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{{Short description|Islamic university in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2018}}
{{Infobox university
|name = Mazahir Uloom Saharanpur
|image = Mazahir Uloom Jadeed.jpg
|caption = Jamia Mazahir Uloom Jadeed
|established = {{start date and age|df=yes|p=y|1866|11|09}}
|type = [[Islamic university]]
|rector = {{bulleted list| Muhammad Aaqil Saharanpuri (Mazahir Uloom Jadeed)| Muḥammad Saeedi (Mazahir Uloom Waqf Qadeem)}}
|location = [[Saharanpur, Uttar Pradesh]], India
|nickname = Mazahir
|founders = [[Ahmad Ali Saharanpuri]], Muhammad Sa'adat Ali, [[Mazhar Nanautawi]]
}}

'''Mazahir Uloom''' ({{lang-ur|{{nq|جامعہ مظاہر علوم، سہارنپور}}}}) is an Islamic seminary located in [[Saharanpur]], [[Uttar Pradesh]]. Started in November 1866 by Sa'ādat Ali Faqīh, and developed further by [[Mazhar Nanautawi]] and [[Ahmad Ali Saharanpuri]]; it is regarded as the second most influential and major [[Deobandi]] seminary in India. The earliest graduates of the seminary include famous Hadīth scholar [[Khalil Ahmad Saharanpuri]].

The seminary split in 1983 into Mazahir Uloom Jadeed and Mazahir Uloom Waqf Qadeem. The incumbent rectors are Muhammad Aaqil Saharanpuri and Muḥammad Saeedi respectively.

==History==
Mazāhir Uloom was established as "Mazhar Uloom";<ref>{{Citation|author1=Shāhid Sahāranpuri|title=Ulama e Mazahir Uloom aur unki Ilmi wa tasnīfi khidmāt|volume=1|edition=2005 |page=108}}</ref> on 9 November 1866, six months after the foundation of the Deoband seminary.<ref>{{cite journal |author1=Brannon D. Ingram |title='Modern' Madrasa: Deoband and Colonial Secularity |journal=Historical Social Research / Historische Sozialforschung |date=2019 |volume=44 |issue=4 |page=211 |jstor=26747455 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/26747455 |access-date=28 May 2021}}</ref><ref name="Rizwi">{{cite book |title=History of The Dar al-Ulum Deoband |author=Syed Mehboob Rizwi |author-link=Syed Mehboob Rizwi|volume=1 |publisher=Idara-E-Ehtemam, Dar al-Ulum Deoband |page=356 |edition=First Print, 1980}}</ref><ref>{{Citation|author1=Shāhid Sahāranpuri|title=Ulama e Mazahir Uloom aur unki Ilmi wa tasnīfi khidmāt|volume=1|edition=2005 |page=68}}</ref>Its founding figures include Ahmad Ali Saharanpuri, [[Mazhar Nanautawi]], Qādhi Fazlur Rahmān and Sa’adat Ali Faqih.<ref>{{Citation|author1=Shāhid Sahāranpuri|title=Ulama e Mazahir Uloom aur unki Ilmi wa tasnīfi khidmāt|volume=1|edition=2005 |page=70}}</ref> Mazahir Uloom is thought to be the second major [[madrasa]] after [[Darul Uloom Deoband]].<ref>{{Citation|author1=Shāhid Sahāranpuri|title=Ulama e Mazahir Uloom aur unki Ilmi wa tasnīfi khidmāt|volume=1|edition=2005 |page=67}}</ref>

The first generation teachers, apart from the founders; include, Aḥmad Hasan Kanpuri, Sa'adat Hussain Bihari, Sakhāwat Ali Ambethwi and Muḥammad Siddīq.<ref>{{Citation|author1=Shāhid Sahāranpuri|title=Ulama e Mazahir Uloom aur unki Ilmi wa tasnīfi khidmāt|volume=1|edition=2005 |page=109}}</ref> The first generation students include [[Khalil Ahmad Saharanpuri]], Mushtāq Aḥmad Anbethwi and Qamruddīn Sahāranpuri.<ref>{{Citation|author1=Shāhid Sahāranpuri|title=Ulama e Mazahir Uloom aur unki Ilmi wa tasnīfi khidmāt|volume=1|edition=2005 |page=116}}</ref>

In [[Muharram]] 1338 [[Hijri year|AH]]; the seminary established its Darul Ifta (the fatwa institute).<ref name="muftis">{{Citation|author1=Shāhid Sahāranpuri|title=Ulama e Mazahir Uloom aur unki Ilmi wa tasnīfi khidmāt|volume=1|edition=2005 |pages=333–334}}</ref> The seminary's jurists include Ashfāqur Rahmān Kāndhlawi, Mahmood Hasan Gangohi, Abdul Qayyūm Raipuri and Muḥammad Shuaib Bastawi.<ref name="muftis"/>

===Recent developments===
Following the split of Darul Uloom Deoband in 1982; Mazahir Uloom split into Jamia Mazahir Uloom Jadeed and Mazahir Uloom Waqf Qadeem in 1983.<ref>{{cite book |author1=Dietrich Reetz |editor1-last=A. Noor |editor1-first=Farish |editor2-last=Sikand |editor2-first=Yoginder |editor3-last=Bruinessen |editor3-first=Martin van |editor1-link=Farish A. Noor |editor3-link=Martin van Bruinessen |title=The Madrasa in Asia: Political Activism and Transnational Linkages |publisher=Amsterdam University Press |location=Amsterdam |isbn=978-90-5356-710-4 |page=89 |edition=2008 |chapter=Change and Stagnation in Islamic Education: The Dar al-Ulum of Deoband after the Split in 1982}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |author1=Muhammadullah Khalili Qasmi |title=Madrasa Mazahir Uloom Saharanpur 1866-2011 |url=http://www.deoband.net/blogs/madrasa-mazahir-uloom-saharanpur-1866-2011 |access-date=28 May 2021 |date=26 May 2011}}</ref> Mazāhir Uloom Jadeed adopted the position of "Ameen-e-Aam" (General Secretary) in 1988 appointing Muhammad Talha Kandhlawi as the first General Secretary who served the position until 1993.<ref name="deoband">{{cite journal |author1=Rafiuddin Haneef Qasmi |title=Mawlana Muhammad Talha: Life and Services |journal=Monthly Darul Uloom |date=September 2019 |volume=193 |issue=9 |url=http://darululoom-deoband.com/urdu/magazine/new/tmp/09%20Mahnama%20Darul%20Uloom_September%202019.html |access-date=5 April 2020 |publisher=[[Darul Uloom Deoband]]}}</ref>

==Program==
The seminary teaches the [[dars-e-nizami]] curriculum.<ref name="edusystem">{{Citation|author1=Shāhid Sahāranpuri|title=Ulama e Mazahir Uloom aur unki Ilmi wa tasnīfi khidmāt|volume=1|edition=2005 |pages=131–132}}</ref> The former rector of the seminary Abdul Latīf wrote a detailed defense of the dars-e-nizami curriculum; when some scholars asked the syllabus to be updated.<ref name="edusystem"/> The seminary has changed few books in the curriculum timely, but they did not modify it completely and they do not agree with the changes, or systems otherwise.<ref name="edusystem"/>

==Administration==
Mazāhir Uloom follows the dogma of [[Sunni Islam]] and the jurisprudence of [[Abu Hanifa]].<ref name="aqeedah">{{Citation|author1=Shāhid Sahāranpuri|title=Ulama e Mazahir Uloom aur unki Ilmi wa tasnīfi khidmāt|volume=1|edition=2005 |page=217}}</ref> It adheres to the [[Chishti order]] of Sufism, following Rashid Ahmad Gangohi and Khalil Ahmad Saharanpuri.<ref name="aqeedah"/> The seminary focuses on educational purposes only.<ref name="politics">{{Citation|author1=Shāhid Sahāranpuri|title=Ulama e Mazahir Uloom aur unki Ilmi wa tasnīfi khidmāt|volume=1|edition=2005 |page=219-220}}</ref> It has stayed away from discussing politics.<ref name="politics"/>

The management of the seminary was controlled by its local members. Owing to their differences, [[Rashid Ahmad Gangohi]] was appointed the senior patron of the seminary in 1896.<ref name="sarparast">{{Citation|author1=Shāhid Sahāranpuri|title=Ulama e Mazahir Uloom aur unki Ilmi wa tasnīfi khidmāt|volume=1|edition=2005 |page=377}}</ref> Gangohi resigned from the position in 1319 [[Hijri year|AH]];<ref name="sarparast"/> and an executive council called "Majlis Shūra Sarparastān" was formed to look after the seminary affairs on 3 January 1903.<ref name="shura">{{Citation|author1=Shāhid Sahāranpuri|title=Ulama e Mazahir Uloom aur unki Ilmi wa tasnīfi khidmāt|volume=1|edition=2005 |page=122}}</ref> The first such council included Abdur Rahīm Raipuri, [[Ashraf Ali Thanwi]] and [[Zulfiqar Ali Deobandi]].<ref name="shura"/>

Scholars such as Abdur Rahīm Raipuri, Ashraf Ali Thanwi, [[Mahmud Hasan Deobandi]], Fazlur Rahmān Sahāranpuri, [[Khalil Ahmad Saharanpuri]], [[Abdul Qadir Raipuri]], Aashiq Elāhi Meerthi, [[Muhammad Ilyas Kandhlawi]], [[Muhammad Zakariya Kandhlawi]], [[Muhammad Yusuf Kandhlawi]], [[Inamul Hasan Kandhlawi]], [[Iftikhar-ul-Hasan Kandhlawi]], [[Mahmood Hasan Gangohi]] and [[Ghulam Mohammad Vastanvi]] have been the members of the executive council.<ref name="patrons">{{Citation|author1=Shāhid Sahāranpuri|title=Ulama e Mazahir Uloom aur unki Ilmi wa tasnīfi khidmāt|volume=1|edition=2005 |pages=198–199}}</ref><ref name="sarparast"/>

==Publications==
Jamia Mazahir Uloom Jadeed publishes ''Mazāhir-e-Uloom'', a monthly journal, since 1993.<ref name="nayab">{{cite book |last1=Qasmi |first1=Nayab Hasan |title=Darul Uloom Deoband Ka Sahafati Manzarnama |pages=347–348 |edition=2013 |language=Urdu}}</ref> Mazahir Uloom Waqf Qadeem publishes ''Ā'īna-e-Mazāhir-e-Uloom'' monthly.<ref name="nayab"/> The religious edicts issued by the seminary's Dārul Ifta are kept in record.<ref name="fatawa">{{Citation|author1=Shāhid Sahāranpuri|title=Ulama e Mazahir Uloom aur unki Ilmi wa tasnīfi khidmāt|volume=1|edition=2005 |page=336}}</ref> The edicts issued by Khalil Ahmad Saharanpuri were compiled by Muhammad Zakariyyah Kāndhlawi, and published as ''Fatāwa Khalīliya''.<ref name="fatawa"/>

==Rectors==
Sa'ādat Ali Saharanpuri was appointed as the first rector of the seminary.<ref name="nazim">{{Citation|author1=Shāhid Sahāranpuri|title=Ulama e Mazahir Uloom aur unki Ilmi wa tasnīfi khidmāt|volume=1|edition=2005 |pages=375–376}}</ref> Following the division of the seminary; Muzaffar Hussain who was the last rector of the unified seminary; occupied on the position at the Mazahir Uloom Waqf Qadeem till his death in 2003.<ref name="ghazali"/> He was succeeded by Muḥammad Saeedi.<ref name="ghazali">{{cite web |author1=Nāsiruddin Mazāhiri |title=Mawlāna Muḥammad Saeedi |url=http://algazali.org/index.php?threads/5395/ |website=algazali.org |access-date=29 May 2021 |language=ur |date=17 November 2012}}</ref> In the early years of the seminary, the administrative tasks of the seminary were also performed by a vice-rector; Abd al-Wāhid Khān served on the position from 1881 to 1896, and thus there appears to be confusion in dates, until a permanent position of rector was adopted which follows in sequence after Munshi Maqbool Aḥmad.<ref name="nazim"/>

The new offshoot, Mazahir Uloom Jadeed appointed Abdul Azīz as the rector who served the position from 1986 to 1991.<ref name="nazim"/> [[Salman Mazahiri]] served on the administration from 1996 to 20 July 2020.<ref>{{Cite news|title=مولانا سلمان صاحب مظاہری کی رحلت عالم اسلام بالخصوص جامعہ مظاہر علوم سہارنپور کے لئے ناقابل تلافی خسارہ|url=https://asrehazir.com/hydnews-207/amp|work=AsreHazir|date=20 July 2020|trans-title= The death of Mawlāna Salmān Mazāhiri is huge loss for Islam, and more precisely for Jamia Mazahir Uloom|accessdate=28 May 2021}}</ref>

The following is a list of unified seminary's rectors.<ref name="nazim"/>

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Number !! Name !! Term start !! Term end
|-
| 1 || Sa'ādat Ali Sahāranpuri || 1866 || 1870
|-
| 2|| Fazlur Rahmān Sahāranpuri || 1866 || 1908
|-
| 3 || Ali Muḥammad || 1896 || 1907
|-
| 4 || Ikrāmul-Haq || 1907 || 1908
|-
| 5 || Munshi Maqbool Aḥmad || 1910 || 1916
|-
| 6 || Munshi Fazl Haq || 1917 || 1918
|-
| 7 || Bashīr Ḥasan Nagīnwi || 1919 || 1920
|-
| 8 || [[Khalil Ahmad Saharanpuri]] || 1920 || 1925
|-
| 9 || Ināyat Ilāhi || 1925 || 1928
|-
| 10 || Abdul Lateef || 1928 || 1954
|-
| 11 || Muḥammad Asadullah || 1954 || 1979
|-
| 12 || Muzaffar Hussain || 1980 || 1986
|}

==Notable alumni==
{{Main|List of Mazahir Uloom alumni}}
Alumni include:
* [[Abdur Rahman ibn Yusuf Mangera]]
* [[Khalil Ahmad Saharanpuri]]
* [[Mahmood Hasan Gangohi]]
* [[Muhammad Zakariya Kandhlawi]]
* [[Saeed Ahmad Palanpuri]]
* [[Zafar Ahmad Usmani]]

==References==
{{Reflist|2}}

==Bibliography==
* {{Cite thesis|last=Mujab|first=Muhammad|url=|title=Islamic sciences in india and indonesia: a comparative study|date=|journal=|publisher=Department of Sunni Theology, [[Aligarh Muslim University]]|year=2001|location=[[India]]|pages=96–98|language=|hdl=10603/58830}}
* {{cite book |author1=Shahid Saharanpuri |title=Ulama e Mazahir Uloom aur unki Ilmi wa tasnīfi khidmāt |volume=1|publisher=Maktaba Yādgār-e-Shaykh |location=Saharanpur |edition=2005 |language=ur}}
* {{cite book |author1=Muḥammad Zakariyyah Kāndhlawi |author1-link=Muhammad Zakariyya Kandhlawi |title=Tārīk̲h̲-i Maẓāhir |publisher=Kutub K̲h̲ānah Ishāʻat al-ʻUlūm |location=Saharanpur |edition=1972}}

[[Category:Educational institutions established in 1866]]
[[Category:Deobandi Islamic universities and colleges]]
[[Category:Madrasas in India]]
[[Category:Saharanpur]]
[[Category:1866 establishments in India]]

Mazahir Uloom - Revision history

imported>Owais Al Qarni: /* Bibliography */