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{{Short description|Ghaznavid Sultan from 1030 to 1040}}
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{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2025}}
{{Infobox royalty
| name = '''Mas{{ayin}}ud I'''
| title = [[Ghaznavid Sultan]] (Deputy)
| succession = [[Sultan]] of [[Ghaznavid Empire]]
| image = Mas'udIGhaznavidCoin.jpg
| caption =
| reign = 1030 – 1040
| coronation =
| predecessor = [[Mohammad of Ghazni|Mohammad]]
| successor = Mohammad
| queen = Daughter of [[Abu Kalijar]]
| issue = [[Mawdud of Ghazni|Mawdud]] [[Ali of Ghazna|Ali]] [[Farrukh-Zad of Ghazna|Farrukh-Zad]] [[Ibrahim of Ghazna|Ibrahim]] Majdud Mardan-shah Izad-yar Sa'id
| full name = Mas'ud bin Mahmud
| royal house = [[Ghaznavid Dynasty]]
| father = [[Mahmud of Ghazni]]
| mother =
| birth_date = {{C.|998}}
| birth_place = [[Ghazni]] [[Ghaznavid Empire]]
| death_date = 17 January 1040 (aged 41–42)
| death_place = [[Shahbaz Garhi|Giri]], Ghaznavid Empire
| place of burial =
| religion = [[Sunni Islam]]
}}
'''Mas{{ayin}}ud I of Ghazni''' ({{langx|fa|مسعود غزنوی}}), known as '''Amīr-i Shahīd''' ({{lang|fa|امیر شهید}}; "the martyr king") (b. 998 – d. 17 January 1040), was ''[[sultan]]'' of the [[Ghaznavids|Ghaznavid Empire]] from 1030 to 1040. The eldest son of [[Mahmud of Ghazni]], he rose to power by seizing the Ghaznavid throne from his younger twin brother, [[Muhammad of Ghazni|Mohammad]], who had been nominated as the heir upon the death of their father. Mohammad was shortly blinded and imprisoned. However, when much of Mas{{ayin}}ud's western domains had been wrested from his control, his troops rebelled against him and reinstated his brother to the throne.

==Early life==

===Campaigns===
Mas'ud was born along with his younger twin brother Mohammad in 998 at the Ghaznavid capital of [[Ghazni]]. In 1015, Mas'ud was appointed as heir of the Ghaznavid Empire by his father, and was also appointed as the governor of [[Herat]]. Five years later, he led an expedition in [[Ghur]], which was still a [[Paganism|pagan]] enclave. Mas'ud later participated in the campaigns of his father in [[Jibal]], where they managed to annex the [[Buyid dynasty|Buyid amirate]] of [[Ray, Iran|Ray]] which was then under the rule of [[Majd al-Dawla]].

After Mas'ud's father left the region, Mas'ud was in charge of the Ghaznavid operations in western Iran; he continued his campaigns further west, where he managed to defeat the [[Kakuyids|Kakuyid]] ruler [[Muhammad ibn Rustam Dushmanziyar]], who made a treaty where he agreed to recognize Ghaznavid authority.

However, Muhammad kept violating the treaty, and in 1030 wrested Ray from the Ghaznavids. During the same period, Mahmud, because of his bad relations with Mas'ud, changed his opinion, and appointed Mohammad as his heir,{{sfn|Bosworth|1975|p=187}} who was much less experienced in government and military affairs than Mas'ud. Mahmud shortly died, and was succeeded by Mohammad.

===Struggle for the throne===
[[File:MassudOfGhazniCoin.jpg|thumb|Coinage of Mas'ud I of Ghazni, derived from [[Hindu Shahi]] designs, with the name of Mas'ud ({{langx|fa|مسعود}}) around the head of the horserider.]]
However, his uncle [[Yusuf ibn Sabuktigin]], and the Ghaznavid army including prominent officers such as [[Ali Daya]], were in favor of Mas'ud, whose military campaigns had earned him a great reputation.{{sfn|Bosworth|1975|p=187}} Mas'ud was also joined by his former assistant [[Abu Sahl Zawzani]], who in the words of the historian Yusofi, "became a sort of vizier and rose in prestige and influence. He also became feared, since he exercised his bent toward vengefulness, spite, and intrigue".{{sfn|Yusofi|1983a|pp=373–374}}

Nevertheless, in order to further strengthen his army, Mas'ud recruited a group of [[Turkmens]] which were head by their chiefs Yaghmur, Qizil, Bogha and Goktash.{{sfn|Bosworth|1975|p=191}}

== Reign ==

===Consolidation of the Empire and war with the Kara-Khanids===
[[File:Transoxiana 8th century.svg|thumb|right|300px|Map of [[Khurasan]], [[Transoxiana]] and [[Tokharistan]]]]
Mas'ud then marched towards Ghazni, where he defeated his brother and had him imprisoned, while crowning himself as the new Sultan of the Ghaznavid Empire. Mas'ud shortly released the disgraced statesman [[Ahmad Maymandi]] from prison, and appointed him as his ''[[vizier]]''. He also appointed Ali Daya as the commander-in-chief of the army of [[Greater Khorasan|Khorasan]], while another general named [[Ahmad Inaltigin]] was appointed as the commander-in-chief of the army in [[India]]{{sfn|Bosworth|1984|p=647}} who led expedition to [[Varanasi|Vanarasi]] in 1033 AD. Later Majdud was appointed in that position, after Inaltigin's deposition following a unsuccessful revolt against Mas'ud.<ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Bosworth|1995|pp=30, 64}}</ref>

Although Mas'ud was a great military leader, he was heedless of advice from his officers, which would later result in disaster during his reign.{{sfn|Bosworth|1975|p=188}} He also suspected the majority of his father's officers of treachery, and even had his own uncle Yusuf and the powerful statesman [[Ali ibn Il-Arslan]] imprisoned. In 1032, Ahmad Maymandi died and was succeeded by [[Ahmad Shirazi]] as Mas'ud's ''vizier''. Sometime later, Mas'ud's governor and ''[[de facto]]'' ruler of [[Khwarazm]], [[Altuntash (khwarazmshah)|Altun Tash]], was sent to invade the domains of the [[Kara-Khanid Khanate|Kara-Khanid]] ruler [[Ali Tigin Bughra Khan]], but was [[Battle of Dabusiyya|killed at Dabusiyya]], a town near [[Samarkand]]. He was then succeeded by his son [[Harun, Ghaznavid Governor of Khwarezm|Harun]].

===War in western Iran and clash with Turkic nomads===
In 1033, Mas'ud captured the fortress of Sarsut, and defeated the Tomara ruler in [[Siege of Hansi]] in 1037 and shortly invaded [[Kerman]], which was then under the rule of the Buyid ruler [[Abu Kalijar]]. Mas'ud shortly managed to conquer the region, but the inhabitants of Kerman, who preferred Buyid rule, rallied to Abu Kalijar, and, under his vizier [[Bahram ibn Mafinna]], re-conquered Kerman.{{sfn|Bosworth|1975|p=189}} During the same period, Ahmad Inaltigin rebelled and defeated an army sent by Mas'ud, who shortly sent another army under an Indian statesman named Tilak. The latter managed to rout Ahmad Inaltigin, who drowned while trying to escape.{{sfn|Bosworth|1984|p=647}}{{sfn|Bosworth|1975|p=188}} In 1033, Mas'ud married the daughter of the [[Ziyarid]] [[Anushirvan Sharaf al-Ma'ali]]'s relative Abu Kalijar, the real ruler of the Ziyarid state. The same year, in order to keep control over his unreliable vassal, the Kakuyid ruler Muhammad, Mas'ud I appointed [[Abu Sahl Hamduwi]] as the governor of Jibal.{{sfn|Yusofi|1983b|pp=369–370}}

In 1034, Harun declared independence from the Ghaznavids, and allied himself with the Kara-Khanid ruler Ali Tigin.{{sfn|Bosworth|1975|p=192}} Mas'ud, however, managed to have Harun assassinated, and Ali Tigin shortly died. Harun was succeeded by his brother [[Ismail Khandan]], who maintained the alliance with the Kara-Khanids. Meanwhile, the [[Seljuq Empire|Seljuq Turks]], under the leadership of [[Tughril]], asked Mas'ud for asylum. Mas'ud, however, considered the Turkic nomads dangerous and sent an army under [[Begtoghdi]], the newly appointed commander-in-chief in Khorasan. The army was shortly defeated by the Seljuqs, who forced Mas'ud to cede Nasa, Farava and [[Dahae|Dihistan]] in return for Seljuq recognition of Ghaznavid authority. In 1034, Mas'ud marched an army to [[Türkmenabat|Amul]] to collect tribute, sacking Amul for four days and later burning it to the ground.{{sfn|Bosworth|1963|p=91}}

[[Image:Gaznaly-seljuk Dandanaqan.jpg|right|thumb|Artwork of the [[Battle of Dandanaqan]]]]
In 1035, Mas'ud I launched another invasion of western Iran, where he defeated the rebellious Abu Kalijar. Mas'ud then marched towards Jibal, where he once again defeated the Kakuyid ruler Muhammad, who fled to the Buyids of [[Ahvaz]], and then to northwestern Iran, where he raised a Turkmen army. In 1037/8, while Mas'ud was campaigning in India, Muhammad once again occupied Ray. Meanwhile, another Kara-Khanid ruler named [[Böritigin]] invaded the Ghaznavid territories and plundered [[Khuttal]] and [[Vakhsh, Tajikistan|Vakhsh]].{{sfn|Davidovich|1996|pp=134–135}} He also managed to conquer [[Chaghaniyan]] and expel the local [[Muhtajid|Muhtajid dynasty]] from the region.

===War with the Seljuqs and downfall===
Furthermore, the Seljuqs had begun to gradually subdue the cities of Khorasan, and when they captured [[Nishapur]], Tughril proclaimed himself the ruler of Khorasan. Mas'ud, after having returned to Khorasan, tried to re-conquer Chaghaniyan but was defeated by Böritigin.{{sfn|Bosworth|1975|p=195}} However, he expelled the Seljuqs from [[Herat]] and Nishapur. He soon marched towards [[Merv]] to completely remove the Seljuq threat from Khorasan. His army included 50,000 men and 60 or 12 [[war elephants]]. He was accompanied by his vizier Ahmad Shirazi, his chief secretary Abu Sahl Zawzani, his generals Ali Daya, Begtoghdi and Subashi, and [[Abd al-Razzaq Maymandi]], the son of Ahmad Maymandi.

A battle shortly took place near Merv, known as the [[Battle of Dandanaqan]], where the army of Mas'ud was defeated by a much smaller army under Tughril, his brother [[Chaghri Beg]], and the Kakuyid prince [[Faramurz]]. Mas'ud thus permanently lost control of all of western Khorasan. Although Mas'ud managed to retain his capital Ghazni, he chose to leave the city, and set up a capital in [[India]]. Mas'ud, who blamed Ali Daya and other generals for the disastrous Ghaznavid defeat near Merv, had them imprisoned in [[Lahore]]. However, the army of Mas'ud, which used to hold him in high esteem, revolted against him, and had his brother [[Mohammad Ghaznavi|Mohammad]] reinstated to the throne.{{sfn|Bosworth|1995|p=19}}

===Death and aftermath===
Mohammad then had Mas'ud imprisoned at [[Shahbaz Garhi|Giri]], where he was killed either on the orders of Mohammad or Mohammad's son Ahmed.{{sfn|Bosworth|1995|p=20}} Mas'ud had a son named [[Maw'dud Ghaznavi]], who later avenged his father by killing Mohammad, and then crowned himself as the new ruler of the Ghaznavid Empire. He also had other sons named [[Sa'id ibn Mas'ud|Sa'id]], [[Izad-yar]], [[Mardan-shah]], [[Majdud]], [[Ibrahim of Ghazna|Ibrahim]], [[Ali of Ghazna|Ali]], and [[Farrukh-Zad of Ghazna|Farrukh-Zad]]. The last three sons also ruled the Ghaznavid Empire in later periods.

==References==
{{Reflist|3}}

==Sources==
{{refbegin}}
* {{cite book | title = The Cambridge History of Iran, Volume 4: From the Arab Invasion to the Saljuqs | year = 1975 | publisher = Cambridge University Press | location = Cambridge | editor-last = Frye | editor-first = R. N. | last = Bosworth | first = C. E. | author-link = C. E. Bosworth | chapter = The early Ghaznavids | pages = 162–198 | isbn = 0-521-20093-8 | chapter-url = https://books.google.com/books?id=hvx9jq_2L3EC&q=false}}
* {{cite encyclopedia | article = AḤMAD INALTIGIN | last = Bosworth | first = C. Edmund | url = http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/ahmad-inaltigin-in-the-sources-usually-spelt-yenaltegin-or-erroneously-nialtegin-turkish-commander-and-rebel-under- | encyclopedia = Encyclopaedia Iranica, Vol. I, Fasc. 6 | pages = 647 | location = London et al. | publisher = C. Edmund Bosworth | year = 1984 }}
* {{cite book |last=Bosworth |first=C. E. |title=The Ghaznavids, 994–1040 |url=https://archive.org/details/ghaznavids0000unse |url-access=registration |publisher=Edinburgh University Press |year=1963 }}
* {{cite encyclopedia | title = Maymandī | first = C. E | last = Bosworth | publisher = BRILL | location = Leiden and New York | year = 2012 | isbn = 9789004161214 | url = http://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/encyclopaedia-of-islam-2/maymandi-SIM_5072?s.num=0&s.f.s2_parent=s.f.book.encyclopaedia-of-islam-2&s.q=Maymandi }}
*{{cite encyclopedia | last = Bosworth | first = C. E | title = The Later Ghaznavids: Splendour and Decay: The Dynasty in Afghanistan and Northern India 1040–1186 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=YhHVPQAACAAJ&q=The+Later+Ghaznavids | year = 1995 | publisher = Munshiram Manoharlal Publishers Private, Limited | access-date = 9 May 2014| isbn = 9788121505772 }}
* {{cite encyclopedia | article = ABŪ SAHL ZŪZANĪ | last = Yusofi | first = G. H. | url = http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/abu-sahl-mohammad-b | encyclopedia = Encyclopaedia Iranica, Vol. I, Fasc. 4 | pages = 373–374 | year = 1983a }}
* {{cite encyclopedia | article = ABŪ SAHL ḤAMDOWĪ | last = Yusofi | first = G. H. | url = http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/abu-sahl-hamdowi-or-hamdui-ahmad-b | encyclopedia = Encyclopaedia Iranica, Vol. I, Fasc. 4 | pages = 369–370 | year = 1983b }}
* {{cite book | title = History of Civilizations of Central Asia, Volume III: The Crossroads of Civilizations: A.D. 250 to 750. | year = 1996 | publisher = UNESCO | location = Paris | last = Davidovich | first = E. A. | chapter = The Karakhanids | pages = 119–145 | isbn = 92-3-103211-9 | chapter-url = https://books.google.com/books?id=lodSckjlNuMC&q=false}}
* {{cite book | title = The Cambridge History of Iran, Volume 5: The Saljuq and Mongol periods | year = 1968 | publisher = Cambridge University Press | location = Cambridge | editor-last = Frye | editor-first = R. N. | last = Bosworth | first = C. E. | author-link = C. E. Bosworth | chapter = The Political and Dynastic History of the Iranian World (A.D. 1000–1217) | pages = 1–202 | isbn = 0-521-06936-X | chapter-url = https://books.google.com/books?id=16yHq5v3QZAC&pg=PA1}}
{{refend}}
{| align=center border=1 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=4 style="background: #f9f9f9; text-align:center; border:1px solid #aaa;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:95%"
|-
|width="30%" align="center"|Preceded by: '''[[Mohammad Ghaznavi]]'''
|width="40%" align="center"|'''[[Sultan]] of the [[Ghaznavids|Ghaznavid Empire]]''' 1030–1040
|width="30%" align="center"|Followed by: '''[[Mohammad Ghaznavi]]'''
|}
{{Ghaznavid sultans}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:1040 deaths]]
[[Category:Ghaznavid sultans]]
[[Category:11th century in India]]
[[Category:11th-century monarchs in Asia]]
[[Category:Year of birth unknown]]
[[Category:998 births]]
[[Category:Twin people]]

Masʽud I - Revision history

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