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{{Short description|India's second Martian mission}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2025}}
{{Infobox spaceflight
| auto = all
| name = Mars Lander Mission
| names_list = MLM
| image =
| image_caption =
| image_size =
| mission_type = [[Mars]] Orbiter, Lander, Rover, Helicopter
| operator = [[ISRO]]
| COSPAR_ID =
| SATCAT =
| website =
| mission_duration = 1 year (proposed)
| spacecraft_bus = [[I-3K]]
| manufacturer = [[U. R. Rao Satellite Centre]]
| launch_mass =
| dry_mass =
| dimensions =
| power = 
| payload_mass = ≈{{convert|100|kg|lb|abbr=on}}<ref name='Deccan Sep2019'>[https://www.deccanherald.com/national/mom-orbiter-enters-6th-year-isro-eyes-mangalyaan-2-763975.html MOM Orbiter enters 6th year, ISRO eyes Mangalyaan-2.] Rasheed Kappan, ''The Deccan Herald''. 25 September 2019.</ref>{{Update inline|date = October 2019}}
| launch_date = NET 2030<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-11-06 |title=ISRO To Launch Mangalyaan-2 Mission In 2030 |url=https://news.abplive.com/science/isro-to-launch-mangalyaan-2-in-2030-1810090 |access-date=2025-11-06 |website=ABP Live |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-11-06 |title=ISRO confirms Mangalyaan-2 Mission: India to attempt first Mars landing in 2030 |url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/science/isro-confirms-mangalyaan-2-mission-india-to-attempt-first-mars-landing-in-2030-2025-11-06-1016099 |access-date=2025-11-06 |website=India TV News |language=en}}</ref>

| launch_rocket = [[Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle#PSLV-XL|PSLV-XL]]<br/>[[LVM3]]<ref name="IBNLive201410">{{Cite news |last=Fattah |first=Md Saim |date=29 October 2014 |title=India plans second Mars mission in 2018 |url=https://www.news18.com/news/india/india-plans-second-mars-mission-in-2018-723053.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230404041051/https://www.news18.com/news/india/india-plans-second-mars-mission-in-2018-723053.html |archive-date=4 April 2023 |work=[[News18 India|News18]] |agency=[[Indo-Asian News Service|IANS]] }}</ref><ref name="AstrotalkUK"/>
| launch_site = [[Satish Dhawan Space Centre]]
| launch_contractor = ISRO
| disposal_type = 
| deactivated = 
| destroyed = 
| last_contact = 
| decay_date = 
| interplanetary = {{Infobox spaceflight/IP
|type = lander
|object = [[Mars]]
|arrival_date = 
|periapsis = {{convert|200|km|mi|abbr=on}}<ref name="article8968388">{{Cite news |last=Ramani |first=Chitra V. |date=10 August 2016 |title=ISRO sets the ball rolling for Mars Mission-2 |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/ISRO-sets-the-ball-rolling-for-Mars-Mission-2/article14562147.ece |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231214081545/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/ISRO-sets-the-ball-rolling-for-Mars-Mission-2/article14562147.ece |archive-date=14 December 2023 |access-date=10 August 2016 |work=[[The Hindu]] }}</ref>
|apoapsis = {{convert|2000|km|mi|abbr=on}}<ref name="article8968388" />
|inclination =
|apsis = areon
}}
| programme = [[Indian Mars exploration missions]]
| previous_mission = [[Mars Orbiter Mission]]
| next_mission =
}}

'''Mars Lander Mission '''('''MLM''') (unofficially called '''Mangalyaan-2''') is a proposed second [[Indian Mars exploration missions|mission to Mars]] by [[ISRO]].<ref name="RS_20190718">{{Cite web |last=Jatiya |first=Satyanarayan |date=18 July 2019 |title=Rajya Sabha Unstarred Question No. 2955 |url=https://sansad.in/getFile/loksabhaquestions/annex/16/AU2955.pdf?source=pqals |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240226183816/https://sansad.in/getFile/loksabhaquestions/annex/16/AU2955.pdf?source=pqals |archive-date=26 February 2024 |access-date=5 February 2023 |publisher=[[Ministry of Health and Family Welfare]] }}</ref>

== History ==
Following the successful insertion of the [[Mars Orbiter Mission]] (also called ''Mangalyaan'') into Martian orbit, ISRO announced its intent to launch a second mission to Mars at the Engineers Conclave conference held in Bengaluru on 28 October 2014.<ref name="businesstoday-20141030">{{Cite news |date=30 October 2014 |title=We plan to launch 2nd Mars Mission in 2018, says ISRO satellite Centre Director |url=https://www.businesstoday.in/sectors/it/isro-mars-misson-mars-orbiter-mission-chandrayaan-2-scientists/story/211826.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230830113109/https://www.businesstoday.in/industry/it/story/isro-mars-misson-mars-orbiter-mission-chandrayaan-2-scientists-140491-2014-10-30 |archive-date=30 August 2023 |access-date=3 October 2018 |work=[[Business Today (India)|Business Today]] |agency=[[Indo-Asian News Service]] }}</ref> The proposed launch vehicle for this campaign is the [[Launch Vehicle Mark 3|LVM3]], which flew for the first time on 5 June 2017, and might be powerful enough to place MOM on a direct-to-Mars trajectory alongside much heavier satellites, unlike the lighter Mars Orbiter Mission, which used a less powerful [[Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle|PSLV-XL]] rocket.<ref name="times20170606">{{Cite news |last=Singh |first=Surendra |date=6 June 2017 |title=GSLV Mk III breaks Isro's jinx of failure in debut rocket launches |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/gslv-mk-iii-breaks-isros-jinx-of-failure-in-debut-launches/articleshow/59008331.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230406081947/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/gslv-mk-iii-breaks-isros-jinx-of-failure-in-debut-launches/articleshow/59008331.cms |archive-date=6 April 2023 |access-date=8 June 2018 |work=[[The Times of India]] |agency=Times News Network }}</ref>

In January 2016, India and France signed a letter of intent for ISRO and [[CNES]] to jointly build MOM 2 by 2020,<ref name="tecake20160128">{{cite news |url=http://tecake.in/news/space/india-join-hands-france-next-mars-mission-scheduled-2020-16964.html |title=India's French Connection: CNES and ISRO jointly will develop Mangalyaan 2 |work=The TeCake |first=Kanishk |last=Singh |date=28 January 2016 |access-date=29 March 2016 |archive-date=24 October 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161024155302/http://tecake.in/news/space/india-join-hands-france-next-mars-mission-scheduled-2020-16964.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> but by April 2018, France was not yet involved in the mission.<ref name="timesofindia-20180417">{{Cite news |last=Singh |first=Surendra |date=17 April 2018 |title=India, France to work together on inter-planetary missions |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/science/india-france-to-work-together-on-inter-planetary-missions/articleshow/63792194.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230830121709/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/science/india-france-to-work-together-on-inter-planetary-missions/articleshow/63792194.cms |archive-date=30 August 2023 |access-date=3 October 2018 |work=[[The Times of India]] |agency=Times News Network }}</ref> The Indian government funded MOM 2 in its 2017 budget proposal, and ISRO was considering whether the best path would be to conduct an [[orbiter]]/[[Lander (spacecraft)|lander]]/[[Rover (space exploration)|rover]] mission or to opt for only an orbiter with more sophisticated instruments than those flown on MOM.<ref name="scimag-isro-20170217"/> In a podcast recording, [[VSSC|Vikram Sarabhai Space Centre]] director [[S. Somanath]] in October 2019 reported the architecture for mission was yet to be finalized and may also have a lander and rover, but no timeline was announced.<ref name = "AstrotalkUK">{{Cite web|title = Episode 90 – An update on ISRO's activities with S Somanath and R Umamaheshwaran|url = https://astrotalkuk.org/episode-90-an-update-on-isros-activities-with-s-somanath-and-r-umamaheshwaran/|date = 24 October 2019|access-date = 30 October 2019|publisher = AstrotalkUK}}</ref>

In February 2021, ISRO called for an 'Announcement of Opportunities' on MOM 2. In it, K. Sivan announced that Mangalyaan 2 will only be an orbiter mission.<ref name="indiatoday-20210220">{{Cite news |last=Rawat |first=Mukesh |date=20 February 2021 |title=Isro says India's second Mars mission Mangalyaan-2 will be an orbiter mission |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/science/story/isro-says-india-s-second-mars-mission-mangalyaan-2-will-be-an-orbiter-mission-1771140-2021-02-20 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230413021530/https://www.indiatoday.in/science/story/isro-says-india-s-second-mars-mission-mangalyaan-2-will-be-an-orbiter-mission-1771140-2021-02-19 |archive-date=13 April 2023 |access-date=20 February 2021 |work=[[India Today]] }}</ref><ref name="theweek-20210219">{{Cite news |date=19 February 2021 |title=India's next Mars mission likely to be an orbiter |url=https://www.theweek.in/news/sci-tech/2021/02/19/indias-next-mars-mission-likely-to-be-an-orbiter.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231020165957/https://www.theweek.in/news/sci-tech/2021/02/19/indias-next-mars-mission-likely-to-be-an-orbiter.html |archive-date=20 October 2023 |access-date=20 February 2021 |work=[[The Week (Indian magazine)|The Week]] |agency=[[Press Trust of India|PTI]] }}</ref> Being launched by the LVM3 rocket (formerly the GSLV mk III), and using Aerobraking the MOM-2 satellite can carry more than 7 times the payload for MOM-1, also with a reduction in perigee to about 200 km above the surface of Mars.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Beyond Moon, Mars: India readies plan to reach for the stars in next five years |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/science/story/beyond-moon-and-mars-india-readies-plan-to-reach-for-the-stars-2517266-2024-03-20 |access-date=2024-03-20 |website=India Today |date=20 March 2024 |language=en}}</ref>

In a recorded interview in October 2019, the [[VSSC|Vikram Sarabhai Space Centre (VSSC)]] director indicated the possibility of inclusion of a lander,<ref name="AstrotalkUK"/> but in an interview to ''[[The Times of India]]'' in February 2021 the ISRO chairman clarified that the mission will consist solely of an orbiter.<ref name="timesofindia-20210220">{{Cite news |last=Singh |first=Surendra |date=20 February 2021 |title=It's tough to land on Mars, Nasa did a good job; our 2 Mars mission will be an orbital one: Isro chief – Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/its-tough-to-land-on-mars-nasa-did-a-good-job-our-2nd-mars-mission-will-be-an-orbital-one-isro-chief/articleshow/81119391.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230427084722/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/its-tough-to-land-on-mars-nasa-did-a-good-job-our-2nd-mars-mission-will-be-an-orbital-one-isro-chief/articleshow/81119391.cms |archive-date=27 April 2023 |access-date=20 February 2021 |work=[[The Times of India]] |agency=TNN }}</ref> The orbiter will use [[aerobraking]] to lower its initial [[apoapsis]] and enter into an orbit more suitable for observations.<ref name="timesofindia-20161029">{{Cite news |last=Laxman |first=Srinivas |date=29 October 2016 |title=With 82 launches in a go, Isro to rocket into record books |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/With-82-launches-in-a-go-Isro-to-rocket-into-record-books/articleshow/55123860.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230323221931/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/With-82-launches-in-a-go-Isro-to-rocket-into-record-books/articleshow/55123860.cms |archive-date=23 March 2023 |access-date=3 October 2018 |work=[[The Times of India]] |agency=Times News Network }}</ref><ref name="COSPAR2018">{{Cite conference |last=Haider |first=Syed A. |display-authors=etal |date=2018 |title=Indian Mars and Venus Missions: Science and Exploration |url=http://cospar2018.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/07/COSPAR-2018-Abstract-Book_July21-2018-UPDATE.pdf |conference=42rd Committee on Space Research Scientific Assembly. 14–22 July 2018 |location=Pasadena, California |page=432 |id=B4.1-0010-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181003141701/http://cospar2018.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/07/COSPAR-2018-Abstract-Book_July21-2018-UPDATE.pdf |archive-date=3 October 2018 |url-status=unfit |book-title=Scientific Assembly Abstracts }}</ref><ref name="scimag-isro-20170217">{{Cite journal |last=Bagla |first=Pallava |date=17 February 2017 |title=India eyes a return to Mars and a first run at Venus |url=https://www.science.org/content/article/india-eyes-return-mars-and-first-run-venus |url-status=live |journal=[[Science (journal)|Science]] |publisher=[[American Association for the Advancement of Science|AAAS]] |doi=10.1126/science.aal0781 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231013133934/https://www.science.org/content/article/india-eyes-return-mars-and-first-run-venus |archive-date=13 October 2023 |access-date=1 May 2017 |url-access=subscription }}</ref>

In 2024, the mission plan was updated, and now includes a [[Mars rover|rover]], [[Mars aircraft|helicopter]], [[Sky crane (landing system)|sky crane]] and a supersonic parachute.<ref name=space2024>{{Cite web|url=https://www.space.com/india-mangalyaan-2-mars-mission-rover-helicopter-sky-crane|title=India's ambitious 2nd Mars mission to include a rover, helicopter, sky crane and a supersonic parachute|first=Sharmila |last=Kuthunur |date=17 May 2024|website=Space.com}}</ref>

The Mission received approval from the [[Space Commission]] on 21 February 2025. Development of the Spacecraft is expected to begin after approval from the [[Union Cabinet]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Madanapalle |first=Aditya |date=2025-02-20 |title=Space Commission approves Mangalyaan 2 lander mission to Mars |url=https://www.news9live.com/science/space-commission-approves-mangalyaan-2-lander-mission-to-mars-2825783/amp |access-date=2025-02-21 |website=News9live |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Tripathi |first=Sibu Kumar |date=2025-02-21 |title=India to land Mangalyaan-2 on Mars, Isro awaits PM Modi's approval |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/science/story/india-to-land-mangalyaan-2-on-mars-isro-awaits-pm-modis-cabinet-approval-2683536-2025-02-21 |access-date=2025-02-21 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>

== Development ==
An Announcement of Opportunity was released requesting submissions for scientific instruments for an orbiter only, with a deadline set for 20 September 2016.<ref name="AoP">{{Cite press release |title=Announcement of Opportunity (AO) for future Mars lander Mission (MLM) |url=https://www.isro.gov.in/announcement-of-opportunity-ao-future-mars-orbiter-mission-mom-2 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180115184533/https://www.isro.gov.in/announcement-of-opportunity-ao-future-mars-orbiter-mission-mom-2 |archive-date=15 January 2018 |access-date=14 January 2018 |publisher=[[Indian Space Research Organisation]] }}</ref><ref name="indianexpress-20161126">{{Cite news |date=26 November 2016 |title=ISRO seeking proposals for Mars Orbiter Mission-2 |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/technology/science/isro-seeking-proposals-for-mars-orbiter-mission-2-4396357/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230830122915/https://indianexpress.com/article/technology/science/isro-seeking-proposals-for-mars-orbiter-mission-2-4396357/ |archive-date=30 August 2023 |access-date=14 January 2018 |work=[[The Indian Express]] }}</ref> The total science payload mass is estimated at {{convert|100|kg|lb|abbr=on}}.<ref name='Deccan Sep2019'/>

One of the science payloads under development is an [[ionosphere]] [[Plasma (physics)|plasma]] instrument named ARIS. It is being developed by Space Satellite Systems and Payloads Centre (SSPACE), which is part of the [[Indian Institute of Space Science and Technology]] (IIST). The engineering model and high vacuum test have been completed.<ref name='ARIS 2018'>{{cite news |url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/2018/jul/19/isros-space-academy-eyeing-mars-and-venus-1845316.html |title=ISRO's space academy eyeing Mars and Venus |work=[[The New Indian Express]] |agency=Express News Service |first=Tiki |last=Rajwi |date=19 July 2018 |access-date=3 October 2018}}</ref>

In a panel discussion in September 2022, it was told that mission would include a [[Hyperspectral imaging|hyperspectral camera]], a very high resolution [[Panchromatic film|panchromatic]] camera and a radar to better understand the early stages of Mars, its early crust, recent basalts, and ongoing activities such as boulder falls.<ref name="roadmap22">{{Citation|author1=Neeraj Srivastava|author2=S. Vijayan|author3=Amit Basu Sarbadhikari|work=Planetary Sciences Division (PSDN), [[Physical Research Laboratory]]|title=Future Exploration of the Inner Solar System: Scope and the Focus Areas|via=ISRO Facebook Panel Discussion, Mars Orbiter Mission National Meet|date=2022-09-27}}</ref>

== Spacecraft ==
The mission will consist of two modules, a Cruise Stage and a Descent Stage. The 4,500 kg spacecraft will initially be placed in an elliptical parking orbit of 190 x 35,786 km around earth following launch from an [[LVM3|LVM-3]]. The Cruise Stage will perform the trans-mars injection burn and set the stack towards [[Mars]]. Upon arrival, the Descent Stage will separate and perform the landing, skipping orbital insertion. The Cruise Stage will then enter into a [[Areocentric orbit|Martian orbit]] using [[Aerobraking]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-04-11 |title=We finally know how Isro is planning to land Mangalyaan-2 on Mars |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/science/story/we-finally-know-how-isro-is-planning-to-land-mangalyaan-2-on-mars-2707503-2025-04-11 |access-date=2025-04-11 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>

== Payloads ==
The mission will consist of four main payloads.<ref name="hindustan-20231002">{{Cite news |last=Pillai |first=Soumya |date=2 October 2023 |title=ISRO begins preparation for India's 2nd mission to Mars |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/isro-begins-preparation-for-india-s-2nd-mission-to-mars-101696188317198.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240202083341/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/isro-begins-preparation-for-india-s-2nd-mission-to-mars-101696188317198.html |archive-date=2 February 2024 |access-date=11 October 2023 |work=[[Hindustan Times]] }}</ref>

* '''Mars Orbit Dust Experiment (MODEX)''': It will measure the origin, abundance, distribution, and flux at high altitudes on [[Mars]]. There are no measurements of Interplanetary Dust Particles (IDPs) at Mars. The instrument can detect particles of size from a few hundred nm to few μm, travelling at hypervelocity (> 1 km/s). The outcomes can help explain the dust flux at Mars, whether there is any [[planetary ring|ring]] (as hypothesized) around Mars and also confirm whether the dust is interplanetary or coming from [[Phobos (moon)|Phobos]] or [[Deimos (moon)|Deimos]].
* '''Radio Occultation experiment (RO)''': It will measure neutral and electron Density profiles. The MODEX can help explain the RO experiment results. The instrument is a [[microwave]] [[transmitter]] operating at [[X-band]] frequency that can help understand the behaviour of the [[Martian atmosphere]].
* '''Energetic Iron Spectrometer (EIS)''': It will study the solar energy particles and Supra-thermal [[solar winds]] on Mars. The data will be useful to understand the loss of [[Martian atmosphere]].
* '''Langmuir probe and Electric Field Experiment (LPEX)''':It will measure the electron number, density, electron temperature and electric field waves. This experiment consists of one [[Langmuir probe]] (LP) and two electric field (EF) sensors each mounted on a long boom.
* '''PolaRisation sensitive Infrared Spectroscopy of Mars (PRISM)''':It is designed to measure the [[polarization of light]] from the Martian atmosphere using an [[Infrared spectroscopy|Infrared Spectrometer]], helping us understand dust and cloud properties.
* '''Plasma AnalyseR for the Environment of Mars (PREM)''': It is designed to analyze the composition of Mars' atmosphere by directly measuring its [[Plasma (physics)|plasma]] content.

== See also ==
{{Portal|India|Spaceflight}}
* [[Exploration of Mars]]
* [[List of missions to Mars]]
* [[Chandrayaan programme]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Mars spacecraft}}
{{Indian space programme}}
{{Indian spacecraft}}
{{Future spaceflights}}

[[Category:ISRO space probes]]
[[Category:Proposed missions to Mars]]
[[Category:Proposed space probes]]
[[Category:Indian Mars exploration programme]]
[[Category:2030s in spaceflight]]
[[Category:Proposed Mars rovers]]
[[Category:Proposed Mars landers]]

Mars Lander Mission - Revision history

Mohitjikumar32: added a entry