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	==External links==		==External links==
	~~{{Portal\|World War II\|Italy}}~~
	* [http://vittimemarocchinate.blogspot.com/2011/03/ricerca-testimonianze.html Association National Victims of the Goumiers]		* [http://vittimemarocchinate.blogspot.com/2011/03/ricerca-testimonianze.html Association National Victims of the Goumiers]
	* [http://www.lastampa.it/2017/03/16/cultura/la-verit-nascosta-delle-marocchinate-saccheggi-e-stupri-delle-truppe-coloniali-francesi-in-ciociaria-stDjcmY65lqhNlHtQjfyLL/pagina.html La verità nascosta delle “marocchinate”, saccheggi e stupri delle truppe francesi in mezza Italia, La Stampa]		* [http://www.lastampa.it/2017/03/16/cultura/la-verit-nascosta-delle-marocchinate-saccheggi-e-stupri-delle-truppe-coloniali-francesi-in-ciociaria-stDjcmY65lqhNlHtQjfyLL/pagina.html La verità nascosta delle “marocchinate”, saccheggi e stupri delle truppe francesi in mezza Italia, La Stampa]

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{{short description|Mass rape and killings committed following the Battle of Monte Cassino}}
[[File:Moroccan soldiers at Monte Cassino.jpg|thumb|Moroccan soldiers at [[Monte Cassino]], January 1944.]]

'''Marocchinate''' ({{IPA-it|marokkiˈnaːte|pron}}; {{langnf||Italian|Moroccans' deeds}}) is a term applied to the mass [[rape]] and killings committed during [[World War II]] after the [[Battle of Monte Cassino]] in [[Italy]]. These were committed mainly by the [[Moroccan Goumier]]s, [[colonial troops]] of the [[French Expeditionary Corps (1943-1944)|French Expeditionary Corps]] (FEC),<ref>{{lang-fr|Corps Expéditionaire Français}}'' (CEF) or ''{{lang|fr| Corps Expéditionaire Français en Italie}}'' (CEFI)</ref> commanded by General [[Alphonse Juin]], and mostly targeted civilian women and girls (as well as a few men and boys) in the rural areas of Southern [[Lazio]], between [[Naples]] and [[Rome]]. Mass rapes continued across all the campaign including several locations in Tuscany: Siena, ad Abbadia S. Salvatore, Radicofani, Murlo, Strove, Poggibonsi, Elsa, S. Quirico d’Orcia, Colle Val d’Elsa.

==Background==
''[[Goumiers]]'' were [[colonial troops|colonial irregular troops]] forming the ''Goums Marocains'', which were approximately company-sized units rather loosely grouped in ''Tabors'' ([[battalion]]s) and ''Groupes'' ([[regiment]]s). Three of the units, the 1st, 3rd and 4th ''Groupements de Tabors'', served in the FEC along with the four regular [[Division (military)|division]]s: the [[1st Free French Division]], the [[2nd Moroccan Infantry Division]], the [[3rd Algerian Infantry Division]] and the [[4th Moroccan Mountain Division]]. The ''Goums Marocains'' were commanded by General [[Augustin Guillaume]].

Regular Moroccan troops (''[[Tirailleur|tirailleurs]] marocains'') also served in Italy but under tighter discipline and with a higher proportion of officers than the irregular goumiers.{{citation needed|date=September 2022}}

On May 14, 1944, the Goumiers travelled over seemingly impassable terrain in the [[Aurunci Mountains]], outflanked the German defence in the adjacent Liri valley, materially assisting the British [[XIII Corps (United Kingdom)|XIII Corps]] of the [[Eighth Army (United Kingdom)|Eighth Army]], to break the [[Winter Line|Gustav Line]] and advance to the next defensive position, the [[Hitler Line]].

An alleged statement by General [[Alphonse Juin]] before the battle said: "For fifty hours you will be the absolute masters of what you will find beyond the enemy. Nobody will punish you for what you will do, nobody will ask you about what you will get up to."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dalvolturnoacassino.it/asp/doc.asp?where=Lettura&id=019|title=Crimini di Guerra in Ciociaria|trans-title=War Crimes in Ciociaria|work=Dal Volturno a Cassino|language=it}}</ref> Recent research has showed this statement was fabricated after the war by the Italian Communist women's organization ''[[Unione Donne Italiane]]'' [<nowiki/>[[:it:Unione_donne_italiane|it]]] in the early 1950s. Baris Tomaso justifies it by claiming it is linked to the perception of the crimes by the Italians rather than an official policy of the French Army.<ref name="auto">{{cite web|author=Baris, Tommaso|url=http://www.cairn.info/resume.php?ID_REVUE=VING&ID_NUMPUBLIE=VIN_093&ID_ARTICLE=VING_093_0047|title=Le corps expéditionnaire français en Italie – Violences des " libérateurs " durant l'été 1944|trans-title=The French Expeditionary Corps in Italy – Violence of the "liberators" during the summer of 1944|language=fr}}</ref>

Until 1944 the Italian government showed interest and preoccupation for the violence and gathered information about the victims.<ref name="auto1">https://books.google.it/books?id=Ra1TDwAAQBAJ&hl=it&source=gbs_navlinks_s, Eliane Patriarca La colpa dei vincitori, Edizioni Piemme, 2018 {{ISBN|8858520041}}</ref> By December 1948 there were 30,000 cases submitted to Italian authorities but funds were scarce because of war indemnities Italy had to pay to France and this issue was an obstacle on the restoration of diplomatic relations with France.<ref name="auto1"/> For these reasons many demands were rejected and the victims had to prove permanent physical damage.<ref name="auto1"/>

==Mass rape==
[[Monte Cassino]] was captured by the [[Allies of World War II|Allies]] on May 18, 1944. The next night, thousands of Goumiers and other colonial troops scoured the slopes of the hills surrounding the town and the villages of Southern [[Lazio]]. Italian victims' associations such as ''Associazione Nazionale Vittime delle Marocchinate'' alleged that 60,000 women, ranging in age from 11 to 86, suffered from violence, when village after village came under control of the Goumiers. Estimates made by the Italian Ministry of Defence in 1997 set the figure at 2,000 to 3,000 female victims.<ref> Issue 716, International News Electronic Telegraph 11 May 1997</ref> The number of men killed has been estimated at 800.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://legislature.camera.it/_dati/leg01/lavori/stenografici/sed0890/sed0890.pdf |title=Seduta Notturna Di Lunedì 7 Aprile 1952 |trans-title=Sitting by Night: Monday, August 7, 1952 |publisher=[[Chamber of Deputies (Italy)|Chamber of Deputies]] |language=it |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110521070438/http://legislature.camera.it/_dati/leg01/lavori/stenografici/sed0890/sed0890.pdf |archivedate=May 21, 2011 }}</ref> Due to incomplete reports of the crimes, a precise account is impossible.<ref name="auto"/>

The mayor of [[Esperia]], a [[comune]] in the Province of [[Frosinone]], reported that in his town, 700 women out of 2,500 inhabitants were raped, resulting in many deaths. According to Italian victims associations, a total of more than 7,000 civilians, including children, were raped by Goumiers.<ref>{{cite web|title=1952: Il caso delle "marocchinate" al Parlamento|url=http://www.cassino2000.com/cdsc/studi/archivio/n07/n07p09.html|access-date=2008-11-22|language=it}}</ref> Baris considers the figure of twelve thousand women raped provided by the Communist women's organization ''Unione Donne Italiane'' to be credible;<ref name="auto2">{{cite journal|author=Baris, Tommaso|url=http://www.cairn.info/resume.php?ID_REVUE=VING&ID_NUMPUBLIE=VIN_093&ID_ARTICLE=VING_093_0047|title=Le corps expéditionnaire français en Italie – Violences des " libérateurs " durant l'été 1944, page 22| journal=Vingtieme Siecle. Revue d'Histoire | date=January 2007 | volume=93 | issue=1 | pages=47–61 | doi=10.3917/ving.093.0047 |trans-title=The French Expeditionary Corps in Italy – Violence of the "liberators" during the summer of 1944|language=fr}}</ref> this is in contrast to the Italian Senate's two thousand women.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|date=25 July 1996|title=Disegnodilegge d'iniziativa dei senatori Magliocchetti e Bonatesta: Norme in favore delle vittime di violenze carnali in tempo di guerra|url=http://www.senato.it/service/PDF/PDFServer/BGT/00001012.pdf|url-status=live|access-date=19 October 2019|website=Senato della Reppublica|language=it}}</ref>

===Testimonials of war crimes in Lazio===

The writer [[Norman Lewis (author)|Norman Lewis]], at the time a British officer on the [[Monte Cassino]] front, narrated the events:
{{quote | All the women of [[Patrica]], [[Pofi]], [[Isoletta]], [[Supino]], and [[Morolo]] were raped ... At [[Lenola, Lazio|Lenola]] on May 21st they raped fifty women, and as there were not enough for everyone, they also raped children and old people. Moroccans usually attack women in two - one has a normal relationship, while the other sodomizes her. | Norman Lewis in the book Napoli '44 <ref>Fabio Andriola, ''Come ti umilio il liberato'', articolo su L'Italia settimanale, N° 7, anno III, 23 febbraio 1994, pag. 46</ref>}}

"In S. Andrea, the Moroccans raped 30 women and two men; in Vallemaio two sisters had to satisfy a platoon of 200 goumiers; 300 of these, on the other hand, abused a sixty-year-old. In Esperia, 700 women were raped out of a population of 2,500 inhabitants, with 400 complaints presented. Even the parish priest, Don Alberto Terrilli, in an attempt to defend two girls, was tied to a tree and raped for a whole night. He died two days later from internal lacerations reported. In Pico, a girl was crucified with her sister. After the gang violence, she will be killed. Polleca reached the pinnacle of bestiality. Luciano Garibaldi writes that from the Moroccan departments of the gen. Guillaume girls and old women were raped; the men who reacted were sodomized, shot dead, emasculated or impaled alive. A testimony, from a report of the time, describes their typical modality: "The Moroccan soldiers who had knocked on the door and which was not opened, knocked down the door itself, hit the fortress with the butt of the musket to the head making it fall to the ground unconscious, then she was carried about 30 meters from the house and raped while her father, by other soldiers, was dragged, beaten and tied to a tree. The terrified bystanders could not bring any help to the girl and the parent as a soldier remained on guard with a musket aimed at them."<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-03-14|title=Marocchinate: de Gaulle era presente e non fece nulla di Andrea Cionci|url=https://www.corriereregioni.it/2021/03/14/marocchinate-de-gaulle-era-presente-e-non-fece-nulla-di-andrea-cionci/|access-date=2021-03-19|website=Il Corriere delle Regioni|language=it-IT|archive-date=2021-05-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210511043918/https://www.corriereregioni.it/2021/03/14/marocchinate-de-gaulle-era-presente-e-non-fece-nulla-di-andrea-cionci/|url-status=dead}}</ref>

===Involvement of non-commissioned officers and white officers===

{{quote | Given the involvement of non-commissioned officers and white officers, some of them Italian-speaking as Corsican, not present in the Goumier troop departments, it can be said that the rapists nestled in all four divisions of the CEF. Perhaps also for this reason, the French officers did not respond to any solicitation from the victims and watched impassively at the work of their men. As the testimonies report, when civilians showed up to report the violence, the officers shrugged their shoulders and dismissed them with a smirk. | Baris Tommaso <ref name="auto2"/>}}

===Testimonials of war crimes in Tuscany===
This attitude persisted until the arrival of Cef in Tuscany. Here the violence began again in Siena, in Abbadia S. Salvatore, Radicofani, Murlo, Strove, Poggibonsi, Elsa, S. Quirico d’Orcia, Colle Val d’Elsa. Even members of the Resistance had to suffer abuse. {{quote | In Abbadia we counted as many as sixty victims of grim violence, which took place under the eyes of their families. One of the victims was comrade Lidia, our relay. Comrade Paolo, approached with an excuse, was also raped by seven Moroccans. The French commands, to our protests, replied that it was the tradition of their colonial troops to receive such an award after a difficult battle. | Enzo Nizza, red partisan<ref name="auto2"/>}}

===Leaflet===
After the war a leaflet in French and Arabic was forged with claim that it would have circulated among the Goumiers saying:
"Soldiers! This time it is not only the freedom of your lands that I offer you if you win this battle. Behind the enemy there are women, houses, there is a wine among the best in the world, there is gold. All of this will be yours if you win. You will have to kill the Germans to the last man and pass at any cost. What I have said and promised I keep. For fifty hours you will be the absolute master of what you will find beyond the enemy. Nobody will punish you for what you do, nobody will ask you to account for what you will take."<ref>{{cite book |last1=Tortolici |first1=C. Beatrice |title=Violenza e dintorni |date=2005 |publisher=Armando Editore}}</ref> The falsification was made by the Communist women's organization ''[[Unione Donne Italiane]]'' and no such document was ever found.

==Aftermath==

207 soldiers were tried for sexual violence but 39 of them were acquitted for lack of evidence. 28 soldiers caught in the act were also executed.<ref name="liberation" />

In January 1947, France authorized the compensation of 1,488 victims of sexual violence for crimes committed by French colonial troops.<ref name="liberation">{{Cite web|url=https://www.liberation.fr/societe/2015/05/15/elle-avait-17-ans-et-elle-a-ete-violee-par-40-soldats_1310075/|title="Elle avait 17 ans et elle a été violée par 40 soldats"|first=Leïla|last=MINANO|website=Libération}}</ref>

==Cultural depictions==
Although the popular definition of "ciociaria" for some areas of Lazio is historically and geographically inappropriate, the term itself is often associated with these war crimes. The definition was indeed forcefully imposed by the fascist regime, although, it was just a popular pejorative term in the modern Roman dialect.<ref>Roberto Almagià, ''Enciclopedia italiana'', vol. X, Roma 1931</ref><ref>Alonzi L., ''Il concetto di Ciociaria dalla costituzione della provincia di Frosinone a oggi'' («L'Italia ritagliata. L'identità storico-culturale delle regioni: il caso del Lazio meridionale ed orientale», Società Geografica Italiana, Roma 1997)</ref><ref>see: F. Riccardi, Quid est Ciociaria? ‘Regnicoli’ contro ‘Papalini’, in Studi Cassinati; E. Pistilli, E se fosse solo un’invenzione letteraria?, in Studi Cassinati </ref><ref>See: Squadrismo. 20 ottobre XVIII. Ventennale del Fascio di Frosinone, Federazione ciociara del P.N.F.</ref> Having been imposed by fascism in the pre-war years, it has remained associated with these war crimes. The 1957 novel ''[[Two Women (novel)|Two Women]]'' (original title ''La Ciociara'', literally “the woman from Ciociaria”) by [[Alberto Moravia]] references the Marocchinate; in it a mother and her daughter, trying to escape the fighting, are raped by Goumiers in an abandoned church. The novel was made into a movie,, directed by [[Vittorio De Sica]] and starring [[Sophia Loren]], for which Loren won the [[Academy Award for Best Actress]]. In [[Castro dei Volsci]], a monument called the "[[Mamma Ciociara]]" was erected to remember all the mothers who tried in vain to defend themselves and their daughters.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.antiarte.it/trenodiluce/mamma_ciociara.htm|title=Mamma Ciociara|website=www.antiarte.it}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.castrodeivolsci.it/guerra.htm|title=primavera del 1944 i Castresi lottarono.|website=www.castrodeivolsci.it}}</ref>

==Claims of exaggeration==
Other sources, such as French Marshal [[Jean de Lattre de Tassigny]], claimed that such cases were isolated events exploited by [[Propaganda in Nazi Germany|German propaganda]] to smear allies, particularly French troops.<ref>Jean de Lattre de Tassigny, Reconquérir: 1944-1945. Textes du maréchal Lattre de Tassigny réunis et présentés par Jean-Luc Barre, éditions Plon, 1985, p. 32-33</ref> The Goumiers became a folkloric tale and stories started to be made up to extremes of absurdity. General Juin never issued the promise of "free rein" to his Moroccan troops, nor did any other French officers. The Italian Senate launched its own investigation, reaching the conclusion that 2,000 women were raped, as well as 600 men:<blockquote>Over 2,000 women were raped, the youngest at 11, the oldest at 86. Dozens died. Six hundred men suffered the same fate. Among them a young parish priest, who died two days after the torture suffered. Two sisters, aged 15 and 18, suffered the violence of 200 Moroccan soldiers.<ref name=":0" /></blockquote>

==See also==
* [[Battle of Monte Cassino]]

==Notes==
{{Reflist}}

==References==



* {{cite web|author=Baris, Tommaso|url=http://www.cairn.info/resume.php?ID_REVUE=VING&ID_NUMPUBLIE=VIN_093&ID_ARTICLE=VING_093_0047|title=Le corps expéditionnaire français en Italie – Violences des " libérateurs " durant l'été 1944|trans-title=The French Expeditionary Corps in Italy – Violence of the "liberators" during the summer of 1944|language=fr}}

* {{cite book |author=Baris, Tommaso |title=Tra due fuochi: Esperienza e memoria della guerra lungo la linea Gustav |year=2004 |publisher=Laterza |isbn=978-88-420-7108-2|language=it}}

* {{cite web|author=Bimberg, Edward L. |url=http://www.historynet.com/wars_conflicts/20_21_century/4644596.html?showAll=y&c=y |title=Augustin-Leon Guillaume's Goums in a Modern War |publisher=Weider History Group |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070930211004/http://www.historynet.com/wars_conflicts/20_21_century/4644596.html?showAll=y&c=y |archivedate=2007-09-30 }} It praises the fighting ability in difficult terrain and "Unfortunately for the Goumiers, their military success did not prevent their fearsome reputation from taking its toll as exceptional numbers of Moroccans were executed—many without trial—for allegedly murdering, raping, and pillaging their way across the Italian countryside."

* {{in lang|fr}} [https://web.archive.org/web/20071009072516/http://www.tuovideo.it/view_video.php?viewkey=0a3d804351b2dfec0d8b Comments about the mass rape in Ciociaria, with video from Two Women (the rape by the goumiers)]

* {{cite web|author=De Luna, Giovanni|url=http://www.lonelyplanet.it/contributi/ciociara.htm|title=La ciociara e le altre|trans-title=''La Ciociara'' and the others|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090113172616/http://www.lonelyplanet.it/contributi/ciociara.htm|archivedate=2009-01-13|language=it}}

* {{cite web|author=Frezza, Daria|url=http://www.dalvolturnoacassino.it/DOC/Daria_Frezza_La_memoria.pdf|title=Cassino 1943–44: La memoria|language=it|access-date=2007-06-13|archive-date=2015-09-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923212506/http://www.dalvolturnoacassino.it/DOC/Daria_Frezza_La_memoria.pdf|url-status=dead}}

* {{cite book |last=Holland| first=James |title=Italy's Sorrow – A year of war, 1944–45 |location=London |publisher=Harper Press |year=2008 |isbn=978-0-00-717645-8 }}

* {{cite web|title=I marocchini di Juin "riscattano" l'onore della Francia|url=http://www.dalvolturnoacassino.it/asp/doc.asp?id=001&p=4|trans-title=Juin's Moroccans "redeem" the honour of Free France|work=Dal Volturno a Cassino|language=it}}

* {{cite web|author=Johnston, Bruce|url=http://listserv.acsu.buffalo.edu/cgi-bin/wa?A2=ind9705&L=twatch-l&D=1&O=D&F=P&P=10250|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071228201503/http://listserv.acsu.buffalo.edu/cgi-bin/wa?A2=ind9705&L=twatch-l&D=1&O=D&F=P&P=10250|url-status=dead|archive-date=28 December 2007|work=International News Electronic Telegraph|date=11 May 1997|title=Italian women win cash for wartime rapes}}

* {{cite web|url=http://www.pacioli.net/ftp/maturita/iacomelli/marocchinate.htm |title=Le Marocchinate |publisher=Istituto tecnico Luca Pacioli Crema |language=it |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20060515153215/http://www.pacioli.net/ftp/maturita/iacomelli/marocchinate.htm |archivedate=2006-05-15 }}

* {{cite web|author=No War|url=http://italy.indymedia.org/news/2005/11/928175_comment.php|title=Lo stupro di massa degli alleati|trans-title=The mass rape of the Allies|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110709191738/http://italy.indymedia.org/news/2005/11/928175_comment.php|archivedate=2011-07-09|language=it}}

*{{cite web|author=Peterson, Allan|url=http://www.sdreader.com/php/cityshow.php?id=C021998|work=San Diego Reader|year=1998|title=Pizza Man's Atrocity Hunt}} (Anecdotal allegations of war crimes committed by Goumiers in Italy)

* {{cite web|title=Senate of the Italian Republic: project of law for the victims of war rapes|url=http://www.senato.it/service/PDF/PDFServer/BGT/00001012.pdf|date=July 25, 1996|language=it}}

*{{cite journal |author1=Weisbord, Robert G.|author2=Honhart, Michael W|journal=The Historian |title=A Question of Race: Pope Pius XII and the "Coloured Troops" in Italy|volume=65|issue=2|date=Winter 2002|pages=403–417 |doi=10.1111/1540-6563.00026|s2cid=145364922}}

==External links==
{{Portal|World War II|Italy}}
* [http://vittimemarocchinate.blogspot.com/2011/03/ricerca-testimonianze.html Association National Victims of the Goumiers]
* [http://www.lastampa.it/2017/03/16/cultura/la-verit-nascosta-delle-marocchinate-saccheggi-e-stupri-delle-truppe-coloniali-francesi-in-ciociaria-stDjcmY65lqhNlHtQjfyLL/pagina.html La verità nascosta delle “marocchinate”, saccheggi e stupri delle truppe francesi in mezza Italia, La Stampa]
* [https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0054749/ ''Two Women'' (''La Ciociara'')] at the [[Internet Movie Database]]

[[Category:Conflicts in 1944]]
[[Category:Italian campaign (World War II)|Marocchinate (War Crimes in Cassino)]]
[[Category:Violence against women in Italy]]
[[Category:Wartime sexual violence in World War II]]
[[Category:French war crimes]]
[[Category:Ciociaria]]
[[Category:Military history of France during World War II]]
[[Category:France–Italy military relations]]
[[Category:Italy–Morocco relations]]
[[Category:Mass sexual assault]]
[[Category:World War II crimes]]

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