Maturidi - Revision history

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-{{short description|School of Sunni Islamic theology}}
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-'''Maturidiyya''' ({{lang-ar|الماتريدية}}) is one of the main schools of [[Sunni]] Islamic theology. It was formalized by [[Abu Mansur Al Maturidi]] and brought the beliefs already present among most Sunnis under one school of systematic theology ([[kalam]]) and emphasised [[rationality]]<ref>Schlesinger, Sarah J. "The Internal Pluralization of the Muslim Community of Bosnia-Herzegovina: From Religious Activation to Radicalization." Master’s Research Paper. Boston University (2011).</ref> and [[rationalism]].<ref>Жусипбек, Галым, Жанар Нагаева, and Альберт Фролов. "Ислам и плюрализм: Что могут предложить идеи школы аль-Матуриди? Журнал Аль-Фараби, Алматы, No 4 (56), 2016 (p. 117-134)." "On the whole, the authors argue that the Maturidi school which is based on 'balanced theological rationalism', 'metaphysics of diversity', 'subjectivity of faith' and 'to be focused on justice and society-centeredness' "</ref><ref>Zhussipbek, Galym, and Zhanar Nagayeva. "Epistemological Reform and Embracement of Human Rights. What Can be Inferred from Islamic Rationalistic Maturidite Theology?." Open Theology 5.1 (2019): 347-365.</ref> It is considered one of the orthodox [[Sunni]] creeds alongside the [[Ash'ari]] school,<ref>{{cite web|title=Maturidiyah|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Maturidiyah|website=Britanicca|publisher=Encyclopædia Britannica|access-date=12 July 2016}}</ref> and prevails in the [[Hanafi]] school of [[fiqh]].<ref>{{Cite book|  publisher = Cambridge University Press| last = Cook| first = Michael| title =  Forbidding Wrong in Islam, an Introduction| page=6 |date = 2003}}</ref>  Māturīdism was the predominant theological orientation among the [[Sunni]] [[Muslims]] of [[Persia]] before the [[Safavid conversion of Iran to Shia Islam|conversion to Shiaism in the 16th century]], and the [[Ahl ar-Ra'y|Ahl al-Ray]] (people of reason). It enjoyed a preeminent status in the [[Ottoman Empire]] and [[Mughal India]]. Outside the old Ottoman and Mughal empires, most [[Turkic tribes]], [[Hui people]], [[Central Asia]]n, and [[South Asia]]n Muslims also follow Maturidi theology. There have also been [[Arab]] Maturidi scholars.<ref>{{citation|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9fkgAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA102|title=Religion and State in Syria: The Sunni Ulama from Coup to Revolution|page=102|publisher=Cambridge University Press|author=Thomas Pierret|date=25 March 2013|isbn=9781139620062}}</ref>
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{{short description|School of Sunni Islamic theology}}
{{Sunni Islam|Sunni Schools of Divinity}}

'''Maturidiyya''' ({{lang-ar|الماتريدية}}) is one of the main schools of [[Sunni]] Islamic theology. It was formalized by [[Abu Mansur Al Maturidi]] and brought the beliefs already present among most Sunnis under one school of systematic theology ([[kalam]]) and emphasised [[rationality]]<ref>Schlesinger, Sarah J. "The Internal Pluralization of the Muslim Community of Bosnia-Herzegovina: From Religious Activation to Radicalization." Master’s Research Paper. Boston University (2011).</ref> and [[rationalism]].<ref>Жусипбек, Галым, Жанар Нагаева, and Альберт Фролов. "Ислам и плюрализм: Что могут предложить идеи школы аль-Матуриди? Журнал Аль-Фараби, Алматы, No 4 (56), 2016 (p. 117-134)." "On the whole, the authors argue that the Maturidi school which is based on 'balanced theological rationalism', 'metaphysics of diversity', 'subjectivity of faith' and 'to be focused on justice and society-centeredness' "</ref><ref>Zhussipbek, Galym, and Zhanar Nagayeva. "Epistemological Reform and Embracement of Human Rights. What Can be Inferred from Islamic Rationalistic Maturidite Theology?." Open Theology 5.1 (2019): 347-365.</ref> It is considered one of the orthodox [[Sunni]] creeds alongside the [[Ash'ari]] school,<ref>{{cite web|title=Maturidiyah|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Maturidiyah|website=Britanicca|publisher=Encyclopædia Britannica|access-date=12 July 2016}}</ref> and prevails in the [[Hanafi]] school of [[fiqh]].<ref>{{Cite book| publisher = Cambridge University Press| last = Cook| first = Michael| title = Forbidding Wrong in Islam, an Introduction| page=6 |date = 2003}}</ref> Māturīdism was the predominant theological orientation among the [[Sunni]] [[Muslims]] of [[Persia]] before the [[Safavid conversion of Iran to Shia Islam|conversion to Shiaism in the 16th century]], and the [[Ahl ar-Ra'y|Ahl al-Ray]] (people of reason). It enjoyed a preeminent status in the [[Ottoman Empire]] and [[Mughal India]]. Outside the old Ottoman and Mughal empires, most [[Turkic tribes]], [[Hui people]], [[Central Asia]]n, and [[South Asia]]n Muslims also follow Maturidi theology. There have also been [[Arab]] Maturidi scholars.<ref>{{citation|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9fkgAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA102|title=Religion and State in Syria: The Sunni Ulama from Coup to Revolution|page=102|publisher=Cambridge University Press|author=Thomas Pierret|date=25 March 2013|isbn=9781139620062}}</ref>

==Beliefs==
The Maturidi view holds that:
* All attributes of [[God in Islam|God]] are eternal and not separated from God.<ref>Cenap Çakmak Islam: A Worldwide Encyclopedia [4 volumes] ABC-CLIO 2017 {{ISBN|978-1-610-69217-5}} page 1014</ref>
* Ethics have an objective existence and humans are capable of recognizing it through reason.<ref>Oliver Leaman ''The Biographical Encyclopedia of Islamic Philosophy'' Bloomsbury Publishing 2015 {{ISBN|978-1-472-56945-5}} page 311</ref>
* Although humans are intellectually capable of realizing God, they need revelations and guidance of [[Prophets in Islam|Prophets]], because human desire can divert the intellect and because certain knowledge of God has been specially given to these Prophets (e.g. the Quran was revealed to Muhammad, who was given this special knowledge from God and only through Muhammad did this knowledge become accessible to others).<ref>Cenap Çakmak Islam: A Worldwide Encyclopedia [4 volumes] ABC-CLIO 2017 {{ISBN|978-1-610-69217-5}} page 1014</ref>
* Humans are free in determining their actions within scope of God-given possibilities. Accordingly, God has created all possibilities, but humans are free to choose.<ref>Cenap Çakmak Islam: A Worldwide Encyclopedia [4 volumes] ABC-CLIO 2017 {{ISBN|978-1-610-69217-5}} page 1014</ref>
* The [[Iman (concept)#The Six Articles of Faith|Six articles of faith]].<ref>Oliver Leaman ''The Qur'an: An Encyclopedia'' Taylor & Francis 2006 {{ISBN|978-0-415-32639-1}} page 41</ref>
* Religious authorities need reasonable arguments to prove their claims.<ref>Ulli Roth, Armin Kreiner, Gunther Wenz, Friedo Ricken, Mahmut Ay, Roderich Barth, Halis Albayrak, Muammer Esen, Engin Erdem, Hikmet Yaman ''Glaube und Vernunft in Christentum und Islam''. Stuttgart: [[Kohlhammer Verlag]] 2017 {{ISBN|978-3-170-31526-6}} page 83</ref>
* Support of science and ''[[falsafa]]''.<ref>Ulli Roth, Armin Kreiner, Gunther Wenz, Friedo Ricken, Mahmut Ay, Roderich Barth, Halis Albayrak, Muammer Esen, Engin Erdem, Hikmet Yaman ''Glaube und Vernunft in Christentum und Islam'' Kohlhammer Verlag 2017 {{ISBN|978-3-170-31526-6}} page 83</ref>
* The Maturidis state that [[Iman (concept)|iman]] (faith) does not increase nor decrease depending on one's deeds; it is rather [[taqwa]] (piety) which increases and decreases. The [[Ashʿari|Ash'aris]] say that faith itself increases or decreases according to one's actions.<ref>Cenap Çakmak Islam: A Worldwide Encyclopedia [4 volumes] ABC-CLIO 2017 {{ISBN|978-1-610-69217-5}} page 1015</ref>
{{Muslim Beliefs|Schools}}

Maturidism holds that humans are creatures endowed with reason which differentiates them from animals. Further, the relationship between people and God differs from that of nature and God; humans are endowed with [[Free will|free-will]], but due to God's sovereignty, God creates the acts the humans choose, so humans can perform them. [[Ethic]]s can be understood just by reason and do not need prophetic guidance. Maturidi also consider [[hadith]]s to be unreliable when they are at odds with reason.<ref>Rico Isaacs, Alessandro Frigerio Theorizing C''entral Asian Politics: The State, Ideology and Power'' Springer, 2018 {{ISBN|9783319973555}} p. 108</ref> Further, Maturidism opposes anthropomorphism and similitude, but simultaneously does not deny the divine attributes.

==See also==
* [[List of Ash'aris and Maturidis]]
* [[Athari]]
* [[Mu'tazili]]
* [[Islamic schools and branches]]
* [[2016 international conference on Sunni Islam in Grozny]]
* [[2020 International Maturidi Conference]]

==External links==
*[http://www.turkishculture.org/pages.php?ParentID=5&ID=22 An article from a Turkish site]
* {{in lang|fr}} [https://web.archive.org/web/20120308153412/http://www.at-tawhid.net/article-abul-mansur-al-maturidi-as-samarqandi-al-hanafi-m-333-84786257.html Biography of Imâm Al Mâturîdî (by at-tawhid.net)]
* [https://www.era.lib.ed.ac.uk/handle/1842/17177 The Place of Reason in the Theologies of al-Maturidi and al-Ash'ari (Dissertation)]

==References==
{{Reflist}}
* Article "Kalam" in The Encyclopedia of Islam, 1st edition.

{{Maturidi}}
{{Islam topics|state=collapsed}}
{{Islamic Theology|schools}}
{{Islamic philosophy}}{{Authority control}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2017}}

[[Category:Maturidi| ]]
[[Category:Maturidis]]
[[Category:Kalam]]
[[Category:Sunni Islam]]
[[Category:Islamic theology]]
[[Category:Islamic terminology]]
[[Category:Islamic philosophical schools]]
[[Category:History of Islam]]
[[Category:Sunni Islamic branches]]