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← Older revision		Revision as of 18:20, 13 December 2022
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	{{More citations needed\|date=December ~~2022~~}}		{{More citations needed\|date=December 2009}}
	{{Use British English\|date=October ~~2022~~}}		{{Use British English\|date=October 2011}}
	{{Use dmy dates\|date=December ~~2022~~}}		{{Use dmy dates\|date=December 2019}}
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	==Early life, service in war==		==Early life, service in war==
	Young was the third son of colonial administrator [[William Mackworth Young]] and his second wife, Frances Mary, daughter of Sir [[Robert Eyles Egerton]], KCSI, JP, Lieutenant-Governor of the Punjab from 1877 to 1882,<ref>{{Cite ODNB\|url=https://www.oxforddnb.com/view/10.1093/ref:odnb/9780198614128.001.0001/odnb-9780198614128-e-37077\|isbn = 978-0-19-861412-8\|doi = 10.1093/ref:odnb/37077\|title = The Oxford Dictionary of National Biography\|year = ~~2022~~}}</ref><ref name=peerage2003>Burke's Peerage, Baronetage and Knightage, 107th edition, vol. 1, Burke's Peerage Ltd, 2003, p. 1164</ref> Sir Robert Egerton was nephew of the 8th and 9th [[Grey Egerton baronets]].<ref>Burke's Peerage, Baronetage and Knightage, 107th edition, vol. 2, Burke's Peerage Ltd, 2003, p. 1674</ref> Mark Young's paternal grandfather was [[Young baronets#Young baronets, of Formosa Place (1813)\|Sir George Young, 2nd Baronet]].<ref>Burke's Peerage, Baronetage and Knightage, 107th edition, vol. 3, Burke's Peerage Ltd, 2003, p. 4274</ref>		Young was the third son of colonial administrator [[William Mackworth Young]] and his second wife, Frances Mary, daughter of Sir [[Robert Eyles Egerton]], KCSI, JP, Lieutenant-Governor of the Punjab from 1877 to 1882,<ref>{{Cite ODNB\|url=https://www.oxforddnb.com/view/10.1093/ref:odnb/9780198614128.001.0001/odnb-9780198614128-e-37077\|isbn = 978-0-19-861412-8\|doi = 10.1093/ref:odnb/37077\|title = The Oxford Dictionary of National Biography\|year = 2004}}</ref><ref name=peerage2003>Burke's Peerage, Baronetage and Knightage, 107th edition, vol. 1, Burke's Peerage Ltd, 2003, p. 1164</ref> Sir Robert Egerton was nephew of the 8th and 9th [[Grey Egerton baronets]].<ref>Burke's Peerage, Baronetage and Knightage, 107th edition, vol. 2, Burke's Peerage Ltd, 2003, p. 1674</ref> Mark Young's paternal grandfather was [[Young baronets#Young baronets, of Formosa Place (1813)\|Sir George Young, 2nd Baronet]].<ref>Burke's Peerage, Baronetage and Knightage, 107th edition, vol. 3, Burke's Peerage Ltd, 2003, p. 4274</ref>
	Young was educated at [[Eton College]] and [[King's College, Cambridge]]. He entered the [[Ceylon Civil Service]] in 1909 and served in the [[British Army]] with the [[Rifle Brigade (Prince Consort's Own)]] during [[World War I]] from 1915.		Young was educated at [[Eton College]] and [[King's College, Cambridge]]. He entered the [[Ceylon Civil Service]] in 1909 and served in the [[British Army]] with the [[Rifle Brigade (Prince Consort's Own)]] during [[World War I]] from 1915.

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{{More citations needed|date=December 2022}}
{{Use British English|date=October 2022}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2022}}
{{Infobox officeholder
|honorific_prefix = Sir
|name = Mark Aitchison Young
|honorific_suffix = {{postnominals|country=GBR|size=100%|GCMG}}
|image = File:Mark Young in 1930s.png
|caption =
|order = 21st
|office = Governor of Hong Kong
|term_start = 1 May 1946
|term_end = 17 May 1947
|monarch = [[George VI]]
|1blankname = [[Chief Secretary for Administration|Colonial Secretary]]
|1namedata = [[David Mercer MacDougall]]
|predecessor = Sir [[Cecil Harcourt]] (Acting, Military Administration)
|successor = [[Alexander Grantham]]
|term_start1 = 10 September 1941
|term_end1 = 25 December 1941
|monarch1 = [[George VI]]
|1blankname1 = [[Chief Secretary for Administration|Colonial Secretary]]
|1namedata1 = [[Norman Lockhart Smith]] [[Franklin Gimson|Sir Franklin Gimson]]
|predecessor1 = Sir [[Geoffry Northcote]]
|successor1 = [[Takashi Sakai]] (under [[Japanese occupation of Hong Kong|Japanese occupation]])
|birth_date = {{birth date|1886|6|30|df=y}}
|birth_place = [[British Raj]]
|death_date = {{death date and age|1974|5|12|1886|6|30|df=y}}
|death_place = [[Winchester]], England
|party =
|profession = soldier, colonial administrator
|alma_mater = [[King's College, Cambridge]]
|spouse = Josephine Mary
|religion =
|signature =
|footnotes =
|module = {{Chinese|child=yes|t=楊慕琦|s=杨慕琦|j=joeng4 mou6 kei4|p=Yáng Mùqí}}
}}
'''Sir Mark Aitchison Young''' {{postnominals|country=GBR|GCMG}} (楊慕琦, 30 June 1886 – 12 May 1974) was a British [[Administrator of the Government|administrator]] who became the [[Governor of Hong Kong]] during the years immediately before and after the [[Japanese occupation of Hong Kong|Japanese occupation of the territory]].

==Early life, service in war==
Young was the third son of colonial administrator [[William Mackworth Young]] and his second wife, Frances Mary, daughter of Sir [[Robert Eyles Egerton]], KCSI, JP, Lieutenant-Governor of the Punjab from 1877 to 1882,<ref>{{Cite ODNB|url=https://www.oxforddnb.com/view/10.1093/ref:odnb/9780198614128.001.0001/odnb-9780198614128-e-37077|isbn = 978-0-19-861412-8|doi = 10.1093/ref:odnb/37077|title = The Oxford Dictionary of National Biography|year = 2022}}</ref><ref name=peerage2003>Burke's Peerage, Baronetage and Knightage, 107th edition, vol. 1, Burke's Peerage Ltd, 2003, p. 1164</ref> Sir Robert Egerton was nephew of the 8th and 9th [[Grey Egerton baronets]].<ref>Burke's Peerage, Baronetage and Knightage, 107th edition, vol. 2, Burke's Peerage Ltd, 2003, p. 1674</ref> Mark Young's paternal grandfather was [[Young baronets#Young baronets, of Formosa Place (1813)|Sir George Young, 2nd Baronet]].<ref>Burke's Peerage, Baronetage and Knightage, 107th edition, vol. 3, Burke's Peerage Ltd, 2003, p. 4274</ref>
Young was educated at [[Eton College]] and [[King's College, Cambridge]]. He entered the [[Ceylon Civil Service]] in 1909 and served in the [[British Army]] with the [[Rifle Brigade (Prince Consort's Own)]] during [[World War I]] from 1915.

==Colonial administration==
Young served as principal assistant colonial secretary of [[Ceylon]] from 1923 to 1928, then as colonial secretary of [[Sierra Leone]] from 1928 to 1930. From 1930 to 1933, he served as chief secretary to the Government of the [[Mandatory Palestine|British Mandate of Palestine]].

From 5 August 1933 to March 1938, he served as governor and commander-in-chief of [[Barbados]]. From November 1937 to February 1938, he served in the Government of [[Trinidad and Tobago]]. Then from 1938 to 1941, he served as governor and commander-in-chief of the [[Tanganyika Territory]] British Mandate.

==Hong Kong governor, prisoner of war==
On 10 September 1941 Young was appointed [[Governor of Hong Kong]]. Japanese forces already occupied the Chinese mainland adjoining Hong Kong as part of their ongoing war with China, and early in Young's term Hong Kong came under the threat of Japanese invasion.

At 08:00, 8 December 1941, several hours after [[Attack on Pearl Harbor|Pearl Harbor was attacked]], Hong Kong came under fire by Imperial Japanese Forces. [[Battle of Hong Kong|The battle]] lasted for 17 days, and ended when Young surrendered the colony to the Japanese General [[Takashi Sakai]] on 25 December, known as the 'Black Christmas' by Hong Kong people, who were then [[Japanese Occupation of Hong Kong|subject to Japanese rule]] for the next 3 years and 8 months. Young rebuffed several attempts by [[Christopher Maltby|General Maltby]] and others in the military to ask for terms and discuss surrender as early as the 18th. This was in part based on clear instruction by [[Winston Churchill|Churchill]] directly to Young, advising him that "Every Part of (Hong Kong) Island must be fought over and the enemy resisted with the utmost stubbornness. Every day that you are able to maintain your resistance you help the Allied cause all over the world."<ref name="Snow">Snow, Philip. [2004] (2004). The fall of Hong Kong: Britain, China and the Japanese occupation. Yale University Press. {{ISBN|0-300-10373-5}}, {{ISBN|978-0-300-10373-1}}</ref>

Young was a prisoner of war in Japanese hands from December 1941 to August 1945. He was initially held in the [[The Peninsula Hong Kong|Peninsula Hotel]] and subsequently incarcerated in a prisoner of war [[Stanley Internment Camp|camp in Stanley]], on the southern shores of [[Hong Kong Island]]. Shortly thereafter, he was later transferred, with other high-ranking Allied captives, including General Maltby, to a series of POW camps in Shanghai, Taiwan, and Japan, then to a camp near the Chinese-Mongolian border, and finally to a [[Hoten Camp|location near Mukden]] (modern [[Shenyang]]) [[Manchuria]],<ref>[https://mukdenpows.indiemade.com/sites/mukdenpows.indiemade.com/files/files/Mukden%20POWs%20T-Z.pdf List of Mukden POWs]</ref> until his liberation at war's end. Despite being the colony's highest-ranking official, Young was mistreated by his captors. Japan was defeated and surrendered in September 1945 and the British regained control of the colony.

==Post-Japanese occupation governorship==
Young resumed his duties as [[Governor of Hong Kong]] on 1 May 1946, after having spent some time [[Convalescence|recuperating]] in England. After returning, he proposed [[Young Plan (Hong Kong)|political reforms]] that would have allowed Hong Kong residents to directly choose a 30-member representative Legislative Council. He envisaged that the new Council would handle everyday affairs and that its decisions would be immune to the Governor's veto. Young, echoing the plan of Sir [[Geoffry Northcote]], called for the promotion of local Chinese civil servants to the senior posts. These initiatives were eventually abandoned under the term of Governor [[Sir Alexander Grantham]], an ardent conservative.<ref>{{cite journal | last=Goodstadt | first=Leo F. | author-link= Leo Goodstadt |date= 2004 | title=The Rise and Fall of Social, Economic and Political Reforms in Hong Kong, 1930–1955 | journal=Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society Hong Kong Branch |volume= 44 | pages=70 }}</ref> Young retired from the governorship in 1947.

==Personal life==
Young and his wife, Josephine Mary, had two sons and two daughters.

Young, [[William Robinson (governor)|Sir William Robinson]] and [[Christopher Patten]] are the only governors not to have been honoured in Hong Kong after completing their post. This is probably because most of Young's time in Hong Kong was spent as prisoner of war, with only a brief period from 1946 to 1947 as governor.

His brothers [[Gerard Mackworth Young]] (also director of the [[British School at Athens]]) and Sir [[Hubert Winthrop Young]], KCMG, were also colonial administrators.<ref name=peerage2003/>

==Honours==
*[[File:UK_Order_St-Michael_St-George_ribbon.svg|50px]] Companion of the [[Order of St Michael and St George]] (C.M.G.) (1931)
*[[File:UK_Order_St-Michael_St-George_ribbon.svg|50px]] Knight Commander of the [[Order of St Michael and St George]] (K.C.M.G.) - '''Sir''' (1934)
*[[File:UK_Order_St-Michael_St-George_ribbon.svg|50px]] Knight Grand Cross of the [[Order of St Michael and St George]] (G.C.M.G.) - '''Sir''' (1946)

==References==
{{Reflist}}
* Battle For Hong Kong December 1941 by Philip Cracknell JULY 2019. {{ISBN|978-1-4456-9049-0}} Publisher AMBERLEY.

==External links==
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20050924222050/http://heddamorrison.com/hm/hk46_47.html Hong Kong Photo 1946–1947 by Hedda Morrison]

{{s-start}}
{{s-gov}}
{{succession box|
before=Sir [[John Robert Chancellor]]|
title=[[High Commissioners of Palestine|High Commissioner of Palestine]] [[High Commissioner for Trans-Jordan]]|
years=1931–1932 (acting)|
after=Sir [[Arthur Grenfell Wauchope]]
}}
{{succession box|
title=[[Governor of Barbados]]|
before=[[Harry Scott Newlands]]|
after=[[Eubule Waddington|Sir Eubule John Waddington]]|
years=1933–1938}}
{{succession box|
title=Governor of [[Tanganyika Territory]]|
before=[[Harold MacMichael|Harold Alfred MacMichael]]|
after=[[Wilfrid Edward Francis Jackson]]|
years=1938–1941}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Geoffry Northcote|Sir Geoffry Northcote]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Governor of Hong Kong]]|years=1941}}
{{s-aft|after= [[Takashi Sakai]] and [[Masaichi Niimi]]|as=Governor-General of Hong Kong [[Japanese occupation of Hong Kong]]}}
{{s-bef|before=Admiral [[Cecil Harcourt|Sir Cecil Harcourt]]|as=Administrator of Hong Kong}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Governor of Hong Kong]]|years=1946–1947}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Alexander Grantham|Sir Alexander Grantham]]}}
{{s-end}}

{{Governors of Barbados|state=collapsed}}
{{Governor of Hong Kong}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Young, Mark Aitchison}}
[[Category:1886 births]]
[[Category:1974 deaths]]
[[Category:Military personnel of British India]]
[[Category:Governors of Hong Kong]]
[[Category:Governors of Barbados]]
[[Category:British High Commissioners of Palestine]]
[[Category:British Army personnel of World War I]]
[[Category:Rifle Brigade officers]]
[[Category:World War II political leaders]]
[[Category:History of Hong Kong]]
[[Category:Battle of Hong Kong]]
[[Category:Hong Kong people of World War II]]
[[Category:Knights Grand Cross of the Order of St Michael and St George]]
[[Category:Alumni of King's College, Cambridge]]
[[Category:Colonial Administrative Service officers]]
[[Category:Governors of Tanganyika (territory)]]
[[Category:World War II prisoners of war held by Japan]]
[[Category:Colonial Secretaries of Sierra Leone]]
[[Category:People of British Ceylon]]
[[Category:Chief Secretaries of Palestine]]

Mark Aitchison Young - Revision history

Robxgr: cleaned up content per standard format based on references

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