Mauryan Empire - Revision history

Devanam at 08:34, 24 July 2026

2026-07-24T08:34:06Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 14:04, 24 July 2026
Line 26:		Line 26:
	\| s6 = Vidarbha kingdom (Mauryan era)		\| s6 = Vidarbha kingdom (Mauryan era)
	\| flag_s6 =		\| flag_s6 =
	\| image_map = Mauryan Empire under Ashoka.~~png~~		\| image_map = Mauryan Empire under Ashoka.jpg
	\| image_map_caption = Maximum extent of the Maurya Empire, as shown by the location of [[Edicts of Ashoka\|Ashoka's inscriptions]], and visualized by [[Archeological Survey Of India\| ASI]] based on ancient inscriptions, ancient Greecian, ancient Indian texts.		\| image_map_caption = Maximum extent of the Maurya Empire, as shown by the location of [[Edicts of Ashoka\|Ashoka's inscriptions]], and visualized by [[Archeological Survey Of India\| ASI]] based on ancient inscriptions, ancient Greecian, ancient Indian texts.
	{{hidden\|References for map :\| ASI ([[Archeological Survey Of India]])<ref>{{Cite book\|page=412\|url=http://archive.org/details/dli.calcutta.06445\|title=Indian Historical Quarterly, Vol-13, Issue no.-1-4}}</ref> modern archaeologist :[[Nayanjot Lahiri]]<ref name="NAVJOT”>{{Cite book\|quote=In relation to his predecessors, he was the first Indian king to rule over an empire embracing much of India and its western borderlands, from Afghanistan to Orissa and towards the south as far as Karnataka. In relation to the rulers who followed him, it was his example which influenced thought-philosophical, religious, cultural-in Asia more profoundly than that of any other political figure of antiquity.\|url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=bJ_XCgAAQBAJ&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false\|page=5\|title=Ashoka in Ancient India\|last=Lahiri\|first=Nayanjot\|date=2015-08-05\|publisher=Harvard University Press\|isbn=978-0-674-05777-7\|language=en}}</ref>, [[Dougald J. W. O'Reilly]]<ref name="DOUGLE">{{Cite book\|url=https://books.google.nl/books?id=eyHTschgg50C&pg=PA178&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=maurya&f=false\|title=Early Civilizations of Southeast Asia\|last=O'Reilly\|first=Dougald J. W.\|date=2007\|publisher=Rowman Altamira\|page=178\|isbn=978-0-7591-0279-8\|language=en}}</ref> old archeologist :[[D.R. Bhandarkar]]<ref name="BHANDARKAR">{{Cite book\|page=42-43\|url=http://archive.org/details/in.gov.ignca.35379\|title=Asoka\|last=Bhandarkar\|first=D. R.\|publisher=Central Archelogical Library\|isbn=978-93-837-2346-1\|quote=We thus obtain a fairly accurate idea of the extent of Asoka's dominions. They included the whole of India except the southern extremity of the peninsula held by the Choda, Pandya, Satiya- putra and Keralaputra kings. This southern boundary is marked roughly by a line drawn from Pulicat near Madras in the east, to Gooty and Chitaldrug in the north where the four copies of Aśoka's Minor Rock Edicts have been discovered right up to the northern point of the South Canara District on the west. Let us now see what Greek princes have been mentioned by Aśoka as his contemporaries, and try to identify them. They have all been named in Rock Edict XIII. Of course, Amtiyoka is the first to be named as he was a neighbour of Asoka. Beyond his kingdom, we are told, were ruling the four princes Turamaya, Amtekina or Amtikini, Maga and Alikasumdra. Amtiyoka is, of course, Antiochus II. Theos (B.C. 261-246), king of Syria, and Turamaya, Ptolemy II. Philadelphos of Egypt (285-247). Amtekina or Amtikini, as Bühler has remarked, corresponds to the Greek Antigenes rather than to Antigonus.}}</ref>, [[Myra Shackley]]<ref name="SHACKLEY">{{Cite book\|url=http://archive.org/details/atlasoftraveltou0000shac\|title=Atlas of travel and tourism development\|last=Shackley\|first=Myra L.\|date=2006\|publisher=Amsterdam ; Boston : Elsevier\|others=Internet Archive\|page=67\|quote=After Alexanderâs retreat from the Indus the Emperor Chandragupta Maurya established the first indigenous empire to exercise control over much of the subcontinent, and eventually, under his successors, this covered all but the tip of the peninsula. Asoka, the greatest of the Mauryan emperors, took power in 272 BC and extended the empire from Afghanistan to Assam and from the Himalayas to Mysore, leaving behind a series of inscriptions recording his edicts on pillars and rocks across the continent.\|isbn=978-0-7506-6348-9}}</ref> modern historian : [[Robert W. Strayer]]<ref name="ROBW">{{Cite book\|url=http://archive.org/details/waysofworld0000robe\|page=121\|title=Ways of the World\|last=Robert W. Strayer : Eric W. Nelson\|date=2016\|publisher=Bedford/St. Martin's\|others=Internet Archive\|isbn=978-1-319-05448-9}}</ref>, [[Eric Nelson]]<ref name="ROBW"/>, [[Upinder Singh]]<ref name="UPINDER">{{Cite book\|last=Singh\|first=Upinder\|title=History of Ancient and Early Medieval India: From the Stone Age to the 12th Century\|url=http://archive.org/details/history-of-ancient-and-early-medeival-india-from-the-stone-age-to-the-12th-century-pdfdrive\|pages=740,748\|quote=Pg. 740: Chandragupta and Seleucus Nikator, who had inherited the eastern provinces of Alexander's empire. This may have occurred in about 301 BCE and was resolved by an agreement. Chandragupta obtained the territories of Arachosia (the Kandahar area of south-east Afghanistan), Gedrosia (south Baluchistan), and Paropomisadai (the area between Afghanistan and the Indian subcontinent) and handed over 500 elephants in return. Pg. 748: The distribution of Ashoka's inscriptions suggests the extent of the Maurya empire. In the north-west, it extended up to Kandahar in Afghanistan, with the kingdom of Antiochus II of Syria lying to the west. Its eastern frontier extended to Orissa. It included almost the entire subcontinent, except the southernmost parts, which, according to Rock Edict 13, were inhabited by the Cholas and Pandyas, and according to Rock Edict 2, by the Keralaputras and Satiyaputras.\|date=2008}}</ref>, [[Jackson J. Spielvogel]]<ref name="JACKSON">{{Cite book\|url=http://archive.org/details/westerncivilizat08edspie\|title=Western civilization\|last=Spielvogel\|first=Jackson J.\|date=2012\|page=106\|publisher=Boston, MA : Wadsworth Cengage Learning\|others=Internet Archive\|isbn=978-0-495-91329-0\|quote= Seleucid Kingdom Another Hellenistic monarchy was founded by the general Seleucus (suh-LOO-kuss), who established the Seleucid dynasty of Syria. This was the largest of the Hellenistic kingdoms and controlled much of the old Persian Empire from Turkey in the west to India in the east, although the Seleucids found it increasingly difficult to maintain control of the eastern territories. In fact, an Indian ruler named Chandragupta Maurya (chundruh-GOOP-tuh MOWR-yuh) (324-301 B.c.E.) created a new Indian state, the Mauryan Empire, and drove out the Seleucid forces. His grandson Asoka (uh-SOH-kuh) (269-232 b.c.e.) extended the empire to include most of India and is considered the greatest ruler in India's history Asoka, a pious Buddhist, sought to convert the remaining Greek communities in northwestern India to his religion and even sent Buddhist missionaries to Greek rulers. The Seleucid rulers maintained relations with the Mauryan Empire. Trade was fostered, especially in such luxuries as spices and jewels. Seleucus also sent Greek and Macedonian ambassadors to the Mauryan court. Best known of these was Megasthenes (muh-GAS-thuh-neez), whose report on the people of India remained one of the western best sources of information on India until the Middle Ages.}}</ref>, [[Hugh Bowden]]<ref name="BOWDEN">{{Cite book\|url=http://archive.org/details/timesancientcivi0000unse\|title=The Times ancient civilizations\|date=2002\|page=122\|publisher=London : Times Books\|others=Internet Archive\|isbn=978-0-00-710859-6\|quote=India's first approach towards becoming a unified state occurred under the first three kings of the Mauryan Empire. The founder of the dynasty, Chandragupta Maurya (c.310-286 BCE) , king of Magadha in Eastern India, unified under his control the other kingdom of the Gangetic Plain. His grandson, Ashoka (c.270-234 BCE) , consolidated Mauryan imperial rule, extending it into eastern and southern.}}</ref>, [[Ram Sharan Sharma]]<ref name="SHARAN">{{Cite book\|page=355\|url=http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.401527\|title=Prachin Bharat Me Rajneetik Vichar Avam Sansthae\|last=Sharma\|first=Ramsharan\|date=1990\|quote=hi->en: The biggest fact of Maurya political history was the establishment of the Magadha Empire, which included the whole of India except the far south. This empire was established with the strength of the sword and it could be protected only with the strength of the sword. Strong military power was necessary for both external security and internal peace. [..] The tribal people living inside the empire and on its borders were equally a cause of trouble. So for this, there was a huge permanent army and tight judicial system.}}</ref>, [[Charles Allen]]<ref name="CHARLES">{{Cite book\|url=https://archive.org/details/ashokasearchfori0000alle/page/n1/mode/1up?q=Ashoka+Maurya%E2%80%94or\|title=Ashoka: The Search for India's Lost Emperor\|last=Allen\|quote=Empire extent description pg.1, 60 & map pg.12\|first=Charles\|date=2012-02-21\|publisher=Little, Brown Book Group\|isbn=978-1-4087-0388-5\|language=en}}</ref>, [[Neil MacGregor]]<ref name="GREGOR">{{Cite book\|url=https://archive.org/details/historyofworldin0000macg/page/205/mode/2up\|title=A history of the world in 100 objects\|last=MacGregor\|first=Neil\|date=2011\|page=205\|publisher=New York : Viking\|others=Internet Archive\|isbn=978-0-670-02270-0\|quote=Chandragupta, who had risen to the throne following a military campaign that created a huge empire reaching from Kandahar in modern Afghanistan in the west to Bangladesh in the east. This included the great majority of modern India, and was the largest empire in Indian history. In 268 BC Ashoka took his place on the throne but not without considerable struggle.[		{{hidden\|References for map :\| ASI ([[Archeological Survey Of India]])<ref>{{Cite book\|page=412\|url=http://archive.org/details/dli.calcutta.06445\|title=Indian Historical Quarterly, Vol-13, Issue no.-1-4}}</ref> modern archaeologist :[[Nayanjot Lahiri]]<ref name="NAVJOT”>{{Cite book\|quote=In relation to his predecessors, he was the first Indian king to rule over an empire embracing much of India and its western borderlands, from Afghanistan to Orissa and towards the south as far as Karnataka. In relation to the rulers who followed him, it was his example which influenced thought-philosophical, religious, cultural-in Asia more profoundly than that of any other political figure of antiquity.\|url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=bJ_XCgAAQBAJ&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false\|page=5\|title=Ashoka in Ancient India\|last=Lahiri\|first=Nayanjot\|date=2015-08-05\|publisher=Harvard University Press\|isbn=978-0-674-05777-7\|language=en}}</ref>, [[Dougald J. W. O'Reilly]]<ref name="DOUGLE">{{Cite book\|url=https://books.google.nl/books?id=eyHTschgg50C&pg=PA178&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=maurya&f=false\|title=Early Civilizations of Southeast Asia\|last=O'Reilly\|first=Dougald J. W.\|date=2007\|publisher=Rowman Altamira\|page=178\|isbn=978-0-7591-0279-8\|language=en}}</ref> old archeologist :[[D.R. Bhandarkar]]<ref name="BHANDARKAR">{{Cite book\|page=42-43\|url=http://archive.org/details/in.gov.ignca.35379\|title=Asoka\|last=Bhandarkar\|first=D. R.\|publisher=Central Archelogical Library\|isbn=978-93-837-2346-1\|quote=We thus obtain a fairly accurate idea of the extent of Asoka's dominions. They included the whole of India except the southern extremity of the peninsula held by the Choda, Pandya, Satiya- putra and Keralaputra kings. This southern boundary is marked roughly by a line drawn from Pulicat near Madras in the east, to Gooty and Chitaldrug in the north where the four copies of Aśoka's Minor Rock Edicts have been discovered right up to the northern point of the South Canara District on the west. Let us now see what Greek princes have been mentioned by Aśoka as his contemporaries, and try to identify them. They have all been named in Rock Edict XIII. Of course, Amtiyoka is the first to be named as he was a neighbour of Asoka. Beyond his kingdom, we are told, were ruling the four princes Turamaya, Amtekina or Amtikini, Maga and Alikasumdra. Amtiyoka is, of course, Antiochus II. Theos (B.C. 261-246), king of Syria, and Turamaya, Ptolemy II. Philadelphos of Egypt (285-247). Amtekina or Amtikini, as Bühler has remarked, corresponds to the Greek Antigenes rather than to Antigonus.}}</ref>, [[Myra Shackley]]<ref name="SHACKLEY">{{Cite book\|url=http://archive.org/details/atlasoftraveltou0000shac\|title=Atlas of travel and tourism development\|last=Shackley\|first=Myra L.\|date=2006\|publisher=Amsterdam ; Boston : Elsevier\|others=Internet Archive\|page=67\|quote=After Alexanderâs retreat from the Indus the Emperor Chandragupta Maurya established the first indigenous empire to exercise control over much of the subcontinent, and eventually, under his successors, this covered all but the tip of the peninsula. Asoka, the greatest of the Mauryan emperors, took power in 272 BC and extended the empire from Afghanistan to Assam and from the Himalayas to Mysore, leaving behind a series of inscriptions recording his edicts on pillars and rocks across the continent.\|isbn=978-0-7506-6348-9}}</ref> modern historian : [[Robert W. Strayer]]<ref name="ROBW">{{Cite book\|url=http://archive.org/details/waysofworld0000robe\|page=121\|title=Ways of the World\|last=Robert W. Strayer : Eric W. Nelson\|date=2016\|publisher=Bedford/St. Martin's\|others=Internet Archive\|isbn=978-1-319-05448-9}}</ref>, [[Eric Nelson]]<ref name="ROBW"/>, [[Upinder Singh]]<ref name="UPINDER">{{Cite book\|last=Singh\|first=Upinder\|title=History of Ancient and Early Medieval India: From the Stone Age to the 12th Century\|url=http://archive.org/details/history-of-ancient-and-early-medeival-india-from-the-stone-age-to-the-12th-century-pdfdrive\|pages=740,748\|quote=Pg. 740: Chandragupta and Seleucus Nikator, who had inherited the eastern provinces of Alexander's empire. This may have occurred in about 301 BCE and was resolved by an agreement. Chandragupta obtained the territories of Arachosia (the Kandahar area of south-east Afghanistan), Gedrosia (south Baluchistan), and Paropomisadai (the area between Afghanistan and the Indian subcontinent) and handed over 500 elephants in return. Pg. 748: The distribution of Ashoka's inscriptions suggests the extent of the Maurya empire. In the north-west, it extended up to Kandahar in Afghanistan, with the kingdom of Antiochus II of Syria lying to the west. Its eastern frontier extended to Orissa. It included almost the entire subcontinent, except the southernmost parts, which, according to Rock Edict 13, were inhabited by the Cholas and Pandyas, and according to Rock Edict 2, by the Keralaputras and Satiyaputras.\|date=2008}}</ref>, [[Jackson J. Spielvogel]]<ref name="JACKSON">{{Cite book\|url=http://archive.org/details/westerncivilizat08edspie\|title=Western civilization\|last=Spielvogel\|first=Jackson J.\|date=2012\|page=106\|publisher=Boston, MA : Wadsworth Cengage Learning\|others=Internet Archive\|isbn=978-0-495-91329-0\|quote= Seleucid Kingdom Another Hellenistic monarchy was founded by the general Seleucus (suh-LOO-kuss), who established the Seleucid dynasty of Syria. This was the largest of the Hellenistic kingdoms and controlled much of the old Persian Empire from Turkey in the west to India in the east, although the Seleucids found it increasingly difficult to maintain control of the eastern territories. In fact, an Indian ruler named Chandragupta Maurya (chundruh-GOOP-tuh MOWR-yuh) (324-301 B.c.E.) created a new Indian state, the Mauryan Empire, and drove out the Seleucid forces. His grandson Asoka (uh-SOH-kuh) (269-232 b.c.e.) extended the empire to include most of India and is considered the greatest ruler in India's history Asoka, a pious Buddhist, sought to convert the remaining Greek communities in northwestern India to his religion and even sent Buddhist missionaries to Greek rulers. The Seleucid rulers maintained relations with the Mauryan Empire. Trade was fostered, especially in such luxuries as spices and jewels. Seleucus also sent Greek and Macedonian ambassadors to the Mauryan court. Best known of these was Megasthenes (muh-GAS-thuh-neez), whose report on the people of India remained one of the western best sources of information on India until the Middle Ages.}}</ref>, [[Hugh Bowden]]<ref name="BOWDEN">{{Cite book\|url=http://archive.org/details/timesancientcivi0000unse\|title=The Times ancient civilizations\|date=2002\|page=122\|publisher=London : Times Books\|others=Internet Archive\|isbn=978-0-00-710859-6\|quote=India's first approach towards becoming a unified state occurred under the first three kings of the Mauryan Empire. The founder of the dynasty, Chandragupta Maurya (c.310-286 BCE) , king of Magadha in Eastern India, unified under his control the other kingdom of the Gangetic Plain. His grandson, Ashoka (c.270-234 BCE) , consolidated Mauryan imperial rule, extending it into eastern and southern.}}</ref>, [[Ram Sharan Sharma]]<ref name="SHARAN">{{Cite book\|page=355\|url=http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.401527\|title=Prachin Bharat Me Rajneetik Vichar Avam Sansthae\|last=Sharma\|first=Ramsharan\|date=1990\|quote=hi->en: The biggest fact of Maurya political history was the establishment of the Magadha Empire, which included the whole of India except the far south. This empire was established with the strength of the sword and it could be protected only with the strength of the sword. Strong military power was necessary for both external security and internal peace. [..] The tribal people living inside the empire and on its borders were equally a cause of trouble. So for this, there was a huge permanent army and tight judicial system.}}</ref>, [[Charles Allen]]<ref name="CHARLES">{{Cite book\|url=https://archive.org/details/ashokasearchfori0000alle/page/n1/mode/1up?q=Ashoka+Maurya%E2%80%94or\|title=Ashoka: The Search for India's Lost Emperor\|last=Allen\|quote=Empire extent description pg.1, 60 & map pg.12\|first=Charles\|date=2012-02-21\|publisher=Little, Brown Book Group\|isbn=978-1-4087-0388-5\|language=en}}</ref>, [[Neil MacGregor]]<ref name="GREGOR">{{Cite book\|url=https://archive.org/details/historyofworldin0000macg/page/205/mode/2up\|title=A history of the world in 100 objects\|last=MacGregor\|first=Neil\|date=2011\|page=205\|publisher=New York : Viking\|others=Internet Archive\|isbn=978-0-670-02270-0\|quote=Chandragupta, who had risen to the throne following a military campaign that created a huge empire reaching from Kandahar in modern Afghanistan in the west to Bangladesh in the east. This included the great majority of modern India, and was the largest empire in Indian history. In 268 BC Ashoka took his place on the throne but not without considerable struggle.[
Line 136:		Line 136:
	====Conquest of the Nanda Empire====		====Conquest of the Nanda Empire====
	Historically reliable inscription details of Chandragupta's campaign against [[Nanda Empire]] are unavailable and but later written Buddhist, Jain, and Hindu texts which claim [[Magadha]] was ruled by the [[Nanda dynasty]], which, with [[Chanakya]]'s counsel, [[Chandragupta Maurya\|Chandragupta]] conquered Nanda Empire.{{sfn\|Thapar\|2013\|pp=362–364}}{{sfn\|Sen\|1895\|pp=26–32}}{{sfn\|Upinder Singh\|2008\|p=272}} The army of Chandragupta and Chanakya first conquered the Nanda outer territories, and finally besieged the Nanda capital Pataliputra. In contrast to the easy victory in Buddhist sources, the Hindu and Jain texts state that the campaign was bitterly fought because the Nanda dynasty had a powerful and well-trained army.{{sfn\|Mookerji\|1988\|pp=28–33}}{{sfn\|Sen\|1895\|pp=26–32}}		Historically reliable inscription details of Chandragupta's campaign against [[Nanda Empire]] are unavailable and but later written Buddhist, Jain, and Hindu texts which claim [[Magadha]] was ruled by the [[Nanda dynasty]], which, with [[Chanakya]]'s counsel, [[Chandragupta Maurya\|Chandragupta]] conquered Nanda Empire.{{sfn\|Thapar\|2013\|pp=362–364}}{{sfn\|Sen\|1895\|pp=26–32}}{{sfn\|Upinder Singh\|2008\|p=272}} The army of Chandragupta and Chanakya first conquered the Nanda outer territories, and finally besieged the Nanda capital Pataliputra. In contrast to the easy victory in Buddhist sources, the Hindu and Jain texts state that the campaign was bitterly fought because the Nanda dynasty had a powerful and well-trained army.{{sfn\|Mookerji\|1988\|pp=28–33}}{{sfn\|Sen\|1895\|pp=26–32}}
	[[File:Nanda Empire~~, c~~.~~325 BCE.png~~\|thumb\|Nanda_Empire 323 BCE]]		[[File:Nanda Empire map.jpg\|thumb\|Nanda_Empire 323 BCE]]
	The Buddhist ''Mahavamsa Tika'' and Jain ''Parishishtaparvan'' records Chandragupta's army unsuccessfully attacking the Nanda capital. {{sfn\|Hemacandra\|1998\|pp=175–188}} Chandragupta and Chanakya then began a campaign at the frontier of the Nanda empire, gradually conquering various territories on their way to the Nanda capital.{{sfn\|Mookerji\|1988\|p=33}} He then refined his strategy by establishing garrisons in the conquered territories, and finally besieged the Nanda capital Pataliputra. There [[Dhana Nanda]] accepted defeat.{{sfn\|Malalasekera\|2002\|p=383}}{{sfn\|Mookerji\|1988\|pp=33-34}}.		The Buddhist ''Mahavamsa Tika'' and Jain ''Parishishtaparvan'' records Chandragupta's army unsuccessfully attacking the Nanda capital. {{sfn\|Hemacandra\|1998\|pp=175–188}} Chandragupta and Chanakya then began a campaign at the frontier of the Nanda empire, gradually conquering various territories on their way to the Nanda capital.{{sfn\|Mookerji\|1988\|p=33}} He then refined his strategy by establishing garrisons in the conquered territories, and finally besieged the Nanda capital Pataliputra. There [[Dhana Nanda]] accepted defeat.{{sfn\|Malalasekera\|2002\|p=383}}{{sfn\|Mookerji\|1988\|pp=33-34}}.

104.22.48.207: add

2026-04-09T09:08:56Z

add

← Older revision		Revision as of 14:38, 9 April 2026
Line 26:		Line 26:
	\| s6 = Vidarbha kingdom (Mauryan era)		\| s6 = Vidarbha kingdom (Mauryan era)
	\| flag_s6 =		\| flag_s6 =
	\| image_map = Ashoka ~~Maurya Empire~~.png		\| image_map = Mauryan Empire under Ashoka.png
	\| image_map_caption = Maximum extent of the Maurya Empire, as shown by the location of [[Edicts of Ashoka\|Ashoka's inscriptions]], and visualized by [[Archeological Survey Of India\| ASI]] based on ancient inscriptions, ancient Greecian, ancient Indian texts.		\| image_map_caption = Maximum extent of the Maurya Empire, as shown by the location of [[Edicts of Ashoka\|Ashoka's inscriptions]], and visualized by [[Archeological Survey Of India\| ASI]] based on ancient inscriptions, ancient Greecian, ancient Indian texts.
	{{hidden\|References for map :\| ASI ([[Archeological Survey Of India]])<ref>{{Cite book\|page=412\|url=http://archive.org/details/dli.calcutta.06445\|title=Indian Historical Quarterly, Vol-13, Issue no.-1-4}}</ref> modern archaeologist :[[Nayanjot Lahiri]]<ref name="NAVJOT”>{{Cite book\|quote=In relation to his predecessors, he was the first Indian king to rule over an empire embracing much of India and its western borderlands, from Afghanistan to Orissa and towards the south as far as Karnataka. In relation to the rulers who followed him, it was his example which influenced thought-philosophical, religious, cultural-in Asia more profoundly than that of any other political figure of antiquity.\|url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=bJ_XCgAAQBAJ&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false\|page=5\|title=Ashoka in Ancient India\|last=Lahiri\|first=Nayanjot\|date=2015-08-05\|publisher=Harvard University Press\|isbn=978-0-674-05777-7\|language=en}}</ref>, [[Dougald J. W. O'Reilly]]<ref name="DOUGLE">{{Cite book\|url=https://books.google.nl/books?id=eyHTschgg50C&pg=PA178&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=maurya&f=false\|title=Early Civilizations of Southeast Asia\|last=O'Reilly\|first=Dougald J. W.\|date=2007\|publisher=Rowman Altamira\|page=178\|isbn=978-0-7591-0279-8\|language=en}}</ref> old archeologist :[[D.R. Bhandarkar]]<ref name="BHANDARKAR">{{Cite book\|page=42-43\|url=http://archive.org/details/in.gov.ignca.35379\|title=Asoka\|last=Bhandarkar\|first=D. R.\|publisher=Central Archelogical Library\|isbn=978-93-837-2346-1\|quote=We thus obtain a fairly accurate idea of the extent of Asoka's dominions. They included the whole of India except the southern extremity of the peninsula held by the Choda, Pandya, Satiya- putra and Keralaputra kings. This southern boundary is marked roughly by a line drawn from Pulicat near Madras in the east, to Gooty and Chitaldrug in the north where the four copies of Aśoka's Minor Rock Edicts have been discovered right up to the northern point of the South Canara District on the west. Let us now see what Greek princes have been mentioned by Aśoka as his contemporaries, and try to identify them. They have all been named in Rock Edict XIII. Of course, Amtiyoka is the first to be named as he was a neighbour of Asoka. Beyond his kingdom, we are told, were ruling the four princes Turamaya, Amtekina or Amtikini, Maga and Alikasumdra. Amtiyoka is, of course, Antiochus II. Theos (B.C. 261-246), king of Syria, and Turamaya, Ptolemy II. Philadelphos of Egypt (285-247). Amtekina or Amtikini, as Bühler has remarked, corresponds to the Greek Antigenes rather than to Antigonus.}}</ref>, [[Myra Shackley]]<ref name="SHACKLEY">{{Cite book\|url=http://archive.org/details/atlasoftraveltou0000shac\|title=Atlas of travel and tourism development\|last=Shackley\|first=Myra L.\|date=2006\|publisher=Amsterdam ; Boston : Elsevier\|others=Internet Archive\|page=67\|quote=After Alexanderâs retreat from the Indus the Emperor Chandragupta Maurya established the first indigenous empire to exercise control over much of the subcontinent, and eventually, under his successors, this covered all but the tip of the peninsula. Asoka, the greatest of the Mauryan emperors, took power in 272 BC and extended the empire from Afghanistan to Assam and from the Himalayas to Mysore, leaving behind a series of inscriptions recording his edicts on pillars and rocks across the continent.\|isbn=978-0-7506-6348-9}}</ref> modern historian : [[Robert W. Strayer]]<ref name="ROBW">{{Cite book\|url=http://archive.org/details/waysofworld0000robe\|page=121\|title=Ways of the World\|last=Robert W. Strayer : Eric W. Nelson\|date=2016\|publisher=Bedford/St. Martin's\|others=Internet Archive\|isbn=978-1-319-05448-9}}</ref>, [[Eric Nelson]]<ref name="ROBW"/>, [[Upinder Singh]]<ref name="UPINDER">{{Cite book\|last=Singh\|first=Upinder\|title=History of Ancient and Early Medieval India: From the Stone Age to the 12th Century\|url=http://archive.org/details/history-of-ancient-and-early-medeival-india-from-the-stone-age-to-the-12th-century-pdfdrive\|pages=740,748\|quote=Pg. 740: Chandragupta and Seleucus Nikator, who had inherited the eastern provinces of Alexander's empire. This may have occurred in about 301 BCE and was resolved by an agreement. Chandragupta obtained the territories of Arachosia (the Kandahar area of south-east Afghanistan), Gedrosia (south Baluchistan), and Paropomisadai (the area between Afghanistan and the Indian subcontinent) and handed over 500 elephants in return. Pg. 748: The distribution of Ashoka's inscriptions suggests the extent of the Maurya empire. In the north-west, it extended up to Kandahar in Afghanistan, with the kingdom of Antiochus II of Syria lying to the west. Its eastern frontier extended to Orissa. It included almost the entire subcontinent, except the southernmost parts, which, according to Rock Edict 13, were inhabited by the Cholas and Pandyas, and according to Rock Edict 2, by the Keralaputras and Satiyaputras.\|date=2008}}</ref>, [[Jackson J. Spielvogel]]<ref name="JACKSON">{{Cite book\|url=http://archive.org/details/westerncivilizat08edspie\|title=Western civilization\|last=Spielvogel\|first=Jackson J.\|date=2012\|page=106\|publisher=Boston, MA : Wadsworth Cengage Learning\|others=Internet Archive\|isbn=978-0-495-91329-0\|quote= Seleucid Kingdom Another Hellenistic monarchy was founded by the general Seleucus (suh-LOO-kuss), who established the Seleucid dynasty of Syria. This was the largest of the Hellenistic kingdoms and controlled much of the old Persian Empire from Turkey in the west to India in the east, although the Seleucids found it increasingly difficult to maintain control of the eastern territories. In fact, an Indian ruler named Chandragupta Maurya (chundruh-GOOP-tuh MOWR-yuh) (324-301 B.c.E.) created a new Indian state, the Mauryan Empire, and drove out the Seleucid forces. His grandson Asoka (uh-SOH-kuh) (269-232 b.c.e.) extended the empire to include most of India and is considered the greatest ruler in India's history Asoka, a pious Buddhist, sought to convert the remaining Greek communities in northwestern India to his religion and even sent Buddhist missionaries to Greek rulers. The Seleucid rulers maintained relations with the Mauryan Empire. Trade was fostered, especially in such luxuries as spices and jewels. Seleucus also sent Greek and Macedonian ambassadors to the Mauryan court. Best known of these was Megasthenes (muh-GAS-thuh-neez), whose report on the people of India remained one of the western best sources of information on India until the Middle Ages.}}</ref>, [[Hugh Bowden]]<ref name="BOWDEN">{{Cite book\|url=http://archive.org/details/timesancientcivi0000unse\|title=The Times ancient civilizations\|date=2002\|page=122\|publisher=London : Times Books\|others=Internet Archive\|isbn=978-0-00-710859-6\|quote=India's first approach towards becoming a unified state occurred under the first three kings of the Mauryan Empire. The founder of the dynasty, Chandragupta Maurya (c.310-286 BCE) , king of Magadha in Eastern India, unified under his control the other kingdom of the Gangetic Plain. His grandson, Ashoka (c.270-234 BCE) , consolidated Mauryan imperial rule, extending it into eastern and southern.}}</ref>, [[Ram Sharan Sharma]]<ref name="SHARAN">{{Cite book\|page=355\|url=http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.401527\|title=Prachin Bharat Me Rajneetik Vichar Avam Sansthae\|last=Sharma\|first=Ramsharan\|date=1990\|quote=hi->en: The biggest fact of Maurya political history was the establishment of the Magadha Empire, which included the whole of India except the far south. This empire was established with the strength of the sword and it could be protected only with the strength of the sword. Strong military power was necessary for both external security and internal peace. [..] The tribal people living inside the empire and on its borders were equally a cause of trouble. So for this, there was a huge permanent army and tight judicial system.}}</ref>, [[Charles Allen]]<ref name="CHARLES">{{Cite book\|url=https://archive.org/details/ashokasearchfori0000alle/page/n1/mode/1up?q=Ashoka+Maurya%E2%80%94or\|title=Ashoka: The Search for India's Lost Emperor\|last=Allen\|quote=Empire extent description pg.1, 60 & map pg.12\|first=Charles\|date=2012-02-21\|publisher=Little, Brown Book Group\|isbn=978-1-4087-0388-5\|language=en}}</ref>, [[Neil MacGregor]]<ref name="GREGOR">{{Cite book\|url=https://archive.org/details/historyofworldin0000macg/page/205/mode/2up\|title=A history of the world in 100 objects\|last=MacGregor\|first=Neil\|date=2011\|page=205\|publisher=New York : Viking\|others=Internet Archive\|isbn=978-0-670-02270-0\|quote=Chandragupta, who had risen to the throne following a military campaign that created a huge empire reaching from Kandahar in modern Afghanistan in the west to Bangladesh in the east. This included the great majority of modern India, and was the largest empire in Indian history. In 268 BC Ashoka took his place on the throne but not without considerable struggle.[		{{hidden\|References for map :\| ASI ([[Archeological Survey Of India]])<ref>{{Cite book\|page=412\|url=http://archive.org/details/dli.calcutta.06445\|title=Indian Historical Quarterly, Vol-13, Issue no.-1-4}}</ref> modern archaeologist :[[Nayanjot Lahiri]]<ref name="NAVJOT”>{{Cite book\|quote=In relation to his predecessors, he was the first Indian king to rule over an empire embracing much of India and its western borderlands, from Afghanistan to Orissa and towards the south as far as Karnataka. In relation to the rulers who followed him, it was his example which influenced thought-philosophical, religious, cultural-in Asia more profoundly than that of any other political figure of antiquity.\|url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=bJ_XCgAAQBAJ&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false\|page=5\|title=Ashoka in Ancient India\|last=Lahiri\|first=Nayanjot\|date=2015-08-05\|publisher=Harvard University Press\|isbn=978-0-674-05777-7\|language=en}}</ref>, [[Dougald J. W. O'Reilly]]<ref name="DOUGLE">{{Cite book\|url=https://books.google.nl/books?id=eyHTschgg50C&pg=PA178&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=maurya&f=false\|title=Early Civilizations of Southeast Asia\|last=O'Reilly\|first=Dougald J. W.\|date=2007\|publisher=Rowman Altamira\|page=178\|isbn=978-0-7591-0279-8\|language=en}}</ref> old archeologist :[[D.R. Bhandarkar]]<ref name="BHANDARKAR">{{Cite book\|page=42-43\|url=http://archive.org/details/in.gov.ignca.35379\|title=Asoka\|last=Bhandarkar\|first=D. R.\|publisher=Central Archelogical Library\|isbn=978-93-837-2346-1\|quote=We thus obtain a fairly accurate idea of the extent of Asoka's dominions. They included the whole of India except the southern extremity of the peninsula held by the Choda, Pandya, Satiya- putra and Keralaputra kings. This southern boundary is marked roughly by a line drawn from Pulicat near Madras in the east, to Gooty and Chitaldrug in the north where the four copies of Aśoka's Minor Rock Edicts have been discovered right up to the northern point of the South Canara District on the west. Let us now see what Greek princes have been mentioned by Aśoka as his contemporaries, and try to identify them. They have all been named in Rock Edict XIII. Of course, Amtiyoka is the first to be named as he was a neighbour of Asoka. Beyond his kingdom, we are told, were ruling the four princes Turamaya, Amtekina or Amtikini, Maga and Alikasumdra. Amtiyoka is, of course, Antiochus II. Theos (B.C. 261-246), king of Syria, and Turamaya, Ptolemy II. Philadelphos of Egypt (285-247). Amtekina or Amtikini, as Bühler has remarked, corresponds to the Greek Antigenes rather than to Antigonus.}}</ref>, [[Myra Shackley]]<ref name="SHACKLEY">{{Cite book\|url=http://archive.org/details/atlasoftraveltou0000shac\|title=Atlas of travel and tourism development\|last=Shackley\|first=Myra L.\|date=2006\|publisher=Amsterdam ; Boston : Elsevier\|others=Internet Archive\|page=67\|quote=After Alexanderâs retreat from the Indus the Emperor Chandragupta Maurya established the first indigenous empire to exercise control over much of the subcontinent, and eventually, under his successors, this covered all but the tip of the peninsula. Asoka, the greatest of the Mauryan emperors, took power in 272 BC and extended the empire from Afghanistan to Assam and from the Himalayas to Mysore, leaving behind a series of inscriptions recording his edicts on pillars and rocks across the continent.\|isbn=978-0-7506-6348-9}}</ref> modern historian : [[Robert W. Strayer]]<ref name="ROBW">{{Cite book\|url=http://archive.org/details/waysofworld0000robe\|page=121\|title=Ways of the World\|last=Robert W. Strayer : Eric W. Nelson\|date=2016\|publisher=Bedford/St. Martin's\|others=Internet Archive\|isbn=978-1-319-05448-9}}</ref>, [[Eric Nelson]]<ref name="ROBW"/>, [[Upinder Singh]]<ref name="UPINDER">{{Cite book\|last=Singh\|first=Upinder\|title=History of Ancient and Early Medieval India: From the Stone Age to the 12th Century\|url=http://archive.org/details/history-of-ancient-and-early-medeival-india-from-the-stone-age-to-the-12th-century-pdfdrive\|pages=740,748\|quote=Pg. 740: Chandragupta and Seleucus Nikator, who had inherited the eastern provinces of Alexander's empire. This may have occurred in about 301 BCE and was resolved by an agreement. Chandragupta obtained the territories of Arachosia (the Kandahar area of south-east Afghanistan), Gedrosia (south Baluchistan), and Paropomisadai (the area between Afghanistan and the Indian subcontinent) and handed over 500 elephants in return. Pg. 748: The distribution of Ashoka's inscriptions suggests the extent of the Maurya empire. In the north-west, it extended up to Kandahar in Afghanistan, with the kingdom of Antiochus II of Syria lying to the west. Its eastern frontier extended to Orissa. It included almost the entire subcontinent, except the southernmost parts, which, according to Rock Edict 13, were inhabited by the Cholas and Pandyas, and according to Rock Edict 2, by the Keralaputras and Satiyaputras.\|date=2008}}</ref>, [[Jackson J. Spielvogel]]<ref name="JACKSON">{{Cite book\|url=http://archive.org/details/westerncivilizat08edspie\|title=Western civilization\|last=Spielvogel\|first=Jackson J.\|date=2012\|page=106\|publisher=Boston, MA : Wadsworth Cengage Learning\|others=Internet Archive\|isbn=978-0-495-91329-0\|quote= Seleucid Kingdom Another Hellenistic monarchy was founded by the general Seleucus (suh-LOO-kuss), who established the Seleucid dynasty of Syria. This was the largest of the Hellenistic kingdoms and controlled much of the old Persian Empire from Turkey in the west to India in the east, although the Seleucids found it increasingly difficult to maintain control of the eastern territories. In fact, an Indian ruler named Chandragupta Maurya (chundruh-GOOP-tuh MOWR-yuh) (324-301 B.c.E.) created a new Indian state, the Mauryan Empire, and drove out the Seleucid forces. His grandson Asoka (uh-SOH-kuh) (269-232 b.c.e.) extended the empire to include most of India and is considered the greatest ruler in India's history Asoka, a pious Buddhist, sought to convert the remaining Greek communities in northwestern India to his religion and even sent Buddhist missionaries to Greek rulers. The Seleucid rulers maintained relations with the Mauryan Empire. Trade was fostered, especially in such luxuries as spices and jewels. Seleucus also sent Greek and Macedonian ambassadors to the Mauryan court. Best known of these was Megasthenes (muh-GAS-thuh-neez), whose report on the people of India remained one of the western best sources of information on India until the Middle Ages.}}</ref>, [[Hugh Bowden]]<ref name="BOWDEN">{{Cite book\|url=http://archive.org/details/timesancientcivi0000unse\|title=The Times ancient civilizations\|date=2002\|page=122\|publisher=London : Times Books\|others=Internet Archive\|isbn=978-0-00-710859-6\|quote=India's first approach towards becoming a unified state occurred under the first three kings of the Mauryan Empire. The founder of the dynasty, Chandragupta Maurya (c.310-286 BCE) , king of Magadha in Eastern India, unified under his control the other kingdom of the Gangetic Plain. His grandson, Ashoka (c.270-234 BCE) , consolidated Mauryan imperial rule, extending it into eastern and southern.}}</ref>, [[Ram Sharan Sharma]]<ref name="SHARAN">{{Cite book\|page=355\|url=http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.401527\|title=Prachin Bharat Me Rajneetik Vichar Avam Sansthae\|last=Sharma\|first=Ramsharan\|date=1990\|quote=hi->en: The biggest fact of Maurya political history was the establishment of the Magadha Empire, which included the whole of India except the far south. This empire was established with the strength of the sword and it could be protected only with the strength of the sword. Strong military power was necessary for both external security and internal peace. [..] The tribal people living inside the empire and on its borders were equally a cause of trouble. So for this, there was a huge permanent army and tight judicial system.}}</ref>, [[Charles Allen]]<ref name="CHARLES">{{Cite book\|url=https://archive.org/details/ashokasearchfori0000alle/page/n1/mode/1up?q=Ashoka+Maurya%E2%80%94or\|title=Ashoka: The Search for India's Lost Emperor\|last=Allen\|quote=Empire extent description pg.1, 60 & map pg.12\|first=Charles\|date=2012-02-21\|publisher=Little, Brown Book Group\|isbn=978-1-4087-0388-5\|language=en}}</ref>, [[Neil MacGregor]]<ref name="GREGOR">{{Cite book\|url=https://archive.org/details/historyofworldin0000macg/page/205/mode/2up\|title=A history of the world in 100 objects\|last=MacGregor\|first=Neil\|date=2011\|page=205\|publisher=New York : Viking\|others=Internet Archive\|isbn=978-0-670-02270-0\|quote=Chandragupta, who had risen to the throne following a military campaign that created a huge empire reaching from Kandahar in modern Afghanistan in the west to Bangladesh in the east. This included the great majority of modern India, and was the largest empire in Indian history. In 268 BC Ashoka took his place on the throne but not without considerable struggle.[

Bharatwiki Socrates at 02:39, 12 March 2026

2026-03-12T02:39:27Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 08:09, 12 March 2026
Line 142:		Line 142:

	====Conquest of the Eastern Seleucid Empire====		====Conquest of the Eastern Seleucid Empire====
	[[File:Seleucid Empire.~~png~~\|thumb\|Seleucid Empire 281 BCE]]		[[File:Seleucid-Empire 200bc.jpg\|thumb\|Seleucid Empire 281 BCE]]
	[[File:Chandragupta Maurya Empire c.290 BCE.png\|thumb\|Chandragupta Maurya Empire c.290 BCE]]		[[File:Chandragupta Maurya Empire c.290 BCE.png\|thumb\|Chandragupta Maurya Empire c.290 BCE]]

Line 190:		Line 190:
	</blockquote>		</blockquote>

	===~~Rule~~ over ~~territories of Yonas , Kambojas, Nabhakas, Nabhapamktis, Bhojas, Pitinikas, Andhras and Palidas~~===		===Dominion over tribals===

	The [[Kambojas]] are a people of Central Asian origin who had settled first in [[Arachosia]] and [[Drangiana]] (today's southern Afghanistan), and in some of the other areas in the northwestern Indian subcontinent in [[Sindhu]], [[Gujarat]] and [[Sauvira]]. The Nabhakas, the Nabhapamkits, the Bhojas, the [[Pitinikas]], the [[Andhras]] and the [[Palidas]] were other people under Ashoka's rule:		The [[Kambojas]] are a people of Central Asian origin who had settled first in [[Arachosia]] and [[Drangiana]] (today's southern Afghanistan), and in some of the other areas in the northwestern Indian subcontinent in [[Sindhu]], [[Gujarat]] and [[Sauvira]]. The Nabhakas, the Nabhapamkits, the Bhojas, the [[Pitinikas]], the [[Andhras]] and the [[Palidas]] were other people under Ashoka's rule:

Bharatwiki Socrates at 02:33, 12 March 2026

2026-03-12T02:33:08Z

Show changes

79.137.87.172: /* Popular Maps */Some more historical geographer references.

2024-05-08T07:26:11Z

Popular Maps: Some more historical geographer references.

← Older revision		Revision as of 12:56, 8 May 2024
Line 382:		Line 382:
	\| [https://archive.org/details/historyatlasofas00ianb/page/43/mode/1up His designed map]		\| [https://archive.org/details/historyatlasofas00ianb/page/43/mode/1up His designed map]
	\|-		\|-
	\| Group of Historian, Archeologist and Historical Geographer		\| Group of Historian, Archeologist and Historical Geographer, published by Millennium House
	\| [https://archive.org/details/isbn_9781921811043/page/65/mode/1up?q=Pink Their designed map]		\| [https://archive.org/details/isbn_9781921811043/page/65/mode/1up?q=Pink Their designed map]
			\|-
			\| American Historian [[Albert M. Craig]]
			\| [https://archive.org/details/heritageofworldc0000crai/page/142/mode/1up?q=%22Southwest+Asia+and+India+ca.+250%22 His designed map]
			\|-
			\| Indian Historian Kashi Prasad Jayaswal
			\| [https://archive.org/details/pvjO_itihas-pravesh-bharatiya-itihas-ka-digdarshan-by-jaychandra-vidyalankar-ed.-by-l/page/89/mode/1up His designed map]
			\|-
			\|Historical Geographer C. Collin Davies
			\| [https://archive.org/details/dli.ernet.509319/page/13/mode/1up His designed map]
	\|}		\|}

57.128.174.29: /* Popular Maps */Grammatical Improvement

2024-02-22T02:00:14Z

Popular Maps: Grammatical Improvement

← Older revision		Revision as of 07:30, 22 February 2024
Line 382:		Line 382:
	\| [https://archive.org/details/historyatlasofas00ianb/page/43/mode/1up His designed map]		\| [https://archive.org/details/historyatlasofas00ianb/page/43/mode/1up His designed map]
	\|-		\|-
	\| Group of ~~Historians~~, Archeologist and Historical ~~Geographers~~		\| Group of Historian, Archeologist and Historical Geographer
	\| [https://archive.org/details/isbn_9781921811043/page/65/mode/1up?q=Pink Their designed map]		\| [https://archive.org/details/isbn_9781921811043/page/65/mode/1up?q=Pink Their designed map]
	\|}		\|}

57.128.174.29: /* Popular Maps */Historical Atlas, pg.65

2024-02-22T01:57:03Z

Popular Maps: Historical Atlas, pg.65

← Older revision		Revision as of 07:27, 22 February 2024
Line 381:		Line 381:
	\| Anthropologist and Bioarcheologist [[Professor Ian Barnes]]		\| Anthropologist and Bioarcheologist [[Professor Ian Barnes]]
	\| [https://archive.org/details/historyatlasofas00ianb/page/43/mode/1up His designed map]		\| [https://archive.org/details/historyatlasofas00ianb/page/43/mode/1up His designed map]
			\|-
			\| Group of Historians, Archeologist and Historical Geographers
			\| [https://archive.org/details/isbn_9781921811043/page/65/mode/1up?q=Pink Their designed map]
	\|}		\|}

2401:4900:B19:F3:5970:E894:6CE0:64CD: cleaning

2024-02-13T01:32:49Z

cleaning

← Older revision		Revision as of 07:02, 13 February 2024
Line 164:		Line 164:
	Greek historians mentioned the result of [[Seleucid–Mauryan war]] where Seleucid Empire's eastern satrapies( [[Gedrosia]],[[Arachosia]], [[Aria]], and [[Paropamisadae]]) ceded to Mauryan Empire :		Greek historians mentioned the result of [[Seleucid–Mauryan war]] where Seleucid Empire's eastern satrapies( [[Gedrosia]],[[Arachosia]], [[Aria]], and [[Paropamisadae]]) ceded to Mauryan Empire :
	{{quote\|text= " Seleucus crossed the Indus and waged war with Sandrocottus [Maurya], king of he Indians, who dwelt on the banks of that stream, until they came to an understanding with each other and contracted a marriage relationship. Some of these exploits were performed before the death of Antigonus and some afterward." \|sign=<small>[[Appian]]</small>\|source=''History of Rome'', The Syrian Wars [https://www.livius.org/sources/content/appian/appian-the-syrian-wars/appian-the-syrian-wars-11/ 55]}}		{{quote\|text= " Seleucus crossed the Indus and waged war with Sandrocottus [Maurya], king of he Indians, who dwelt on the banks of that stream, until they came to an understanding with each other and contracted a marriage relationship. Some of these exploits were performed before the death of Antigonus and some afterward." \|sign=<small>[[Appian]]</small>\|source=''History of Rome'', The Syrian Wars [https://www.livius.org/sources/content/appian/appian-the-syrian-wars/appian-the-syrian-wars-11/ 55]}}
	{{quote\|text= " The geographical position of the tribes is as follows: along the Indus are the Paropamisadae, above whom lies the Paropamisus mountain: then, towards the south, the Arachoti: then next, towards the south, the Gedroseni, with the other tribes that occupy the seaboard; and the Indus lies, latitudinally, alongside all these places; and of these places, in part, some that lie along the Indus are held by Indians, although they formerly belonged to the Persians. Alexander [III 'the Great' of Macedon] took these away from the Arians and established settlements of his own, but [[Seleucus Nicator]] gave them to [[Sandrocottus]] [Chandragupta], upon terms of intermarriage and of receiving in exchange five hundred elephants. " \|sign=<small>— [[Strabo]] </small>\|source= 15.2.9[https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Strabo/15B*.html#2.9] }}		{{quote\|text= " The geographical position of the tribes is as follows: along the Indus are the Paropamisadae, above whom lies the Paropamisus mountain: then, towards the south, the Arachoti: then next, towards the south, the Gedroseni, with the other tribes that occupy the seaboard; and the Indus lies, latitudinally, alongside all these places; and of these places, in part, some that lie along the Indus are held by Indians, although they formerly belonged to the Persians. Alexander [III 'the Great' of Macedon] took these away from the Arians and established settlements of his own, but [[Seleucus Nicator]] gave them to [[Sandrocottus]] [Chandragupta], upon terms of intermarriage and of receiving in exchange five hundred elephants. " \|sign=<small>[[Strabo]] </small>\|source= 15.2.9[https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Strabo/15B*.html#2.9] }}
	Greecian historian Pliny also quoted a passage from Megasthanes work about Chandragupta Empire boundaries:		Greecian historian Pliny also quoted a passage from Megasthanes work about Chandragupta Empire boundaries:
	<blockquote>		<blockquote>
Line 175:		Line 175:
	<blockquote>"Not long afterwards Androkottos, who had by that time mounted the throne, presented Selukos with 500 elephants, and overran and subdued the whole of India with an army of 600,000."		<blockquote>"Not long afterwards Androkottos, who had by that time mounted the throne, presented Selukos with 500 elephants, and overran and subdued the whole of India with an army of 600,000."

	-Chapter LXII ,Life of Alexander, Plutarch [https://books.google.co.in/books?id=TXtEAQAAMAAJ&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false]		— Chapter LXII ,Life of Alexander, Plutarch [https://books.google.co.in/books?id=TXtEAQAAMAAJ&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false]
	</blockquote>		</blockquote>

Line 182:		Line 182:
	India, which is in shape quadrilateral, has its eastern as well as its 'western side bounded by the great sea, but on the northern side it is divided by Mount Hemôdos from that part of Skythia which is inhabited by those Skythians who are called the Sakai, while the fourth or western side is bounded by the river called the Indus.		India, which is in shape quadrilateral, has its eastern as well as its 'western side bounded by the great sea, but on the northern side it is divided by Mount Hemôdos from that part of Skythia which is inhabited by those Skythians who are called the Sakai, while the fourth or western side is bounded by the river called the Indus.

	- Book I Fragment I , Indica, Megasthanes [https://archive.org/details/AncientIndiaAsDescribedByMegasthenesAndArrianByMccrindleJ.W/page/n39/mode/1up]		— Book I Fragment I , Indica, Megasthanes [https://archive.org/details/AncientIndiaAsDescribedByMegasthenesAndArrianByMccrindleJ.W/page/n39/mode/1up]
	</blockquote>		</blockquote>
	[[File:SakastanMap.jpg\|thumb\|Satrapian provinces in northwestern India which ceaded to Chandragupta by Selucus due to [[Treaty of Indus]].]]		[[File:SakastanMap.jpg\|thumb\|Satrapian provinces in northwestern India which ceaded to Chandragupta by Selucus due to [[Treaty of Indus]].]]
	<blockquote>		<blockquote>
	Sandrokottos the king of the Indians, India forms the largest of the four parts into which ~~Southorn~~ Asia is divided, while the smallest part is that region which is included between the Euphrates and our own sea. The two remaining parts, which are separated from the others by the Euphrates and the Indus, and lie between these rivers...		Sandrokottos the king of the Indians, India forms the largest of the four parts into which Southern Asia is divided, while the smallest part is that region which is included between the Euphrates and our own sea. The two remaining parts, which are separated from the others by the Euphrates and the Indus, and lie between these rivers...
	India is bounded on its eastern side, right onwards to the south, by the great ocean; that its northern frontier is formed by the Kaukasos range(Hindukush Range) as far as the junction of that range with Tauros; and that the boundary.		India is bounded on its eastern side, right onwards to the south, by the great ocean; that its northern frontier is formed by the Kaukasos range(Hindukush Range) as far as the junction of that range with Tauros; and that the boundary.

	- Book I Fragment II , Indica, Megasthanes [https://archive.org/details/AncientIndiaAsDescribedByMegasthenesAndArrianByMccrindleJ.W/page/n54/mode/1up]		— Book I Fragment II , Indica, Megasthanes [https://archive.org/details/AncientIndiaAsDescribedByMegasthenesAndArrianByMccrindleJ.W/page/n54/mode/1up]
	</blockquote>		</blockquote>

Line 205:		Line 205:
	<blockquote>Ashoka brought under his rule without bloodshed all the countries including those to the south of the Vindhya. And he conquered the northern Himalayas, the snowy ranges beyond Li-yul (Khotan)," the entire land of Jambudvipa bounded by seas on east, south and west, and also fifty small islands.		<blockquote>Ashoka brought under his rule without bloodshed all the countries including those to the south of the Vindhya. And he conquered the northern Himalayas, the snowy ranges beyond Li-yul (Khotan)," the entire land of Jambudvipa bounded by seas on east, south and west, and also fifty small islands.

	-History Of Buddhism In India ,Taranatha<ref>https://archive.org/details/TaranathasHistoryOfBuddhismInIndia/page/n89/mode/2up</ref>		— History Of Buddhism In India ,Taranatha<ref>https://archive.org/details/TaranathasHistoryOfBuddhismInIndia/page/n89/mode/2up</ref>
	</blockquote>		</blockquote>

2401:4900:B19:F3:5970:E894:6CE0:64CD: data in wiki table

2024-02-13T01:27:24Z

data in wiki table

← Older revision		Revision as of 06:57, 13 February 2024
Line 351:		Line 351:
	Indian New Parliament already		Indian New Parliament already
	have carved Mauryan Empire over mural which represents Indian integrity and glorious past: [https://bharatmotherofdemocracy.ignca.gov.in/contents/ashoka-responsible-and-accountable-governance/en)] [https://compass.rauias.com/current-affairs/mural-in-new-parliament/][https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/government-reacts-on-row-over-akhand-bharat-mural-in-new-parliament-4089062]. Several historians have reconstructed the map of the Mauryan Empire based on details from Ashoka's inscriptions and accounts from Greek historians, among other sources. For example :		have carved Mauryan Empire over mural which represents Indian integrity and glorious past: [https://bharatmotherofdemocracy.ignca.gov.in/contents/ashoka-responsible-and-accountable-governance/en)] [https://compass.rauias.com/current-affairs/mural-in-new-parliament/][https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/government-reacts-on-row-over-akhand-bharat-mural-in-new-parliament-4089062]. Several historians have reconstructed the map of the Mauryan Empire based on details from Ashoka's inscriptions and accounts from Greek historians, among other sources. For example :
	*ASI (Archeological Survey Of India) ~~referenced rough map of Mauryan Empire :~~ [https://archive.org/details/dli.calcutta.06445/page/n421/mode/1up]
	*British Historian Geoffrey Parker ~~created map on Mauryan Empire :~~[https://archive.org/details/timescompacthist0000unse_g4l2/page/29/mode/1up]		{\| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; width:100%;"
	*British historian Patrick K. O'Brien ~~created Mauryan Empire Map :~~ [https://archive.org/details/philipsatlasofwo0000unse_u6t7/page/46/mode/1up] ,		! colspan="2" \| Renowned Scholars Authoritative Crafted Maps
	*American historian Gerald Danzer ~~created Mauryan Empire Map :~~ [https://archive.org/details/atlasofworldhist0000danz/page/44/mode/1up]		\|-
	*British Historian Charles Allen ~~created Mauryan Empire Map :~~ [https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/Ashoka/K4vHjbUtf_4C?hl=en&gbpv=1&pg=PT5&printsec=frontcover]		!style="background-color:#ADD8E6;" \| Mauryan empire maps created by Historians/Other Scholars
	*Historian [[Robert W. Strayer]] and [[Eric Nelson]] ~~created Mauryan Empire Map :~~ [https://archive.org/details/waysofworld0000robe/page/121/mode/1up]		!style="background-color:#ADD8E6;" \| Map Link
	*Irish Historian and Indologist [[Vincent Arthur Smith]] ~~created Mauryan Empire Map :~~ [https://archive.org/details/asokabuddhistemp00smitiala/asokabuddhistemp00smitiala/page/n284/mode/1up]		\|-
	*Anthropologist and Bioarcheologist [[Professor Ian Barnes]] ~~created Mauryan Empire Map :~~ [https://archive.org/details/historyatlasofas00ianb/page/43/mode/1up]		\| ASI ([[Archeological Survey Of India]])
			\| [https://archive.org/details/dli.calcutta.06445/page/n421/mode/1up Rough Map by ASI]
			\|-
			\| British Historian [[Geoffrey Parker]]
			\| [https://archive.org/details/timescompacthist0000unse_g4l2/page/29/mode/1up His designed map]
			\|-
			\| British historian [[Patrick Karl O'Brien]]
			\| [https://archive.org/details/philipsatlasofwo0000unse_u6t7/page/46/mode/1up His designed map]
			\|-
			\| American historian [[Gerald Danzer]]
			\| [https://archive.org/details/atlasofworldhist0000danz/page/44/mode/1up His designed map]
			\|-
			\| British Historian [[Charles Allen]]
			\| [https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/Ashoka/K4vHjbUtf_4C?hl=en&gbpv=1&pg=PT5&printsec=frontcover His designed map]
			\|-
			\| Historian [[Robert W. Strayer]] and [[Eric Nelson]]
			\| [https://archive.org/details/waysofworld0000robe/page/121/mode/1up Their designed map]
			\|-
			\| Irish Historian and Indologist [[Vincent Arthur Smith]]
			\| [https://archive.org/details/asokabuddhistemp00smitiala/asokabuddhistemp00smitiala/page/n284/mode/1up His designed map]
			\|-
			\| Anthropologist and Bioarcheologist [[Professor Ian Barnes]]
			\| [https://archive.org/details/historyatlasofas00ianb/page/43/mode/1up His designed map]
			\|}

	===Territorial span on a national scale===		===Territorial span on a national scale===
	The territorial expanse of the Mauryan Empire, when correlated with contemporary nations, is delineated as follows:<ref>{{Cite web \| url=https://archive.org/details/thomas-1922-maurya-empire/mode/1up\| title=Cambridge History of India, Volume 1, The Maurya Empire\|last=Thomas\|first=F.W.\| website=Internet Archive }}</ref>		The territorial expanse of the Mauryan Empire, when correlated with contemporary nations, is delineated as follows:<ref>{{Cite web \| url=https://archive.org/details/thomas-1922-maurya-empire/mode/1up\| title=Cambridge History of India, Volume 1, The Maurya Empire\|last=Thomas\|first=F.W.\| website=Internet Archive }}</ref>

2401:4900:B19:F3:5970:E894:6CE0:64CD: italicized

2024-02-13T00:59:59Z

italicized

Show changes