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{{Short description|Language spoken in Rajasthan, India}}
{{More citations needed|date=August 2014}}
{{EngvarB|date=January 2020}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2020}}
{{Infobox language
| name = Marwari
| nativename = मारवाड़ी, مارواڑی, 𑅬𑅐𑅭𑅯𑅐𑅲𑅑
| pronunciation = {{IPA-hi|mɑɾvɑɽi|}}
| states = [[India]]
| ethnicity = [[Marwari people|Marwari]]
| region = [[Marwar]]
| speakers = 7.8 million, partial count
| date = 2011 census
| speakers2 = (additional speakers counted under Hindi)
| ref = <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011Census/Language_MTs.html|title=Statement 1: Abstract of speakers' strength of languages and mother tongues - 2011|publisher=Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India|website=www.censusindia.gov.in|access-date=7 July 2018}}</ref>
| familycolor = Indo-European
| fam2 = [[Indo-Iranian languages|Indo-Iranian]]
| fam3 = [[Indo-Aryan languages|Indo-Aryan]]
| fam4 = [[Western Indo-Aryan languages|Western]]<ref>[http://homepages.fh-giessen.de/kausen/klassifikationen/Indogermanisch.doc Ernst Kausen, 2006. ''Die Klassifikation der indogermanischen Sprachen''] ([[Microsoft Word]], 133 KB)</ref>
| fam5 = Rajasthani–Marwari
| script = [[Devanagari]] [[Perso-Arabic script|Perso-Arabic]] [[Mahajani]] (historical)
| iso1 =
| iso2 = mwr
| iso3 = mwr
| lc1 = dhd
| ld1 = [[Dhundari language|Dhundari]]
| lc2 = rwr
| ld2 = Marwari (India)
| lc3 = mve
| ld3 = Marwari (Pakistan)
| lc4 = wry
| ld4 = [[Merwari language|Merwari]]
| lc5 = mtr
| ld5 = [[Mewari language|Mewari]]
| lc6 = swv
| ld6 = [[Shekhawati language|Shekhawati]]
| glotto = none
| glotto2 = raja1256
| glottoname2 = scattered in Rajasthani
| glottorefname2 = Rajasthani
| map = Marwari map.PNG
| mapcaption = Dark green indicates primary Marwari-speaking region, light green indicates additional dialect areas who count themselves as Marwari
}}

'''Marwari''' (''Mārwāṛī''; also rendered ''Marwadi'', ''Marvadi'') is a [[Rajasthani languages|Rajasthani language]] spoken in the Indian state of [[Rajasthan]]. '''Marwari''' is also found in the neighbouring states of [[Gujarat]] and [[Haryana]], eastern [[Pakistan]], and some migrant communities in [[Nepal]]. With some 7.8 million or so speakers (ce. 2011), it is one of the largest varieties of [[Rajasthani languages|Rajasthani]]. Most speakers live in Rajasthan, with a quarter-million in [[Sindh]] and a tenth of that number in Nepal. There are two dozen dialects of Marwari.

Marwari is popularly written in [[Devanagari]] script, as are many languages of India and Nepal, including [[Hindi]], [[Marathi language|Marathi]], [[Nepali language|Nepali]], and [[Sanskrit]]; although it was historically written in [[Mahajani]], it is still written in the [[Perso-Arabic script]] by the Marwari minority in Eastern Pakistan (the standard/western [[Naskh (script)|Naskh]] script variant is used in [[Sindh Province]], and the eastern [[Nastaʿlīq|Nastalik]] variant is used in [[Punjab, Pakistan|Punjab Province]]), where it has educational status but where it is rapidly shifting to [[Urdu]].<ref name="ethnologue-mve">{{cite web |title=Pakistani Marwari |url=https://www.ethnologue.com/language/mve |website=Ethnologue |access-date=4 September 2019 |language=en}}</ref>

Marwari has no official status in India and is not used as a language of education. Marwari is still spoken widely in and around [[Bikaner]] and [[Jodhpur]].

== History ==
It is believed that Marwari and [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]] evolved from ''Gujjar Bhakha'' or ''Maru-Gurjar'', language of the [[Gurjar]]s.<ref>{{cite book|title=Revealing India's past: recent trends in art and archaeology|author=Ajay Mitra Shastri|author2=R. K. Sharma |author3=Devendra Handa |publisher=Aryan Books International|year=2005|isbn=978-81-7305-287-3 |page=227|quote=It is an established fact that during 10th-11th century.....Interestingly the language was known as the Gujjar Bhakha..}}</ref> Formal grammar of Gurjar Apabhraṃśa was written by [[Jain]] monk and eminent [[Gujarati people|Gujarati]] scholar [[Acharya Hemachandra|Hemachandra Suri]].{{citation needed|date=August 2020}}

== Geographical distribution ==
Marwari is primarily spoken in the Indian state of Rajasthan. Marwari speakers have dispersed widely throughout India and other countries but are found most notably in the neighbouring state of Gujarat and in Eastern Pakistan. Speakers are also found in [[Bhopal]]. With around 7.9 million speakers in India according to the 2001 census.<ref>{{cite web |title=Census of India Website : Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India |url=http://censusindia.gov.in |website=censusindia.gov.in}}</ref>

There are several dialects: Thaḷī (spoken in eastern [[Jaisalmer district]] and northwestern [[Jodhpur district]]), Bāgṛī (near [[Haryana]]), Bhitrauti, Sirohī, Godwārī.<ref>{{Cite book| last = Masica| first = Colin P.|author-link = Colin Masica| title = The Indo-Aryan languages| series = Cambridge language surveys| date = 1991| publisher = Cambridge University Press| isbn = 978-0-521-23420-7| pages = 12, 444}}</ref>

== Lexis ==
Indian Marwari [rwr] in Rajasthan shares a 50%–65% lexical similarity with Hindi (this is based on a [[Swadesh list|Swadesh 210 word list]] comparison). It has many [[cognate]] words with Hindi. Notable phonetic correspondences include /s/ in Hindi with /h/ in Marwari. For example, /sona/ 'gold' (Hindi) and /hono/ 'gold' (Marwari).

Pakistani Marwari [mve] shares 87% lexical similarity between its Southern subdialects in Sindh (Utradi, Jaxorati, and Larecha) and Northern subdialects in Punjab (Uganyo, Bhattipo, and Khadali), 79%–83% with [[Dhatki language|Dhakti]] [mki], and 78% with Meghwar and Bhat Marwari dialects. Mutual intelligibility of Pakistani Marwari [mve] with Indian Marwari [rwr] is decreasing due to the rapid shift of active speakers in Pakistan to Urdu, their use of the Arabic script and different sources of support medias, and their separation from Indian Marwaris, even if there are some educational efforts to keep it active (but absence of official recognition by Pakistani or provincial government level). Many words have been borrowed from other Pakistani languages.<ref name="ethnologue-mve"/>

Merwari [wry] shares 82%–97% intelligibility of Pakistani Marwari [mve], with 60%–73% lexical similarity between Merwari varieties in Ajmer and Nagaur districts, but only 58%–80% with Shekhawati [swv], 49%–74% with Indian Marwari [rwr], 44%–70% with Godwari [gdx], 54%–72% with Mewari [mtr], 62%–70% with Dhundari [dhd], 57%–67% with Haroti [hoj]. Unlike Pakistani Marwari [mve], the use of Merwari remains vigorous, even if its most educated speakers also proficiently speak [[Hindi]] [hin].<ref name="ethnologue-wry">{{cite web|title=Merwari|url=https://www.ethnologue.com/language/wry|website=Ethnologue|access-date=4 September 2019|language=en}}</ref>

==Phonology==

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|+Vowels<ref name=Kakali>
{{cite thesis| first=Kakali|last=Mukherjee |year=2013 |title=Marwari |publisher=Linguistic Survey of India LSI Rajasthan|url= https://www.academia.edu/44366931/MARWARI_KAKALI_MUKHERJEE}}</ref>
!
![[Front vowel|Front]]
![[Central vowel|Central]]
![[Back vowel|Back]]
|-
! rowspan="2"|[[Close vowel|Close]]
|{{IPA|i}}
|
|colspan="2"|{{IPA|u}}
|-
|{{IPA|ɪ}}
|
|colspan="2"|{{IPA|ʊ}}
|-
! rowspan="2"|[[Mid vowel|Mid]]
|{{IPA|e}}
|rowspan="2"|{{IPA|ə}}
|{{IPA|o}}
|-
|{{IPA|ɛ}}
|{{IPA|ɔ}}
|-
! [[Open vowel|Open]]
|
|{{IPA|ä}}
|
|}
*Nasalization of vowels is phonemic, all of the vowels can be nasalized.<ref name=Kakali/>
*Diphthongs are /ai, ia, ae, əi, ei, oi, ui, ua, uo/<ref name=Kakali/>

{| class="wikitable" style=text-align:center
|+Consonants<ref name=Kakali/>
!colspan=2|
![[Labial consonant|Labial]]
![[Dental consonant|Dental]]/ [[Alveolar consonant|Alveolar]]
![[Retroflex consonant|Retroflex]]
![[Post alveolar consonant|Post-alv]]/ [[Palatal consonant|Palatal]]
![[Velar consonant|Velar]]
![[Glottal consonant|Glottal]]
|-
! colspan="2" |[[Nasal consonant|Nasal]]
|m
|n
|ɳ
|
|ŋ
|-
! rowspan="5" |[[Stop consonant|Stop]]/ [[Affricate consonant|Affricate]]
![[voiceless]]
|p
|t
|ʈ
|t͡ɕʰ
|k
|
|-
![[Aspirated consonant|aspirated]]
|pʰ
|tʰ
|ʈʰ
|t͡ɕʰ
|kʰ
|
|-
![[Voice (phonetics)|voiced]]
|b
|d
|ɖ
|d͡ʑ
|ɡ
|
|-
![[Breathy consonant|breathy]]
|bʱ
|dʱ
|ɖʱ
|d͡ʑʱ
|ɡʱ
|
|-
![[Implosive consonant|implosive]]
|ɓ
|ɗ
|
|
|
|-
! colspan="2" |[[Rhotic consonant|Rhotic]]
|
|r
|ɽ
|
|
|
|-
! colspan="2" |[[Fricative consonant|Fricative]]
|
|s
|
|
|
|h
|-
! colspan="2" |[[Approximant consonant|Approximant]]
|w
|l
|ɭ
|j
|
|
|-
|}
*Implosives are mostly only found word initially and it formed due to the influence of neighbouring languages.<ref name=Kakali/>
*/w/ is [ʋ] before front vowels and [w] elsewhere eg. [ʋɪwwa] 'marriage'.<ref>https://theswissbay.ch/pdf/Books/Linguistics/Mega%20linguistics%20pack/Indo-European/Indo-Aryan/Marwari%20%28Gusain%29.pdf</ref>

== Morphology ==
Marwari languages have a structure that is quite similar to Hindustani (Hindi or Urdu).{{citation needed|date=September 2019}} Their primary word order is [[subject–object–verb]]<ref name="ethnologue-rwr">{{cite web |title=Indian Marwari |url=https://www.ethnologue.com/language/rwr |website=Ethnologue |access-date=4 September 2019 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="ethnologue-dhd">{{cite web |title=Dhundari |url=https://www.ethnologue.com/language/rwr |website=Ethnologue |access-date=4 September 2019 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="ethnologue-swv">{{cite web |title=Shekhawati |url=https://www.ethnologue.com/language/rwr |website=Ethnologue |access-date=4 September 2019 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="ethnologue-mtr">{{cite web |title=Mewari |url=https://www.ethnologue.com/language/wry |website=Ethnologue |access-date=4 September 2019 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="ethnologue-hoj">{{cite web |title=Haroti |url=https://www.ethnologue.com/language/hoj |website=Ethnologue |access-date=4 September 2019 |language=en}}</ref> Most of the pronouns and interrogatives used in Marwari are distinct from those used in Hindi; at least Marwari proper and [[Harauti language|Harauti]] have a [[clusivity]] distinction in their plural pronouns.{{citation needed|date=September 2019}}

== Vocabulary ==
{{Unreferenced section|date=July 2020}}
Marwari vocabulary is somewhat similar to other Western Indo-Aryan languages, especially [[Rajasthani language|Rajasthani]] and [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]], however, elements of grammar and basic terminology differ enough to significantly impede mutual intelligibility. In addition, Marwari uses many words found in [[Sanskrit]] (the ancestor of most North Indian languages) which are not found in Hindi.

== Writing system ==
Marwari is generally written in the Devanagari script, although the [[Mahajani]] script is traditionally associated with the language. In Pakistan it is written in the [[Perso-Arabic script]] with modifications. Historical Marwari orthography for Devanagari uses other characters in place of standard Devanagari letters.<ref>{{cite web|last=Pandey|first=Anshuman|date=23 May 2011|url=http://www.dkuug.dk/JTC1/SC2/WG2/docs/n3970.pdf|title=Proposal to Encode the Marwari Letter DDA for Devanagari|access-date=6 January 2021}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
|+caption | Marwari in Devanagari and Perso-Arabic script<ref>{{cite web|url=https://omniglot.com/writing/marwari.htm|title=Marwari|website=Omniglot.com|access-date=6 January 2021}}</ref>{{better source needed|date=December 2020}}
!Devanagari
!Perso-Arabic
!Latin
!IPA
|-
|अ
|—
|a
|ə
|-
|आ
|ﺍ
|ā
|ɑ
|-
|इ
|ـِ
|i
|ɪ
|-
|ई
|ﺍیِ
|ī
|i
|-
|उ
|ـُ
|u
|ʊ
|-
|ऊ
|ﺍۇ
|ū
|u
|-
|ए
|اے
|e
|e
|-
|ओ
|ﺍو
|o
|o
|-
|अं
| rowspan="8" |—
|ã
|ə̃
|-
|आं
|ā̃
|ɑ̃
|-
|इं
|ĩ
|ɪ̃
|-
|ईं
|ī̃
|ĩ
|-
|उं
|ũ
|ʊ̃
|-
|ऊं
|ū̃
|ũ
|-
|एं
|ẽ
|ẽ
|-
|ओं
|õ
|õ
|-
|क
|ک
|k
|k
|-
|ख
|کھ
|kh
|kʰ
|-
|ग
|گ
|g
|g
|-
|घ
|گھ
|gh
|gʱ
|-
|च
|چ
|c
|t͡ʃ
|-
|छ
|چھ
|ch
|t͡ʃʰ
|-
|ज
|ج
|j
|d͡ʒ
|-
|झ
|جھ
|jh
|d͡ʒʰ
|-
|ट
|ٹ
|ṭ
|ʈ
|-
|ठ
|ٹه
|ṭh
|ʈʰ
|-
|ड
|ڈ
|ḍ
|ɖ
|-
|ढ
|ڈه
|ḍh
|ɖʰ
|-
|ॾ
|ڏ
|d̤
|ᶑ
|-
|ॾ़
|ڏه
|d̤h
|ᶑʰ
|-
|ण
|ݨ
|ṇ
|ɳ
|-
|ण़
|ݨه
|ṇh
|ɳʰ
|-
|त
|ت
|t
|t̪
|-
|थ
|تھ
|th
|t̪ʰ
|-
|द
|د
|d
|d̪
|-
|ध
|ده
|dh
|d̪ʰ
|-
|न
|ن
|n
|n
|-
|ऩ
|نھ
|nh
|nʰ
|-
|प
|پ
|p
|p
|-
|फ
|پھ
|ph
|pʰ
|-
|ब
|ب
|b
|b
|-
|भ
|بھ
|bh
|bʰ
|-
|ॿ
|ٻ
|b̤
|ɓ
|-
|ॿ़
|ٻه
|b̤h
|ɓʰ
|-
|म
|م
|m
|m
|-
|म़
|مھ
|mh
|mʰ
|-
|य
|ےٜٜ
|y
|j
|-
|र
|ر
|r
|ɾ
|-
|ड़
|رؕ
|r̤
|ɽ
|-
|ढ़
|رؕه
|r̤h
|ɽʰ
|-
|ज़
|ز
|z
|z
|-
|ॼ़
|زه
|zh
|zʰ
|-
|ल
|ل
|l
|l
|-
|ल़
|لھ
|lh
|lʰ
|-
|ळ
|ݪ
|ḷ
|ɭ
|}

==See also==
* [[Lambadi]]
* [[List of Indian languages by total speakers]]
* [[Marwari Muslims]]
* [[Marwari people]]
* [[Shekhawati]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
* Lakhan Gusain (2004). Marwari. Munich: Lincom Europa (LW/M 427)

== External links ==
{{Incubator|code=rwr}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070716011927/http://www.freewebs.com/hanvant/rajasthani_dictionary.htm Hanvant's Rajasthani Dictionary]

{{Rajasthani languages}}
{{Indo-Aryan languages}}
{{Languages of India}}
{{Languages of Pakistan}}
{{Languages of Nepal}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Western Indo-Aryan languages]]
[[Category:Languages of Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Languages of Gujarat]]
[[Category:Languages of Punjab, Pakistan]]
[[Category:Languages of Sindh]]
[[Category:Languages of Nepal]]
[[Category:Marwar]]

Marwari language - Revision history

imported>Reopenmyschool at 00:15, 29 August 2021