|| 1089000 || 121000 || 101172 || 36000 || 4000 || 200 || 25 || 2 || 1
|}

==Meaning of Terms used in Mutation (Jamabandi/Farad==

For Agricultural Land
* Gair Mumkin: Not useful for cultivation e.g mountainous etc
* Chahi: Irrigated by tubewells
* Khudkasht: Cultivated by self, not given to someone else.

==See also==
{{div col |colwidth=12em}}
* [[Khadir and Bangar#Related terms|Banjar, Jungle, Abadi, Shamlat, Gair Mumkin]]
* [[Khadir and Bangar#Bangar areas and subtypes|Barani, Nahri, Chahi, Taal]]
* [[Bigha]]
* [[Doab]]
* [[Haryana Land Record Information System]]
* [[Khadir and Bangar]]
* [[Khasra]]
* [[Patwari]]
* [[Shajra]]
* [[Zaildar]]
*{{div col end}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Units of measurement]]
[[Category:Punjab]]
[[Category:Economic history of India]]
[[Category:Economic history of Pakistan]]
[[Category:Metrication]]

Measurement of land in Punjab - Revision history

UpdateBot at 10:42, 26 June 2022

122.177.108.128: /* Current standard measurement of farm land */