Maski - Revision history

Igornhx: Refined content and updated sections

2026-03-15T08:23:14Z

Refined content and updated sections

← Older revision		Revision as of 13:53, 15 March 2026
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			{{About\|the town\|the Finnish rapper\|Maski (rapper)}}
	{{Use dmy dates\|date=May 2018}}		{{Use dmy dates\|date=May 2018}}
	{{Use Indian English\|date=May 2018}}		{{Use Indian English\|date=May 2018}}
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	\| name = Maski		\| name = Maski
	\| settlement_type = Town		\| settlement_type = Town
	\| image_skyline = ~~File:~~Maski city.jpg		\| image_skyline = Maski city.jpg
	\| image_size =		\| image_size =
	\| image_caption = A view of Maski ~~city from~~ Mallikarjuna temple hill		\| image_caption = A view of Maski atop Mallikarjuna temple hill
	\| nickname =		\| nickname =
	\| pushpin_map = India#India Karnataka		\| pushpin_map = India#India Karnataka
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	\| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India\|District]]		\| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India\|District]]
	\| subdivision_name1 = [[Karnataka]]		\| subdivision_name1 = [[Karnataka]]
	\| subdivision_name2 = [[Raichur district]]		\| subdivision_name2 = [[Raichur district\|Raichur]]
	\| established_title = <!-- ~~Established~~ -->		\| established_title = Settled
	\| ~~established_date~~ =		\| established_date = [[2nd millennium BC]]<ref>{{cite web\|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/karnataka/researchers-find-evidence-of-a-4000-year-old-human-settlement-in-karnatakas-maski-3634072#google_vignette\|title=Researchers find evidence of a 4000 year old human settlement in Karnataka's Maski \|publisher=Deccan Herald \|date=17 July 2025}}</ref>
	\| founder =		\| founder =
	\| named_for =		\| named_for =
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	}}		}}

	'''Maski''' is a town and an [[archaeological site]] in the [[Raichur district]] of the state of [[Karnataka]], [[India]].<ref name="ama">Amalananda Ghosh (1990), p282</ref> It lies on the bank of the Maski river which is a tributary of the [[Tungabhadra]]. Maski derives its name from Mahasangha or ~~Masangi~~ . The site came into prominence with the discovery of a [[Edicts of Ashoka\|minor rock edict]] of [[Emperor Ashoka]] by C. Beadon in 1915.<ref name="vrr">V. R. Ramachandra Dikshitar (1993), p41</ref> It was the first edict of [[Emperor Ashoka]] that contained the name ''Ashoka'' in it instead of the earlier edicts that referred him as ''~~Devanampiye piyadasi~~''.<ref name="dpa">O. C. Handa (1994), p197</ref><ref name="vin">Vincent Arthur Smith (1998), p5</ref> This edict was important to conclude that many edicts found earlier in the Indian sub-continent in the name of ''Devanampiye piyadasi'', all belonged to [[Emperor Ashoka]].<ref name="dpa"/> The edict is etched on a rock-face of ''Durgada-gudda'', one of the [[gneiss]]ic outcrops that are present in the site.		'''Maski''' is a town and an [[archaeological site]] in the [[Raichur district]] of the state of [[Karnataka]], [[India]].<ref name="ama">Amalananda Ghosh (1990), p282</ref> It lies on the bank of the Maski river which is a tributary of the [[Tungabhadra]]. Maski derives its name from Mahasangha or Masangipura . The site came into prominence with the discovery of a [[Edicts of Ashoka\|minor rock edict]] of [[Emperor Ashoka]] by C. Beadon in 1915.<ref name="vrr">V. R. Ramachandra Dikshitar (1993), p41</ref> It was the first edict of [[Emperor Ashoka]] that contained the name ''Ashoka'' in it instead of the earlier edicts that referred him as ''Devanampriya''.<ref name="dpa">O. C. Handa (1994), p197</ref><ref name="vin">Vincent Arthur Smith (1998), p5</ref> This edict was important to conclude that many edicts found earlier in the Indian sub-continent in the name of ''Devanampiye piyadasi'', all belonged to [[Emperor Ashoka]].<ref name="dpa"/> The edict is etched on a rock-face of ''Durgada-gudda'', one of the [[gneiss]]ic outcrops that are present in the site.

	Maski is also the place on the Raichur Doab which was also under the hegemony of the imperial [[Chola]] empire and it was here that [[Rajendra Chola I]] defeated [[Jayasimha II (Western Chalukya dynasty)\|Jayasimha II]], the [[Western Chalukya]] ruler in battle in 1019-1020 AD.<ref name="A History of South India">(2003), K.A.Nilakanta Sastri, p. 166</ref>		Maski is also the place on the Raichur Doab which was also under the hegemony of the imperial [[Chola]] empire and it was here that [[Rajendra Chola I]] defeated [[Jayasimha II (Western Chalukya dynasty)\|Jayasimha II]], the [[Western Chalukya]] ruler in battle in 1019-1020 AD.<ref name="A History of South India">(2003), K.A.Nilakanta Sastri, p. 166</ref>
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	{{blockquote		{{blockquote
	\|[A proclamation] of ~~'''''~~Devanampriya Asoka~~'''''~~.<br>		\|[A proclamation] of [[Devanampriya\|Beloved of the Gods]] [[Ashoka\|Asoka]].<br>
	Two and a half years [and somewhat more] (have passed) since I am a Buddha-~~Sakya~~.<br>		Two and a half years [and somewhat more] (have passed) since I am a [[Buddhist\|Buddha]]-[[Shakya]].<br>
	[A year and] somewhat more (has passed) [since] I have visited the Samgha and have shown zeal.<br>		[A year and] somewhat more (has passed) [since] I have visited the [[Samgha]] and have shown zeal.<br>
	Those gods who formerly had been unmingled (with men) in Jambudvipa, have how become mingled (with them).<br>		Those gods who formerly had been unmingled (with men) in [[Jambudvipa]], have how become mingled (with them).<br>
	This object can be reached even by a lowly (person) who is devoted to morality.<br>		This object can be reached even by a lowly (person) who is devoted to morality.<br>
	One must not think thus, — (viz.) that only an exalted (person) may reach this.<br>		One must not think thus, — (viz.) that only an exalted (person) may reach this.<br>
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	<gallery>		<gallery>
	Way to edict.JPG\|Location of the Edict.		Way to edict.JPG\|Location of the Edict
	Venue of edict.JPG\|Entrance.		Venue of edict.JPG\|Entrance
	File:The Ashoka edict.JPG\|The [[Minor Rock Edict]] of Maski confirmed the association of the title "Devanampriya" with [[Ashoka]].		File:The Ashoka edict.JPG\|The [[Minor Rock Edict]] of Maski confirmed the association of the title "Devanampriya" with [[Ashoka]]
	File:Maski Edict Grafix.jpg\|Transcription of the inscription of Emperor Ashoka on the rock edict at Maski.		File:Maski Edict Grafix.jpg\|Transcription of the inscription of Emperor Ashoka on the rock edict at Maski
	File:Ashoka in Brahmi script.jpg\|The name ''Ashoka'' in [[Brahmi script]], Maski [[Minor Rock Edict]], c.259 BCE.		File:Ashoka in Brahmi script.jpg\|The name ''Ashoka'' in [[Brahmi script]], Maski [[Minor Rock Edict]], c.259 BCE
	Maski inscription Buddha.jpg\|The word "Buddha" in the Maski inscription. [[Brahmi script]].		Maski inscription Buddha.jpg\|The word "Buddha" in the Maski inscription. [[Brahmi script]]
	</gallery>		</gallery>

			=== Chola-period inscription ===

			In 2013, historian Dr. Channabasappa Malkamdinni reported the discovery of a Chola-period inscription at Maski . The inscription, written in [[Tamil script]] with portions in Sanskrit, records a military campaign involving the Cholas, Cheras and Pandyas against the Western Chalukya ruler [[Jayasimha II (Western Chalukya dynasty)\|Jayasimha II]] in 1020 CE. It also refers to [[Rajendra Chola I]] assuming the title “Parakesari Varman” following the campaign. The discovery was reported in regional media, and the [[Tamil Nadu]] government subsequently sanctioned funds for further study of the inscription.<ref>{{Cite web \|last=Paniyadi \|first=Gururaj A. \|date=2025-08-30 \|title=Maski: Karnataka’s Small Town With a 6,000-year Civilisational Legacy \|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/southern-states/karnataka/maski-karnatakas-small-town-with-a-6000-year-civilisational-legacy-1900518 \|access-date=2026-02-19 \|website=www.deccanchronicle.com \|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news \|last=Buradikatti \|first=Kumar \|date=2023-12-01 \|title=Maski that unmasked the mysterious Devanampiye and established him as Emperor Ashoka \|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/maski-that-unmasked-the-mysterious-devanampiye-and-established-him-as-emperor-ashoka/article67562033.ece \|access-date=2026-02-20 \|work=The Hindu \|language=en-IN \|issn=0971-751X}}</ref>


	===Other findings===		===Other findings===
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	==Transport==		==Transport==
	Maski is well connected by road. It lies on ~~Bangalore~~-~~Gulbarga~~ road. Maski ia around 425 km from ~~Bangalore~~, 80 km from Raichur and 24 km from ~~Sindhanur~~. Maski can be reached by [[Karnataka State Road Transport Corporation\|KSRTC]] buses from all Major towns and cities in Karnataka. Raichur Junction, 80 km away, is the nearest railway station and Gangavathi Approximate driving distance between Gangavathi and Maski is 74 km or 46 miles.		Maski is well connected by road. It lies on [[Bengaluru]]-[[Kalaburagi]] road. Maski is around 425 km from Bengaluru, 80 km from Raichur and 24 km from Sindhanuru. Maski can be reached by [[Karnataka State Road Transport Corporation\|KSRTC]] buses from all Major towns and cities in Karnataka. Raichur Junction, 80 km away, is the nearest railway station and Gangavathi Approximate driving distance between Gangavathi and Maski is 74 km or 46 miles.

	==Image gallery==		==Image gallery==
	<gallery widths="200px" heights="150px" class="center" caption="">		<gallery widths="200px" heights="150px" class="center" caption="">
	File:Maski government college.jpg~~\|thumb~~\|Devanampriya Ashoka government first grade college and post graduation study centre, Maski		File:Maski government college.jpg\|Devanampriya Ashoka government first grade college and post graduation study centre, Maski
	File:Maski Sunset.jpg\|Maski sunset view		File:Maski Sunset.jpg\|Maski sunset view
	File:Maski Malllikarjun Temple.jpg\|Maski Mallikarjun Temple		File:Maski Malllikarjun Temple.jpg\|Maski Mallikarjun Temple
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	[[Category:Cities and towns in Raichur district]]		[[Category:Cities and towns in Raichur district]]
	~~[[Category:History of Karnataka]]~~
	[[Category:Archaeological sites in Karnataka]]		[[Category:Archaeological sites in Karnataka]]
			[[Category:Taluks of Karnataka]]
			[[Category:Taluks in Raichur district]]

UpdateBot: robot: Update article (please report if you notice any mistake or error in this edit)

2022-05-21T04:24:50Z

robot: Update article (please report if you notice any mistake or error in this edit)

← Older revision		Revision as of 09:54, 21 May 2022
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	The Maski version of [[Minor Rock Edict]] No.1 was historically especially important in that it confirmed the association of the title "Devanampriya" ("Beloved-of-the-Gods") with [[Ashoka]]:<ref name=CSH>{{cite book \|title=The Cambridge Shorter History of India \|publisher=CUP Archive \|page=42 \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9_48AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA42 \|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite book \|last1=Gupta \|first1=Subhadra Sen \|title=Ashoka \|date=2009 \|publisher=Penguin UK \|isbn=9788184758078 \|page=13 \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=L5ru08et_ZAC&pg=PT13 \|language=en}}</ref>		The Maski version of [[Minor Rock Edict]] No.1 was historically especially important in that it confirmed the association of the title "Devanampriya" ("Beloved-of-the-Gods") with [[Ashoka]]:<ref name=CSH>{{cite book \|title=The Cambridge Shorter History of India \|publisher=CUP Archive \|page=42 \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9_48AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA42 \|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite book \|last1=Gupta \|first1=Subhadra Sen \|title=Ashoka \|date=2009 \|publisher=Penguin UK \|isbn=9788184758078 \|page=13 \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=L5ru08et_ZAC&pg=PT13 \|language=en}}</ref>

	{{~~quote~~		{{blockquote
	\|[A proclamation] of '''''Devanampriya Asoka'''''.<br>		\|[A proclamation] of '''''Devanampriya Asoka'''''.<br>
	Two and a half years [and somewhat more] (have passed) since I am a Buddha-Sakya.<br>		Two and a half years [and somewhat more] (have passed) since I am a Buddha-Sakya.<br>
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	==Transport==		==Transport==
	Maski is well connected by road. It lies on Bangalore-Gulbarga road. Maski ia around 425 km from Bangalore, 80 km from Raichur and 24 km from Sindhanur. Maski can be reached by [[Karnataka State Road Transport Corporation\|KSRTC]] buses from all Major towns and cities in Karnataka. Raichur Junction, 80 km away, is the nearest railway station and Gangavathi Approximate driving distance between Gangavathi and Maski is 74 km or 46 miles.		Maski is well connected by road. It lies on Bangalore-Gulbarga road. Maski ia around 425 km from Bangalore, 80 km from Raichur and 24 km from Sindhanur. Maski can be reached by [[Karnataka State Road Transport Corporation\|KSRTC]] buses from all Major towns and cities in Karnataka. Raichur Junction, 80 km away, is the nearest railway station and Gangavathi Approximate driving distance between Gangavathi and Maski is 74 km or 46 miles.

	==Image gallery==		==Image gallery==
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	* [[Raichur]]		* [[Raichur]]
	* [[Hampi]]		* [[Hampi]]

	~~==Notes==~~

	~~{{Empty section\|date=August 2013}}~~

	==References==		==References==
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	* {{cite book \|last= Caspers\|first= During E. C. L.\|editor=Johanna Engelberta, Lohuizen-De Leeuw\|title= South Asian Archaeology 1975: Papers from the Third International\|orig-year=1979\|year= 1979\|chapter=Statuary in the round from Dilmun\|publisher= BRILL\|isbn=90-04-05996-2}}		* {{cite book \|last= Caspers\|first= During E. C. L.\|editor=Johanna Engelberta, Lohuizen-De Leeuw\|title= South Asian Archaeology 1975: Papers from the Third International\|orig-year=1979\|year= 1979\|chapter=Statuary in the round from Dilmun\|publisher= BRILL\|isbn=90-04-05996-2}}
	{{refend}}		{{refend}}
	~~{{Edicts of Ashoka}}~~
	{{Raichur}}		{{Raichur district}}

	[[Category:Cities and towns in Raichur district]]		[[Category:Cities and towns in Raichur district]]
	[[Category:History of Karnataka]]		[[Category:History of Karnataka]]
	[[Category:Archaeological sites in Karnataka]]		[[Category:Archaeological sites in Karnataka]]

imported>Mukilteoedits: typo

2021-05-10T22:15:45Z

typo

New page

{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Maski
| settlement_type = Town
| image_skyline = File:Maski city.jpg
| image_size =
| image_caption = A view of Maski city from Mallikarjuna temple hill
| nickname =
| pushpin_map = India#India Karnataka
| pushpin_relief = yes
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Karnataka, India
| coordinates = {{coord|15.96|N|76.65|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Karnataka]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Raichur district]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_total_km2 =
| area_rank =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total =
| population_as_of =
| population_footnotes =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_rank =
| population_demonym =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 584124
| registration_plate = KA 36
| website = {{URL|http://www.lingasugurtown.gov.in/tourism}}
| footnotes =
| demographics1_info1 = [[Kannada]]
}}

'''Maski''' is a town and an [[archaeological site]] in the [[Raichur district]] of the state of [[Karnataka]], [[India]].<ref name="ama">Amalananda Ghosh (1990), p282</ref> It lies on the bank of the Maski river which is a tributary of the [[Tungabhadra]]. Maski derives its name from Mahasangha or Masangi . The site came into prominence with the discovery of a [[Edicts of Ashoka|minor rock edict]] of [[Emperor Ashoka]] by C. Beadon in 1915.<ref name="vrr">V. R. Ramachandra Dikshitar (1993), p41</ref> It was the first edict of [[Emperor Ashoka]] that contained the name ''Ashoka'' in it instead of the earlier edicts that referred him as ''Devanampiye piyadasi''.<ref name="dpa">O. C. Handa (1994), p197</ref><ref name="vin">Vincent Arthur Smith (1998), p5</ref> This edict was important to conclude that many edicts found earlier in the Indian sub-continent in the name of ''Devanampiye piyadasi'', all belonged to [[Emperor Ashoka]].<ref name="dpa"/> The edict is etched on a rock-face of ''Durgada-gudda'', one of the [[gneiss]]ic outcrops that are present in the site.

Maski is also the place on the Raichur Doab which was also under the hegemony of the imperial [[Chola]] empire and it was here that [[Rajendra Chola I]] defeated [[Jayasimha II (Western Chalukya dynasty)|Jayasimha II]], the [[Western Chalukya]] ruler in battle in 1019-1020 AD.<ref name="A History of South India">(2003), K.A.Nilakanta Sastri, p. 166</ref>

==Excavation history==
Maski was studied initially by [[Robert Bruce Foote]] in 1870 and 1888. In 1915, C. Beadon, a mining engineer, discovered Ashoka's rock edict here. In 1935–37, the archaeological department of [[Hyderabad state]] explored this region and in 1954, [[Amalananda Ghosh]] excavated this place on behalf of the [[Archaeological Survey of India]].<ref name="ama"/>

===Minor Rock Edict of Ashoka===
The Maski version of [[Minor Rock Edict]] No.1 was historically especially important in that it confirmed the association of the title "Devanampriya" ("Beloved-of-the-Gods") with [[Ashoka]]:<ref name=CSH>{{cite book |title=The Cambridge Shorter History of India |publisher=CUP Archive |page=42 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9_48AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA42 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Gupta |first1=Subhadra Sen |title=Ashoka |date=2009 |publisher=Penguin UK |isbn=9788184758078 |page=13 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=L5ru08et_ZAC&pg=PT13 |language=en}}</ref>

{{quote
|[A proclamation] of '''''Devanampriya Asoka'''''. 
Two and a half years [and somewhat more] (have passed) since I am a Buddha-Sakya. 
[A year and] somewhat more (has passed) [since] I have visited the Samgha and have shown zeal. 
Those gods who formerly had been unmingled (with men) in Jambudvipa, have how become mingled (with them). 
This object can be reached even by a lowly (person) who is devoted to morality. 
One must not think thus, — (viz.) that only an exalted (person) may reach this. 
Both the lowly and the exalted must be told : "If you act thus, this matter (will be) prosperous and of long duration, and will thus progress to one and a half.
|Maski [[Minor Rock Edict]] of Ashoka.<ref>{{cite book |title=Inscriptions of Asoka. New Edition by E. Hultzsch |date=1925 |pages=174–175 |url=https://archive.org/stream/InscriptionsOfAsoka.NewEditionByE.Hultzsch/HultzschCorpusAsokaSearchable#page/n353/mode/2up |language=sa}}</ref>}}

<gallery>
Way to edict.JPG|Location of the Edict.
Venue of edict.JPG|Entrance.
File:The Ashoka edict.JPG|The [[Minor Rock Edict]] of Maski confirmed the association of the title "Devanampriya" with [[Ashoka]].
File:Maski Edict Grafix.jpg|Transcription of the inscription of Emperor Ashoka on the rock edict at Maski.
File:Ashoka in Brahmi script.jpg|The name ''Ashoka'' in [[Brahmi script]], Maski [[Minor Rock Edict]], c.259 BCE.
Maski inscription Buddha.jpg|The word "Buddha" in the Maski inscription. [[Brahmi script]].
</gallery>

===Other findings===
The excavations indicated that the region was occupied across four different cultural periods; Period I: [[Neolithic]]-[[Chalcolithic]], Period II: [[Megalithic]], Period III: Early historical and Period IV: [[Medieval]]. In Period I, [[microlith]]s and blades made of [[agate]], [[chert]], [[carnelian]] and [[opal]] are found.<ref name="ama"/> Ornamental beads of [[agate]], [[coral]], [[exoskeleton|shell]] and other materials are also found. Dull-grey ware and painted-buff ware pottery are found, some of which were painted with linear patterns. Animal remains of cattle, buffalo, sheep and goat are also found.<ref name="ama"/> Period II saw the introduction of [[iron]] and five different forms of burials were discovered. Lances, [[ferrule]]s, daggers and arrowheads were found, apart from beads of [[gold]] and [[terracotta]] objects.<ref name="ama"/> The pottery of Period II consisted of the megalithic red-and-black ware, all-black ware and red-slipped ware, some of which had graffiti on them. Coins were discovered in the Period III which also saw the use of Russet-coated painted ware. The earliest specimens of Indian [[glass]] were also discovered at Maski.<ref name="man">Manfred G. Raschke (1978), p1029</ref> A [[cylinder seal]] has also been found here.<ref name="pap">E. C. L. During Caspers (1975), p64</ref>

==Transport==
Maski is well connected by road. It lies on Bangalore-Gulbarga road. Maski ia around 425 km from Bangalore, 80 km from Raichur and 24 km from Sindhanur. Maski can be reached by [[Karnataka State Road Transport Corporation|KSRTC]] buses from all Major towns and cities in Karnataka. Raichur Junction, 80 km away, is the nearest railway station and Gangavathi Approximate driving distance between Gangavathi and Maski is 74 km or 46 miles.

==Image gallery==
<gallery widths="200px" heights="150px" class="center" caption="">
File:Maski government college.jpg|thumb|Devanampriya Ashoka government first grade college and post graduation study centre, Maski
File:Maski Sunset.jpg|Maski sunset view
File:Maski Malllikarjun Temple.jpg|Maski Mallikarjun Temple
File:Maski.jpg|Maski at night
File:Maski in monsoon.jpg|Maski in monsoon
File:Maski Canal view at night.jpg|Maski canal view at night
Maski Panorama view.jpg|Maski panoramic view
</gallery>

==See also==
* [[Hatti Gold Mines]]
* [[Mudgal]]
* [[Raichur]]
* [[Hampi]]

==Notes==

{{Empty section|date=August 2013}}

==References==

{{reflist}}

{{commons category}}
{{refbegin}}
* {{cite book |last= Ghosh|first= Amalananda|title= An Encyclopaedia of Indian Archaeology|orig-year=1990|year= 1990|publisher= BRILL|isbn=90-04-09262-5}}
* {{cite book |last= Smith|first= Vincent Arthur|title= Aśoka: The Buddhist Emperor of India|orig-year=1998|year= 1998|publisher= Asian Educational Services|isbn=81-206-1303-1}}
* {{cite book |last= Handa|first= O. C.|title= Buddhist Art and Antiquities of Himachal Pradesh|orig-year=1994|year= 1994|publisher= Indus Publishing|isbn=81-85182-99-X}}
* {{cite book |last= Dikshitar |first= Ramachandra V. R.|title= The Mauryan Polity|orig-year=1993|year= 1993|publisher= Motilal Banarsidass Publications|isbn=81-208-1023-6}}
* {{cite book |last= Raschke|first= Manfred G.|editor=Hildegard Temporini, Wolfgang Haase|title= Aufstieg und Niedergang der römischen Welt. Geschichte und Kultur Roms|orig-year=1978|year= 1978|chapter=New Studies in Roman Commerce with the East|publisher= Walter de Gruyter|isbn=3-11-007175-4}}
* {{cite book |last= Caspers|first= During E. C. L.|editor=Johanna Engelberta, Lohuizen-De Leeuw|title= South Asian Archaeology 1975: Papers from the Third International|orig-year=1979|year= 1979|chapter=Statuary in the round from Dilmun|publisher= BRILL|isbn=90-04-05996-2}}
{{refend}}
{{Edicts of Ashoka}}
{{Raichur}}

[[Category:Cities and towns in Raichur district]]
[[Category:History of Karnataka]]
[[Category:Archaeological sites in Karnataka]]