Maravarman Kulasekara Pandyan I - Revision history

DinahFlo5043561: reworked page for accuracy and added references based on references

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reworked page for accuracy and added references based on references

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← Older revision		Revision as of 10:37, 12 November 2021
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			{{Short description\|Pandyan king, who ruled regions of South India}}
	{{use dmy dates\|date=June 2016}}		{{use dmy dates\|date=June 2016}}
	{{Use Indian English\|date=June 2016}}		{{Use Indian English\|date=June 2016}}
	{{Infobox royalty		{{Infobox royalty
	\| dynasty = [[Pandyan]]		\| dynasty = [[Pandyan]]
	\| predecessor = [[Jatavarman Sundara Pandyan]]		\| predecessor = [[Jatavarman Sundara Pandyan]]
	\| successor =		\| successor =
	\| reign = {{circa\|1268\|1308 CE}}		\| reign = {{circa\|1268\|1308 CE}}
	}}		}}
	'''Maravarman Kulasekara Pandyan I''' ({{lang-ta\|முதலாம் மாறவர்மன் குலசேகர பாண்டியன்}}) was a [[Pandyan]] ~~king~~ who ruled regions of [[South India]] between 1268–1308 CE,<ref>Sethuraman, p124</ref> though history professor Sailendra Sen states he ruled until 1310.<ref name="sen2">{{Cite book \|last=Sen \|first=Sailendra \|title=A Textbook of Medieval Indian History \|publisher=Primus Books \|year=2013 \|isbn=978-9-38060-734-4 \|pages=45–46}}</ref> His death lead to the [[Pandyan Civil war of 1308-1323\|Pandyan Civil War]] in 1308–1323.		'''Maravarman Kulasekara Pandyan I''' ({{lang-ta\|முதலாம் மாறவர்மன் குலசேகர பாண்டியன்}}) was a [[Pandyan]] emperor who ruled regions of [[South India]] between 1268–1308 CE,<ref>Sethuraman, p124</ref> though history professor Sailendra Sen states he ruled until 1310.<ref name="sen2">{{Cite book \|last=Sen \|first=Sailendra \|title=A Textbook of Medieval Indian History \|publisher=Primus Books \|year=2013 \|isbn=978-9-38060-734-4 \|pages=45–46}}</ref> His death lead to the [[Pandyan Civil war of 1308-1323\|Pandyan Civil War]] in 1308–1323.

	==Accession and shared rule==		==Accession and shared rule==
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	==Rule, titles and patronage==		==Rule, titles and patronage==

	Kulasekaran's long rule of about four decades was one of peace and prosperity according to the foreign travelers who visited the Pandyan country during his reign. The Persian historian [[Wassaf\|Abdulla Wassaf]] of [[Shiraz]] describes the country under Kulasekaran as the most agreeable abode on earth and the most pleasant quarter of the world. He also claims that an Arab Muslim named Takiuddin Abdur Rahman, son of Muhammadut Tibi, was appointed by Kulasekara Pandyan as the prime minister and adviser. He was also bestowed with the coastal cities of [[Kulasekharapatnam]], [[Kayalpattinam]], Fitan and Mali Fitan for his services to the crown.<ref>Prashant More, p.9</ref>		Kulasekaran's long rule of about four decades was one of peace and prosperity according to the foreign travelers who visited the Pandyan country during his reign. The Persian historian [[Wassaf\|Abdulla Wassaf]] of [[Shiraz]] describes the country under Kulasekaran as the most agreeable abode on earth and the most pleasant quarter of the world. He also claims that an Arab Muslim named Takiuddin Abdur Rahman, son of Muhammadut Tibi, was appointed by Kulasekara Pandyan as the prime minister and adviser. He was also bestowed with the coastal cities of [[Kulasekharapatnam]], [[Kayalpattinam]], Fitan and Mali Fitan for his services to the crown.<ref>Prashant More, p.9</ref>

	He gifted a piece of land from his leisure park (Vasantha mandapam) to Kazi Syed Tajuddeen who came from Oman and settled in [[Madurai]]. Kazi Syed Tajuddeen constructed a mosque named [[Kazimar Big Mosque]] which is still in existence and has been managed by his male descendants continuously for 7 centuries.{{cn\|date=February 2021}}		He gifted a piece of land from his leisure park (Vasantha mandapam) to Kazi Syed Tajuddeen who came from Oman and settled in [[Madurai]]. Kazi Syed Tajuddeen constructed a mosque named [[Kazimar Big Mosque]] which is still in existence and has been managed by his male descendants continuously for 7 centuries.{{citation needed\|date=February 2021}}

	Wassaf's accounts which refer to Kulasekaran as ''Kales Dewar'' say he ruled for "forty and odd" years, "during which time neither any foreign enemy entered his country, nor any severe malady confined him to bed" and that the treasury of the city of Mardi (Madurai) had "1,200 crores of gold not counting the accumulation of precious stones such as pearls, rubies, turquoises, and emeralds."<ref>Aiyangar, P.96</ref> The term "crore" here means a "hundred thousand" as per the now-defunct Persian number system.<ref>~~http~~://~~webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?q=cache:PAS76vQ4KUsJ:~~www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-editorialfeatures/when-coffers-were-replete-with-wealth/article4027024.ece~~+&cd~~=~~1&hl~~=~~en&ct=clnk&gl=in~~</ref> It must be mentioned that Wassaf himself never visited any part of India and is generally considered an unreliable source by scholars.<ref>https://books.google.com/books?id=wYUSAAAAIAAJ ~~Page~~ 531</ref> The [[Mahavamsa]], while describing the Pandyan plunder of the tooth relic, describes Kulasekaran as "like a sun expanding the lotus-like race of the great Pandyan kings."<ref>Aiyangar, P.58</ref>		Wassaf's accounts which refer to Kulasekaran as ''Kales Dewar'' say he ruled for "forty and odd" years, "during which time neither any foreign enemy entered his country, nor any severe malady confined him to bed" and that the treasury of the city of Mardi (Madurai) had "1,200 crores of gold not counting the accumulation of precious stones such as pearls, rubies, turquoises, and emeralds."<ref>Aiyangar, P.96</ref> The term "crore" here means a "hundred thousand" as per the now-defunct Persian number system.<ref>{{Cite web \|last=Annamalai \|first=S. \|date=24 October 2012 \|title=When coffers were replete with wealth \|url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-editorialfeatures/when-coffers-were-replete-with-wealth/article4027024.ece \|access-date=9 October 2021 \|website=The Hindu}}</ref> It must be mentioned that Wassaf himself never visited any part of India and is generally considered an unreliable source by scholars.<ref>{{Cite journal \|last1=Pickthall \|first1=M.W. \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wYUSAAAAIAAJ \|title=Islamic Culture \|last2=Asad \|first2=M. \|journal=Islamic Culture : An English Quarterly \|publisher=Islamic Culture Board \|year=1928 \|pages=531 \|issn=0021-1834 \|access-date=9 October 2021 \|issue=v. 2}}</ref> The [[Mahavamsa]], while describing the Pandyan plunder of the tooth relic, describes Kulasekaran as "like a sun expanding the lotus-like race of the great Pandyan kings."<ref>Aiyangar, P.58</ref>

	[[Marco Polo]] visited the Pandyan country during his reign and wrote about the wealth and social customs of Pandyan people. His accounts refer to Kulasekaran as ''Asciar'' or ''Ashcar''. Marco Polo describes the Pandyan port city of Kulasekharapatnam as "it is at this city that all the ships touch that come from the west, as from Hormos and from Kis and from Aden, and all Arabia, laden with horses and with other things for sale." Lighthouses can still be seen along the shore which were used to direct ships. In Kulsekarapatnam, small ships known as ''dhoni'' operated until 1965. Kulasekharapatnam still has a light house near [[Manapad]], leading to the conclusion that the place Marco Polo mentioned is Kulasekharapatnam''.<ref>Aiyangar, P.55</ref> ''He also wrote about the pearl fisheries, horse trade, [[Sati (practice)\|sati]] and [[devadasi]]s. Also in Kulasekharapatnam now even called [[Rowther\|Rawthar]] Paalyam that a part of it, [[Rowther\|Rawthar]] a section of Muslim called like that their cavalry and trade with horses.{{Clarify\|date=April 2021}} Kulasekarapatnam has a Muslim population known as [[Marakkar]]s who came from Kerala and were traders. It is said that [[Kunhali Marakkar]] or [[Kunjali Marakkar]]'s family came from Kerala. <ref>KA Nilakanta Sastri, P.202-03</ref>		[[Marco Polo]] visited the Pandyan country during his reign and wrote about the wealth and social customs of Pandyan people. His accounts refer to Kulasekaran as ''Asciar'' or ''Ashcar''. Marco Polo describes the Pandyan port city of Kulasekharapatnam as "it is at this city that all the ships touch that come from the west, as from Hormos and from Kis and from Aden, and all Arabia, laden with horses and with other things for sale." Lighthouses can still be seen along the shore which were used to direct ships. In Kulsekarapatnam, small ships known as ''dhoni'' operated until 1965. Kulasekharapatnam still has a light house near [[Manapad]], leading to the conclusion that the place Marco Polo mentioned is Kulasekharapatnam''.<ref>Aiyangar, P.55</ref> ''He also wrote about the pearl fisheries, horse trade, [[Sati (practice)\|sati]] and [[devadasi]]s. Also in Kulasekharapatnam now even called [[Rowther\|Rawthar]] Paalyam that a part of it, [[Rowther\|Rawthar]] a section of Muslim called like that their cavalry and trade with horses.{{Clarify\|date=April 2021}} Kulasekarapatnam has a Muslim population known as [[Marakkar]]s who came from Kerala and were traders. It is said that [[Kunhali Marakkar]] or [[Kunjali Marakkar]]'s family came from Kerala.<ref>KA Nilakanta Sastri, P.202-03</ref>

	Kulasekaran built the Manivanneswaram aka [[Masilamaninathar temple, Tharangambadi\|Masilamaninathar]] temple in [[Tharangambadi]].~~<ref>[http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/thscrip/print.pl?file=2007112560290600.htm&date=2007/11/25/&prd=th& Tarangampadi shore temple awaits renovation ]~~{{~~Dead link~~\|date=~~March 2020 \|bot=InternetArchiveBot \|fix-attempted=yes~~ }}~~</ref>~~ He also built the outer wall of the [[Thirunelveli]] Nellaiappar temple. He was given the titles of {{Lang\|~~tam~~\|Kollamkondan}} ({{lang-ta\|கொல்லம் கொண்டான்}})<ref>Narasayya, p44</ref> meaning "Conqueror of [[Kollam]]" and {{Lang\|~~tam~~\|Konerinmaikondan}} ({{lang-ta\|கோ நேர் இன்மை கொண்டான்}}) meaning "King without equal".<ref>Aiyangar P.56</ref> Except for the Alwar Thirunagari inscription, all of Kulasekaran's inscriptions do not contain any [[Meikeerthi]]. The Alwar Thirunagari inscription from his fourth year of reign (1272 CE) praises him as {{Lang\|~~tam~~\|Sri Ko Maravanman Thiribhuvana Chakravarthi Sri Kulasekaran}} ({{lang-ta\| ஸ்ரீ கோ மாறவன்மரான திரிபுவன சக்கரவர்த்திகள் ஸ்ரீ குலசேகரன்}}).<ref>Aiyangar, P.222-223</ref>		Kulasekaran built the Manivanneswaram aka [[Masilamaninathar temple, Tharangambadi\|Masilamaninathar]] temple in [[Tharangambadi]].{{fact\|date=October 2021}} He also built the outer wall of the [[Thirunelveli]] Nellaiappar temple. He was given the titles of {{Lang\|ta-Latn\|Kollamkondan}} ({{lang-ta\|கொல்லம் கொண்டான்}})<ref>Narasayya, p44</ref> meaning "Conqueror of [[Kollam]]" and {{Lang\|ta-Latn\|Konerinmaikondan}} ({{lang-ta\|கோ நேர் இன்மை கொண்டான்}}) meaning "King without equal".<ref>Aiyangar P.56</ref> Except for the Alwar Thirunagari inscription, all of Kulasekaran's inscriptions do not contain any [[Meikeerthi]]. The Alwar Thirunagari inscription from his fourth year of reign (1272 CE) praises him as {{Lang\|ta-Latn\|Sri Ko Maravanman Thiribhuvana Chakravarthi Sri Kulasekaran}} ({{lang-ta\| ஸ்ரீ கோ மாறவன்மரான திரிபுவன சக்கரவர்த்திகள் ஸ்ரீ குலசேகரன்}}).<ref>Aiyangar, P.222-223</ref>

	==Death and civil war==		==Death and civil war==
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	==Notes==		==Notes==
	{{reflist\|2}}		{{reflist}}

	==References==		==References==
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	* {{cite book \| last= Narasayya\| year=2009 \| title= Aalavaai: Madurai Maanagarathin Kadhai \|edition= Hardback\| publisher= Palaniappa Brothers\| location= India\| isbn=978-81-8379-517-3 }}		* {{cite book \| last= Narasayya\| year=2009 \| title= Aalavaai: Madurai Maanagarathin Kadhai \|edition= Hardback\| publisher= Palaniappa Brothers\| location= India\| isbn=978-81-8379-517-3 }}
	*{{cite book \| last = Kunarasa \| first = K		*{{cite book \| last = Kunarasa \| first = K
	\| title = The Jaffna Dynasty \| publisher = Dynasty of Jaffna King’s Historical Society \| year= 2003		\| title = The Jaffna Dynasty \| publisher = Dynasty of Jaffna King’s Historical Society \| year =2003
	\| location = [[Johor Bahru]] \| isbn = 955-8455-00-8 \| page = 122}}		\| location = [[Johor Bahru]] \| isbn = 955-8455-00-8 \| page = 122}}

imported>Gsarunk: /* Rule, titles and patronage */ added the actual and current name of the temple

2021-05-25T03:38:25Z

Rule, titles and patronage: added the actual and current name of the temple

New page

{{use dmy dates|date=June 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2016}}
{{Infobox royalty
| dynasty = [[Pandyan]]
| predecessor = [[Jatavarman Sundara Pandyan]]
| successor =
| reign = {{circa|1268|1308 CE}}
}}
'''Maravarman Kulasekara Pandyan I''' ({{lang-ta|முதலாம் மாறவர்மன் குலசேகர பாண்டியன்}}) was a [[Pandyan]] king who ruled regions of [[South India]] between 1268–1308 CE,<ref>Sethuraman, p124</ref> though history professor Sailendra Sen states he ruled until 1310.<ref name="sen2">{{Cite book |last=Sen |first=Sailendra |title=A Textbook of Medieval Indian History |publisher=Primus Books |year=2013 |isbn=978-9-38060-734-4 |pages=45–46}}</ref> His death lead to the [[Pandyan Civil war of 1308-1323|Pandyan Civil War]] in 1308–1323.

==Accession and shared rule==
Kulasekara Pandyan I acceded to the Pandyan throne in the year 1268 CE after his father [[Jatavarman Sundara Pandyan I]]. During the middle part of the 13th century, the kingdom was ruled by many princes of the royal line. This practice of shared rule with one prince asserting primacy was common in the Pandyan Kingdom.<ref>KA Nilakanta Sastri, p196</ref> The other princes of the royal family with whom he shared his rule were Jatavarman Vira Pandyan I (1253-1275 CE), his brother Maravarman Vikkiraman III (acceded 1283 CE) and Jatavarman Sundara Pandyan II (acceded 1277 CE).<ref>Narasayya, p41</ref> [[Marco Polo]] refers to him as the "eldest of five brother kings".<ref>Aiyangar, P.65</ref>

==Conquests==

===Wars against Cholas and Hoysalas===
Kulasekara Pandyan presided over the second Pandyan empire at its height of power and extension. He warred against the [[Hoysala]]s under Ramanatha and the [[Chola]]s under [[Rajendra Chola III]]. He defeated them both in 1279 CE and ended the three century long [[Chola]] rule. The defeat of Ramanatha ended the Hoysala control of Tamil Nadu. He also fought a war in the kingdom of [[Venad]] in southernmost [[Kerala]], and captured [[Kollam]].<ref>KA Nilakanta Sastri, p197</ref>

===Invasion of Sri Lanka===
Kulasekara Pandyan sent an expedition to [[Sri Lanka]] under his minister [[Kulasekara Cinkaiariyan]] [[Aryacakravarti]] in the late 1270s, defeating [[Savakanmaindan]], a tributary to the Pandyans on the [[Jaffna kingdom]]. This expedition plundered the fortress of Subhagiri ([[Yapahuwa]]) and returned with the [[Relic of the tooth of the Buddha]].<ref>Kunarasa, p.66</ref> This expedition took place near the end of the Sri Lankan king [[Bhuvanaikabahu I of Dambadeniya|Bhuvanaikabâhu I]]'s reign (1272-1285 CE). Bhuvanaika Bahu's successor [[Parakramabahu III of Dambadeniya|Parâkkamabâhu III]] went on a personal embassy to Kulasekaran's court and persuaded him to return the relic. [[Sri Lanka]] was under Pandyan [[suzerainty]] for the next twenty years and only regained its independence during the Pandyan Civil war of 1308-1323 that followed Kulasekaran's death.<ref>KA Nilakanta Sastri, p197</ref>

==Rule, titles and patronage==

Kulasekaran's long rule of about four decades was one of peace and prosperity according to the foreign travelers who visited the Pandyan country during his reign. The Persian historian [[Wassaf|Abdulla Wassaf]] of [[Shiraz]] describes the country under Kulasekaran as the most agreeable abode on earth and the most pleasant quarter of the world. He also claims that an Arab Muslim named Takiuddin Abdur Rahman, son of Muhammadut Tibi, was appointed by Kulasekara Pandyan as the prime minister and adviser. He was also bestowed with the coastal cities of [[Kulasekharapatnam]], [[Kayalpattinam]], Fitan and Mali Fitan for his services to the crown.<ref>Prashant More, p.9</ref>

He gifted a piece of land from his leisure park (Vasantha mandapam) to Kazi Syed Tajuddeen who came from Oman and settled in [[Madurai]]. Kazi Syed Tajuddeen constructed a mosque named [[Kazimar Big Mosque]] which is still in existence and has been managed by his male descendants continuously for 7 centuries.{{cn|date=February 2021}}

Wassaf's accounts which refer to Kulasekaran as ''Kales Dewar'' say he ruled for "forty and odd" years, "during which time neither any foreign enemy entered his country, nor any severe malady confined him to bed" and that the treasury of the city of Mardi (Madurai) had "1,200 crores of gold not counting the accumulation of precious stones such as pearls, rubies, turquoises, and emeralds."<ref>Aiyangar, P.96</ref> The term "crore" here means a "hundred thousand" as per the now-defunct Persian number system.<ref>http://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?q=cache:PAS76vQ4KUsJ:www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-editorialfeatures/when-coffers-were-replete-with-wealth/article4027024.ece+&cd=1&hl=en&ct=clnk&gl=in</ref> It must be mentioned that Wassaf himself never visited any part of India and is generally considered an unreliable source by scholars.<ref>https://books.google.com/books?id=wYUSAAAAIAAJ Page 531</ref> The [[Mahavamsa]], while describing the Pandyan plunder of the tooth relic, describes Kulasekaran as "like a sun expanding the lotus-like race of the great Pandyan kings."<ref>Aiyangar, P.58</ref>

[[Marco Polo]] visited the Pandyan country during his reign and wrote about the wealth and social customs of Pandyan people. His accounts refer to Kulasekaran as ''Asciar'' or ''Ashcar''. Marco Polo describes the Pandyan port city of Kulasekharapatnam as "it is at this city that all the ships touch that come from the west, as from Hormos and from Kis and from Aden, and all Arabia, laden with horses and with other things for sale." Lighthouses can still be seen along the shore which were used to direct ships. In Kulsekarapatnam, small ships known as ''dhoni'' operated until 1965. Kulasekharapatnam still has a light house near [[Manapad]], leading to the conclusion that the place Marco Polo mentioned is Kulasekharapatnam''.<ref>Aiyangar, P.55</ref> ''He also wrote about the pearl fisheries, horse trade, [[Sati (practice)|sati]] and [[devadasi]]s. Also in Kulasekharapatnam now even called [[Rowther|Rawthar]] Paalyam that a part of it, [[Rowther|Rawthar]] a section of Muslim called like that their cavalry and trade with horses.{{Clarify|date=April 2021}} Kulasekarapatnam has a Muslim population known as [[Marakkar]]s who came from Kerala and were traders. It is said that [[Kunhali Marakkar]] or [[Kunjali Marakkar]]'s family came from Kerala. <ref>KA Nilakanta Sastri, P.202-03</ref>

Kulasekaran built the Manivanneswaram aka [[Masilamaninathar temple, Tharangambadi|Masilamaninathar]] temple in [[Tharangambadi]].<ref>[http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/thscrip/print.pl?file=2007112560290600.htm&date=2007/11/25/&prd=th& Tarangampadi shore temple awaits renovation ]{{Dead link|date=March 2020 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> He also built the outer wall of the [[Thirunelveli]] Nellaiappar temple. He was given the titles of {{Lang|tam|Kollamkondan}} ({{lang-ta|கொல்லம் கொண்டான்}})<ref>Narasayya, p44</ref> meaning "Conqueror of [[Kollam]]" and {{Lang|tam|Konerinmaikondan}} ({{lang-ta|கோ நேர் இன்மை கொண்டான்}}) meaning "King without equal".<ref>Aiyangar P.56</ref> Except for the Alwar Thirunagari inscription, all of Kulasekaran's inscriptions do not contain any [[Meikeerthi]]. The Alwar Thirunagari inscription from his fourth year of reign (1272 CE) praises him as {{Lang|tam|Sri Ko Maravanman Thiribhuvana Chakravarthi Sri Kulasekaran}} ({{lang-ta| ஸ்ரீ கோ மாறவன்மரான திரிபுவன சக்கரவர்த்திகள் ஸ்ரீ குலசேகரன்}}).<ref>Aiyangar, P.222-223</ref>

==Death and civil war==
The death of Kulasekara Pandyan I occurred in 1308 CE, a conflict stemming from succession disputes amongst his sons, Jatavarman Sundara Pandyan III, the legitimate and younger son and Jatavarman Veera Pandyan II, the illegitimate older son who was favoured by the king. Accounts from Muslim historians Wassaf and [[Amir Khusrow]] say he was killed by Jatavarman Sundara Pandyan III in 1310 CE.<ref>Aiyangar, p.97</ref> This led to the protracted Pandyan Civil War of 1308–1323.

==Notes==
{{reflist|2}}

==References==

* {{cite book | first= KA Nilakanta| last= Sastri| orig-year=1955 | year= 2005| title= A History of South India |edition= Paperback | publisher= Oxford University Press| location= India| isbn= 0-19-560686-8}}
* {{cite book | first= N| last= Sethuraman| year=1978| title= The imperial Pandyas: Mathematics reconstructs the chronology | publisher= Kumbakonam| location= India}}
* {{cite book | last= Narasayya| year=2009 | title= Aalavaai: Madurai Maanagarathin Kadhai |edition= Hardback| publisher= Palaniappa Brothers| location= India| isbn=978-81-8379-517-3 }}
*{{cite book | last = Kunarasa | first = K
| title = The Jaffna Dynasty | publisher = Dynasty of Jaffna King’s Historical Society | year= 2003
| location = [[Johor Bahru]] | isbn = 955-8455-00-8 | page = 122}}

* {{cite book|title=South India and her Muhammadan Invaders|url=https://archive.org/details/cu31924024066742|last=Aiyangar|first=Sakkottai Krishnaswami|author-link=S. Krishnaswami Aiyangar|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=1921|ref=Aiyangar}}
* {{cite book|title=Muslim Identity, Print Culture and the Dravidian Factor in Tamil Nadu|last=More |first=JB Prashanth|publisher=Orient Longman |year=2004 |isbn=81-250-2632-0|ref=jpbmore}}

{{S-start}}
{{Succession box|title=[[Pandya]]|before=[[Jatavarman Sundara Pandyan I]]|after=Pandyan Civil war of 1308-1323 |years=1268–1308}}
{{s-end}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kulasekara Pandyan I}}
[[Category:Pandyan kings]]
[[Category:Tamil history]]
[[Category:1308 deaths]]
[[Category:Year of birth unknown]]
[[Category:13th-century Indian monarchs]]
[[Category:14th-century Indian monarchs]]