Martial law in Russia - Revision history

Maansi26: updated details

2026-03-12T16:16:18Z

updated details

← Older revision		Revision as of 21:46, 12 March 2026
Line 1:		Line 1:
	{{Short description\|Legal status}}		{{Short description\|Legal status}}
	[[File:Russia-martial-law-decree.jpg\|thumb\|right\|Decree of the President of the Russian Federation regarding "[[Martial_law_in_Russia#General_restrictions\|general martial law]]", March 2023]]		[[File:Russia-martial-law-decree.jpg\|thumb\|right\|Decree of the President of the Russian Federation regarding "[[Martial_law_in_Russia#General_restrictions\|general martial law]]", March 2023]]
	'''Martial law in Russia''' ({{~~lang-~~ru\|Военное положение в России}}) is defined in [[Russian law]] as a special legal [[regime]] that is introduced in conditions of external [[aggression]] or ~~its~~ threat. In this way, it differs from the state of emergency, which is introduced in the event of an internal threat such as an attempted coup, unrest or disaster. [[Martial law]] should also be distinguished from the State of War- a term that refers to the period between the outbreak of hostilities and their end. The procedure for introducing and abolishing martial law in Russia is defined in the [[Law of the Russian Federation\|federal constitutional law]] “''On Martial Law''” (2002). In [[History of Russia (1991–present)\|modern Russia]], martial law [[2022 Russian martial law\|was introduced on 19 October 2022]] during the [[2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine]] in the annexed regions of Ukraine, which by then were unilaterally declared by the whole state apparatus to be new [[federal subjects of Russia]].<ref name=cbs1>{{cite news \|url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/putin-declares-martial-law-ukraine-regions-illegally-annexed/ \|title=Putin declares martial law in Ukraine regions illegally annexed \|first=HALEY \|last=OTT \|date=19 October 2022 \|publisher=CBS Interactive Inc}}</ref>		'''Martial law in Russia''' ({{langx\|ru\|Военное положение в России}}) is defined in [[Russian law]] as a special legal [[regime]] that is introduced in conditions of external [[aggression]] or a threat of such. In this way, it differs from the state of emergency, which is introduced in the event of an internal threat such as an attempted coup, unrest or disaster. [[Martial law]] should also be distinguished from the State of War- a term that refers to the period between the outbreak of hostilities and their end. The procedure for introducing and abolishing martial law in Russia is defined in the [[Law of the Russian Federation\|federal constitutional law]] “''On Martial Law''” (2002). In [[History of Russia (1991–present)\|modern Russia]], martial law [[2022 Russian martial law\|was introduced on 19 October 2022]] during the [[2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine]] in the annexed regions of Ukraine, which by then were unilaterally declared by the whole state apparatus to be new [[federal subjects of Russia]].<ref name=cbs1>{{cite news \|url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/putin-declares-martial-law-ukraine-regions-illegally-annexed/ \|title=Putin declares martial law in Ukraine regions illegally annexed \|first=HALEY \|last=OTT \|date=19 October 2022 \|publisher=CBS Interactive Inc}}</ref>

	==History==		==History==
	Russian law distinguished between martial law and the state of protection, enhanced or emergency. In the legal literature of the [[Russian Empire]] (also the USSR in the 1920s) martial law was often defined through the police concept of “protection”, which was considered in the context of public administration as the protection of [[public order]].		Russian law distinguished between martial law and the state of protection, enhanced or emergency. In the legal literature of the [[Russian Empire]] (also the USSR in the 1920s) martial law was often defined through the police concept of “protection”, which was considered in the context of public administration as the protection of [[Public-order crime\|public order]].

	In the Russian Empire, martial law was declared in wartime in the border areas of the state adjacent to the theater of war. In peacetime, provinces or cities that were outraged by the government’s order or in which special strict measures were deemed necessary to maintain order could be declared in the same position. Example: the Kingdom of Poland in 1905,<ref>Газета «Начало» № 6, 19 (2 декабря) ноября 1905 год, Л. Троцкий, «Военное положение в Польше сброшено!»</ref> Sumy County (Kharkov Oblast).<ref>Ответ на запрос Государственной думы о Щербаке 8 июня 1906 года (Столыпин)</ref>		In the Russian Empire, martial law was declared in wartime in the border areas of the state adjacent to the theater of war. In peacetime, provinces or cities that were outraged by the government’s order or in which special strict measures were deemed necessary to maintain order could be declared in the same position. Example: the Kingdom of Poland in 1905,<ref>Газета «Начало» № 6, 19 (2 декабря) ноября 1905 год, Л. Троцкий, «Военное положение в Польше сброшено!»</ref> Sumy County (Kharkov Oblast).<ref>Ответ на запрос Государственной думы о Щербаке 8 июня 1906 года (Столыпин)</ref>
Line 17:		Line 17:
	*April 1943, on all railways of the USSR;<ref name=autogenerated2 />		*April 1943, on all railways of the USSR;<ref name=autogenerated2 />
	*May 1943, by sea and river transport.<ref name=autogenerated2 />		*May 1943, by sea and river transport.<ref name=autogenerated2 />
	*[[2022 Russian martial law~~]] -~~ October 19, 2022, [[Krasnodar Krai\|Krasnodar]] [[Belgorod Oblast\|Belgorod]], [[Bryansk Oblast\|Bryansk]], [[Voronezh Oblast\|Voronezh]], [[Kursk Oblast\|Kursk]] and [[Rostov Oblast\|Rostov]] provinces.
			In the [[Russian Federation]], martial law was declared on [[2022 Russian martial law\|October 19, 2022]] in [[Krasnodar Krai\|Krasnodar]], [[Belgorod Oblast\|Belgorod]], [[Bryansk Oblast\|Bryansk]], [[Voronezh Oblast\|Voronezh]], [[Kursk Oblast\|Kursk]] and [[Rostov Oblast\|Rostov]] provinces, because of [[Attacks in Russia during the Russian invasion of Ukraine\|several attacks]] in these provinces during the [[Russo-Ukrainian War]] following the [[2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine]].

	==Introduction and cancellation==		==Introduction and cancellation==
Line 74:		Line 75:
	==References==		==References==
	{{reflist}}		{{reflist}}
			{{Russia topics}}
			{{Asia in topic\|Martial law in}}
	[[Category:Law of Russia]]		[[Category:Law of Russia]]
	[[Category:Martial law\|Russia]]		[[Category:Martial law\|Russia]]
	[[Category:Politics of Russia]]		[[Category:Politics of Russia]]
	[[Category:Military history of Russia]]		[[Category:Military history of Russia]]

WikiDwarf: Creating Martial law in Russia

2023-06-24T15:53:06Z

Creating Martial law in Russia

New page

{{Short description|Legal status}}
[[File:Russia-martial-law-decree.jpg|thumb|right|Decree of the President of the Russian Federation regarding "[[Martial_law_in_Russia#General_restrictions|general martial law]]", March 2023]]
'''Martial law in Russia''' ({{lang-ru|Военное положение в России}}) is defined in [[Russian law]] as a special legal [[regime]] that is introduced in conditions of external [[aggression]] or its threat. In this way, it differs from the state of emergency, which is introduced in the event of an internal threat such as an attempted coup, unrest or disaster. [[Martial law]] should also be distinguished from the State of War- a term that refers to the period between the outbreak of hostilities and their end. The procedure for introducing and abolishing martial law in Russia is defined in the [[Law of the Russian Federation|federal constitutional law]] “''On Martial Law''” (2002). In [[History of Russia (1991–present)|modern Russia]], martial law [[2022 Russian martial law|was introduced on 19 October 2022]] during the [[2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine]] in the annexed regions of Ukraine, which by then were unilaterally declared by the whole state apparatus to be new [[federal subjects of Russia]].<ref name=cbs1>{{cite news |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/putin-declares-martial-law-ukraine-regions-illegally-annexed/ |title=Putin declares martial law in Ukraine regions illegally annexed |first=HALEY |last=OTT |date=19 October 2022 |publisher=CBS Interactive Inc}}</ref>

==History==
Russian law distinguished between martial law and the state of protection, enhanced or emergency. In the legal literature of the [[Russian Empire]] (also the USSR in the 1920s) martial law was often defined through the police concept of “protection”, which was considered in the context of public administration as the protection of [[public order]].

In the Russian Empire, martial law was declared in wartime in the border areas of the state adjacent to the theater of war. In peacetime, provinces or cities that were outraged by the government’s order or in which special strict measures were deemed necessary to maintain order could be declared in the same position. Example: the Kingdom of Poland in 1905,<ref>Газета «Начало» № 6, 19 (2 декабря) ноября 1905 год, Л. Троцкий, «Военное положение в Польше сброшено!»</ref> Sumy County (Kharkov Oblast).<ref>Ответ на запрос Государственной думы о Щербаке 8 июня 1906 года (Столыпин)</ref>

In the [[Soviet Union]], martial law could be declared, in accordance with paragraph “t” of article 49 of the Constitution, only the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR as stated in the article “in the interests of the defense of the USSR or the maintenance of public order and state security”. In accordance with this, when declaring martial law, all the functions of state authorities on defense, ensuring public order and state security passed to the military command and control bodies — military councils and command of the USSR Armed Forces.

Martial law during the years of the [[Great Patriotic War]] in 1941–1945 was successively declared, on the basis of Article 49 of paragraph "p" of the [[Constitution of the USSR]], by [[decree]]s of the [[Presidium of the Supreme Soviet|Presidium]] of the [[Supreme Soviet of the USSR]] and was not canceled until the end of the war with:

*June 22, 1941,<ref>Указ Президиума ВС СССР от 22.06.1941 об объявлении в отдельных местностях СССР военного положения.</ref> in Moscow, Leningrad and most oblasts, territories, republics of the European part of the USSR;<ref name=autogenerated2>[http://bse.sci-lib.com/article005962.html «Военное положение» в БСЭ.]</ref>
*August 1942, in some cities of [[Transcaucasia]], on the Black Sea and Caspian coasts;<ref name=autogenerated2 />
*September 1942, in the Georgian SSR, Azerbaijan SSR and Armenian SSR;<ref name=autogenerated2 />
*April 1943, on all railways of the USSR;<ref name=autogenerated2 />
*May 1943, by sea and river transport.<ref name=autogenerated2 />
*[[2022 Russian martial law]] - October 19, 2022, [[Krasnodar Krai|Krasnodar]] [[Belgorod Oblast|Belgorod]], [[Bryansk Oblast|Bryansk]], [[Voronezh Oblast|Voronezh]], [[Kursk Oblast|Kursk]] and [[Rostov Oblast|Rostov]] provinces.

==Introduction and cancellation==
Martial law in Russia or in certain localities is introduced by [[Decree of the President of Russia|presidential decree]], which should be immediately promulgated by radio and television and officially published. In addition, the [[President of Russia|president]] must immediately report martial law to the [[Federation Council]] and the [[State Duma]]. The Federation Council within 48 hours decides whether to approve a presidential decree – and if the decree is not approved, it loses force. The basis for the introduction of martial law is considered aggression against Russia or its immediate threat. The law refers to aggression:<ref>[http://www.consultant.ru/document/cons_doc_LAW_35227/327d015f7dfa0a5f8fc16e7287d74337352aa1a2/ ФКЗ «О военном положении» (2002), статья 3]</ref>

*Invasion of foreign troops or the attack of foreign troops on the Russian, wherever they are;
*Bombardment by foreign troops or other use of weapons against Russia;
*Sending by foreign states of aggressive armed groups to Russia;
*Blockade of Russian ports or coasts by foreign troops;
*Permission of a foreign state to use its territory to attack Russia.
*The law considers the actions of a foreign state in violation of international law, which directly indicate preparation for aggression, to be a direct threat of aggression. As an example, the law cites the declaration of war.

The introduction of martial law also involves the mobilization and organization of territorial defense. After repelling aggression or eliminating its threat, martial law is canceled.

==Permitted limitations==
The law provides for two groups of restrictions that can be introduced in conditions of martial law (and, if necessary, before it). Elections of the President of the Russian Federation cannot be held during the period of martial law.

===Restrictions in the zone of martial law===
Restrictions:<ref>[http://www.consultant.ru/document/cons_doc_LAW_35227/7d26c4e1754d86f891581f27b402a422efd344e0/ ФКЗ «О военном положении» (2002), статья 7]</ref>
*special operation of critical infrastructure and hazardous facilities;
*Evacuation of important objects and people;
*Strengthening the protection of public order, critical infrastructure and other important facilities;
*Restriction of entry, exit and freedom of movement, search, restriction of choice of place of residence;
*Curfew;
*Military censorship in the field of communications;
*Increased secrecy in state and local authorities;
*Restriction of the sale of weapons, dangerous substances, drugs, drugs and alcohol, their temporary withdrawal from citizens;
*Ban on rallies and strikes;
*Prohibition of public, international or foreign organizations that undermine the country's security;
*Forced labor for defense needs, to restore destroyed facilities and fight fires and epidemics;
*Seizure of private property with subsequent compensation;
*Internment of unreliable citizens and citizens of aggressor countries (applies only directly in case of aggression and in order to prevent riots).
===General restrictions===
General restrictions that may be imposed even where martial law does not apply:<ref>[http://www.consultant.ru/document/cons_doc_LAW_35227/37b24f42c64380e9d53199ffdcff2900e9941cbd/ ФКЗ «О военном положении» (2002), статья 8]</ref>
*Restriction of economic activity, including property turnover;
*Restriction of search and distribution of information;
*Change of ownership of organizations;
*Change in working hours. The abolition of the system of voluntary employment and the introduction of conscription labor obligation (mandatory for all citizens over 14 years old);

Regardless of the context of the circumstances, any information transmitted using means of communication and mass communication can be defined as dual-use information (the level of detail of the content is determined by the military censorship authorities). Such an act, usually not prosecuted in peacetime, but committed under the current regime of martial law, can be considered a reason for accusation of unintentional high treason (if this did not provoke serious consequences, then such an act is recognized as an attempt).

The [[2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine]] prompted the new [[Russian 2022 war censorship laws]]. These laws establish administrative (Law No.31-FZ, Law No.62-FZ) and criminal (Law No.32-FZ, Law No.63-FZ) punishments for the dissemination of "unreliable information" about the Russian Armed Forces and other Russian state bodies and their operations, prohibit "discrediting" the Russian military and other Russian state bodies, and prohibit calls for sanctions against Russia.

==Order management==
With the introduction of martial law, elections and referendum are not held, and the powers of elected bodies of power, local authorities and officials are automatically extended.

The main powers to ensure martial law are concentrated in the hands of the Russian President. The [[Government of Russia]] carries out mainly technical functions, in addition, during the period of martial law, the president can change its structure. [[Federal Assembly (Russia)|Russian Parliament]] passes laws necessary to ensure martial law and moves treaties with aggressor states. The [[Judiciary of Russia|judicial system]] and the [[prosecutor's office]] in the conditions of martial law operate in the same form, the creation of emergency courts in Russia is prohibited.<ref>[http://www.consultant.ru/document/cons_doc_LAW_35227/f92dfa66da3e5e41a0a97ce690c58100a5c2def5/ ФКЗ «О военном положении» (2002), глава III]</ref> If martial law is established on a part of the territory of Russia, there may be introduced a military department responsible for applying the restrictions.<ref>[http://www.consultant.ru/document/cons_doc_LAW_35227/8546f28f4e794674881f2eb0aa5b4e48e4c5779f/ ФКЗ «О военном положении» (2002), статья 10]</ref>

==See also==
*[[State of emergency in Russia]]
*[[Russian System of Disaster Management]]
*[[Emergency medical services in Russia]]
*[[Main Directorate of Special Programs of the President of the Russian Federation]]
*[[Federal Agency for State Reserves (Russia)]]
*[[Freedom of assembly in Russia]]
==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Law of Russia]]
[[Category:Martial law|Russia]]
[[Category:Politics of Russia]]
[[Category:Military history of Russia]]