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Undid revision 1027674431 by 137.205.1.65 (talk) uncited

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{{selfref|For assistance with IPA transcriptions of Marathi for Wikipedia articles, see [[Help:IPA/Marathi]].}}
{{IPA notice}}
{{Contains special characters|Indic}}

The [[phoneme]] inventory of the '''[[Marathi language]]''' is similar to that of many other [[Indo-Aryan languages]]. An [[International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]] chart of all contrastive sounds in Marathi is provided below.

== Vowels ==
Vowels in native words are:

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|+ Vowels
! || Front || Central || Back
|-
! High
| {{IPA|i iː}} || || {{IPA|u uː}}
|-
! Mid
| {{IPA|e}} || {{IPA|ə}} || {{IPA|o}}
|-
! Low
| || {{IPA|aː}} ||
|}

There are no nasal vowels.

Like other [[Abugida|alphasyllabaries]], Devanagari writes out syllables by adding vowel [[diacritic]]s to consonant bases. The table below includes all the vowel symbols used in Marathi, along with a transliteration of each sound into [[Latin script]] and [[International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]].

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|-
! Devanagari !! Transliterated !! IPA !! Pronunciation
|-
| अ || a || {{IPA|/ə/}} || {{Multi-listen item small|filename=MRv01-a.ogg|title=a|description=|format=[[Ogg]]}}
|-
| आ || ā || {{IPA|/aː/}} || {{Multi-listen item small|filename=MRv02-aa.ogg|title=aa|description=|format=[[Ogg]]}}
|-
| इ || i || {{IPA|/i/}} || {{Multi-listen item small|filename=MRv03-i.ogg|title=i|description=|format=[[Ogg]]}}
|-
| ई || ī || {{IPA|/iː/}} || {{Multi-listen item small|filename=MRv04-ee.ogg|title=ee|description=|format=[[Ogg]]}}
|-
| उ || u || {{IPA|/u/}} || {{Multi-listen item small|filename=MRv05-u.ogg|title=u|description=|format=[[Ogg]]}}
|-
| ऊ || ū || {{IPA|/uː/}} || {{Multi-listen item small|filename=MRv06-oo.ogg|title=oo|description=|format=[[Ogg]]}}
|-
| ऋ || ṛ || {{IPA|/ru/}} || {{Multi-listen item small|filename=MRv13-ru.ogg|title=ru|description=|format=[[Ogg]]}}
|-
| ए || e || {{IPA|/e/}} || {{Multi-listen item small|filename=MRv07-e.ogg|title=a|description=|format=[[Ogg]]}}
|-
| ऐ || ai || {{IPA|/əi/}} || {{Multi-listen item small|filename=MRv08-aii.ogg|title=aii|description=|format=[[Ogg]]}}
|-
| ओ || o || {{IPA|/o/}} || {{Multi-listen item small|filename=MRv09-o.ogg|title=o|description=|format=[[Ogg]]}}
|-
| औ || au || {{IPA|/əu/}} || {{Multi-listen item small|filename=MRv10-ouu.ogg|title=ouu|description=|format=[[Ogg]]}}
|-
| अं || aṃ || {{IPA|/əm/}} || {{Multi-listen item small|filename=MRv11-um.ogg|title=um|description=|format=[[Ogg]]}}
|-
| अः || aḥ || {{IPA|/əɦə/}} || {{Multi-listen item small|filename=MRv12-aha.ogg|title=aha|description=|format=[[Ogg]]}}
|}
Marathi furthermore contrasts {{ipa|/əi, əu/}} with {{ipa|/ai, au/}}.

There are two more vowels in Marathi to denote the pronunciations of English words such as of {{IPA|/æ/}} in ''act'' and {{IPA|/ɔ/}} in ''all''. These are written as {{angbr|अ‍ॅ}} and {{angbr|ऑ}}.

Marathi retains several features of Sanskrit that have been lost in north-Indian Sanskrit-based languages such as Hindi and Bengali, especially in terms of pronunciation of vowels and consonants. For instance, Marathi retains the original Sanskrit pronunciation of {{angbr|अं}} {{IPA|[əⁿ]}}, {{angbr|ऐ}} {{IPA|[əi]}}, and {{angbr|औ}} {{IPA|[əu]}}. However, as was done in Gujarati, Marathi speakers tend to pronounce ऋ {{IAST|ṛ}} somewhat similar to {{IPA|[ru]}}, unlike most other Indic languages which changed it to {{IPA|[ri]}} (e.g. the original Sanskrit pronunciation of the language's name was ''{{IAST|saṃskṛtam}}'', while in day-to-day Marathi and Gujarati it is ''{{IAST|saṃskrut}}''. In other Indic languages, it is closer to ''{{IAST|sanskrit}}''). Spoken Marathi allows for conservative stress patterns in words like राम (''rama'') with an emphasis on the ending vowel sound, a feature that has been lost in Hindi.

== Consonants ==
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|+ Consonants<ref>Colin Masica, 1991, ''The Indo-Aryan Languages''</ref>
! colspan="2" |
! [[Labial consonant|Labial]]
! [[Dental consonant|Dental]]/ [[Alveolar consonant|Alveolar]]
! [[Retroflex consonant|Retroflex]]
! [[Palatal consonant|Palatal]]
! [[Velar consonant|Velar]]
! [[Glottal consonant|Glottal]]
|-
! rowspan="2" | [[Nasal consonant|Nasal]]
! plain
| {{IPA link|m}}
| {{IPA link|n̪|n}}
| {{IPA link|ɳ}}
| ({{IPA link|ɲ}})
| ({{IPA link|ŋ}})
|
|-
! murmured
| {{IPA|mʱ}}
| {{IPA|nʱ}}
| {{IPA|ɳʱ}}
|
|
|
|-
! rowspan="4" | [[Stop consonant|Stop]]
! voiceless
| {{IPA link|p}}
| {{IPA link|t̪|t}}
| {{IPA link|ʈ}}
| {{IPA link|tɕ}}
| {{IPA link|k}}
|
|-
! [[aspiration (phonetics)|aspirated]]
| {{IPA|pʰ}}~{{IPA|f}}
| {{IPA|tʰ}}
| {{IPA|ʈʰ}}
| {{IPA|tɕʰ}}
| {{IPA|kʰ}}
|
|-
! voiced
| {{IPA link|b}}
| {{IPA link|d̪|d}}
| {{IPA link|ɖ}}
| {{IPA link|dʑ}}
| {{IPA link|ɡ}}
|
|-
! murmured
| {{IPA|bʱ}}~{{IPA|v}}
| {{IPA|dʱ}}
| {{IPA|ɖʱ}}
| {{IPA|dʑʱ}}
| {{IPA|ɡʱ}}
|
|-
! colspan="2" | [[Fricative consonant|Fricative]]
|
| {{IPA link|s}}
| {{IPA link|ʂ}}
| {{IPA link|ɕ}}
|
| {{IPA link|ɦ}}
|-
! rowspan="2" | [[Approximant consonant|Approximant]]
! plain
| {{IPA link|ʋ}}
| {{IPA link|l}}
| 
| {{IPA link|j}}
|
|
|-
! murmured
| {{IPA|ʋʱ}}
| {{IPA|lʱ}}
|
| ({{IPA|jʱ}})<ref>In Kudali dialect</ref>
|
|
|-
! rowspan="2" | [[Flap consonant|Flap]]/[[Trill consonant|Trill]]
! plain
|
| {{IPA link|ɾ}}~{{IPA link|r}}
| {{IPA link|ɭ̆}}
|
|
|
|-
! murmured
|
| {{IPA|ɾʱ~rʱ}}
|
|
|
|
|}

The table below includes all the consonant bases onto which vowel diacritics are placed. The lack of a vowel diacritic can either indicate the lack of a vowel, or the existence of the default, or "inherent", vowel, which in the case of Marathi is the [[schwa]].

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
! | क || ख || ग || घ || ङ ||
|-
| ka {{IPA|/kə/}}{{Multi-listen item small|filename=MR01-ka.ogg|title=ka|description=|format=[[Ogg]]}}
| kha {{IPA|/kʰə/}}{{Multi-listen item small|filename=MR02-kha.ogg|title=kha|description=|format=[[Ogg]]}}
| ga {{IPA|/ɡə/}}{{Multi-listen item small|filename=MR03-ga.ogg|title=ga|description=|format=[[Ogg]]}}
| gha {{IPA|/ɡʱə/}}{{Multi-listen item small|filename=MR04-gha.ogg|title=gha|description=|format=[[Ogg]]}}
| {{IAST|ṅa}} ({{IPA|/ŋə/}}){{Multi-listen item small|filename=MR05-nga.ogg|title=nga|description=|format=[[Ogg]]}}
|
|-
! | च || छ || ज || झ || ञ ||
|-
| ca {{IPA|/tɕə/}} {{Multi-listen item small|filename=MR06-cha.ogg|title=cha|description=|format=[[Ogg]]}}
| cha {{IPA|/tɕʰə/}} {{Multi-listen item small|filename=MR07-chha.ogg|title=chha|description=|format=[[Ogg]]}}
| ja {{IPA|/dʑə/}} {{Multi-listen item small|filename=MR08-ja.ogg|title=ja|description=|format=[[Ogg]]}}
| jha {{IPA|/dʑʱə/}} {{Multi-listen item small|filename=MR09-jha.ogg|title=jha|description=|format=[[Ogg]]}}
| ña ({{IPA|/ɲə/}}){{Multi-listen item small|filename=MR10-nya.ogg|title=nya|description=|format=[[Ogg]]}}
|
|-
! | ट || ठ || ड || ढ || ण ||
|-
| {{IAST|ṭa}} {{IPA|/ʈə/}} {{Multi-listen item small|filename=MR11-Ta.ogg|title=Ta|description=|format=[[Ogg]]}}
| {{IAST|ṭha}} {{IPA|/ʈʰə/}} {{Multi-listen item small|filename=MR12-Tha.ogg|title=Tha|description=|format=[[Ogg]]}}
| {{IAST|ḍa}} {{IPA|/ɖə/}} {{Multi-listen item small|filename=MR13-Da.ogg|title=Da|description=|format=[[Ogg]]}}
| {{IAST|ḍha}} {{IPA|/ɖʱə/}} {{Multi-listen item small|filename=MR14-Dha.ogg|title=Dha|description=|format=[[Ogg]]}}
| {{IAST|ṇa}} {{IPA|/ɳə/}}{{Multi-listen item small|filename=MR15-Na.ogg|title=Na|description=|format=[[Ogg]]}}
|
|-
! | त || थ || द || ध || न ||
|-
| ta {{IPA|/tə/}} {{Multi-listen item small|filename=MR16-ta.ogg|title=ta|description=|format=[[Ogg]]}}
| tha {{IPA|/tʰə/}} {{Multi-listen item small|filename=MR17-tha.ogg|title=tha|description=|format=[[Ogg]]}}
| da {{IPA|/də/}} {{Multi-listen item small|filename=MR18-da.ogg|title=da|description=|format=[[Ogg]]}}
| dha {{IPA|/dʱə/}} {{Multi-listen item small|filename=MR19-dha.ogg|title=dha|description=|format=[[Ogg]]}}
| na {{IPA|/nə/}}{{Multi-listen item small|filename=MR20-na.ogg|title=na|description=|format=[[Ogg]]}}
|
|-
! | प || फ || ब || भ || म ||
|-
| pa {{IPA|/pə/}} {{Multi-listen item small|filename=MR21-pa.ogg|title=pa|description=|format=[[Ogg]]}}
| pha {{IPA|/pʰə/}} or {{IPA|/fə/}} {{Multi-listen item small|filename=MR22-pha.ogg|title=pha|description=|format=[[Ogg]]}}
| ba {{IPA|/bə/}} {{Multi-listen item small|filename=MR23-ba.ogg|title=ba|description=|format=[[Ogg]]}}
| bha {{IPA|/bʱə/}} or {{IPA|/və/}} {{Multi-listen item small|filename=MR24-bha.ogg|title=bha|description=|format=[[Ogg]]}}
| ma {{IPA|/mə/}}{{Multi-listen item small|filename=MR25-ma.ogg|title=ma|description=|format=[[Ogg]]}}
|
|-
! | य || र || ल || व || श ||
|-
| ya {{IPA|/jə/}} {{Multi-listen item small|filename=MR26-ya.ogg|title=ya|description=|format=[[Ogg]]}}
| ra {{IPA|/rə/}}{{Multi-listen item small|filename=MR27-ra.ogg|title=ra|description=|format=[[Ogg]]}}
| la {{IPA|/lə/}} {{Multi-listen item small|filename=MR28-la.ogg|title=la|description=|format=[[Ogg]]}}
| va {{IPA|/ʋə/}}{{Multi-listen item small|filename=MR29-wa.ogg|title=wa|description=|format=[[Ogg]]}}
| śa {{IPA|/ʃə/}} {{Multi-listen item small|filename=MR30-sha.ogg|title=sha|description=|format=[[Ogg]]}}
|
|-
! | ष || स || ह || ळ || क्ष || ज्ञ
|-
| {{IAST|ṣa}} {{IPA|/ʂə/}}{{Multi-listen item small|filename=MR31-sha2.ogg|title=sha|description=|format=[[Ogg]]}}
| sa {{IPA|/sə/}} {{Multi-listen item small|filename=MR32-sa.ogg|title=sa|description=|format=[[Ogg]]}}
| ha {{IPA|/ɦə/}} {{Multi-listen item small|filename=MR33-ha.ogg|title=ha|description=|format=[[Ogg]]}}
| {{IAST|ḷa}} {{IPA|/ɭə/}} {{Multi-listen item small|filename=MR34-La.ogg|title=La|description=|format=[[Ogg]]}}
| {{IAST|kṣa}} {{IPA|/kɕə/}}{{Multi-listen item small|filename=MR35-ksha.ogg|title=ksha|description=|format=[[Ogg]]}}
| jña {{IPA|/ɡɲə/}}{{Multi-listen item small|filename=MR36-dnya.ogg|title=dnya|description=|format=[[Ogg]]}}
|}

A defining feature of the Marathi language is the frequent substitution of the consonant ल (la) in Sanskrit words with the [[retroflex lateral flap]] ळ ({{IAST|ḷa}}). For instance, कुळ (''{{IAST|kuḷa}}'') for the Sanskrit कुलम् (''kulam'' 'clan') and कमळ (''{{IAST|kamaḷ}}'') for Sanskrit कमलम् (''kamalam'' 'lotus'). ळ is possibly an import in Marathi from Dravidian languages, although it may also have originated from [[Vedic Sanskrit]].

=== Example of consonant–vowel combination ===
The combination of the vowels with the k-series
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
! Script || Pronunciation (IPA)
|-
| क || {{IPA|/kə/}}
|-
| का || {{IPA|/kaː/}}
|-
| कि || {{IPA|/ki/}}
|-
| की || {{IPA|/kiː/}}
|-
| कु || {{IPA|/ku/}}
|-
| कू || {{IPA|/kuː/}}
|-
| कृ || {{IPA|/kru/}}
|-
| के || {{IPA|/ke/}}
|-
| कै || {{IPA|/kəi̯/}}
|-
| को || {{IPA|/ko/}}
|-
| कौ || {{IPA|/kəu̯/}}
|-
| कं || {{IPA|/kəm/}}
|-
| कः || {{IPA|/kəɦ(ə)/}}
|}

== Consonant clusters ==
In Marathi, the consonants by default come with a [[schwa]]. Therefore, तयाचे will be <nowiki>'təyāce'</nowiki>, not <nowiki>'tyāce'</nowiki>. To form <nowiki>'tyāce'</nowiki>, one should add त् to याचे, which would yield त्याचे.

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* [http://www.nvtc.gov/lotw/months/february/marathi.html#stru Marathi language sounds]
{{Language phonologies}}
{{Marathi language topics}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Marathi Phonology}}
[[Category:Marathi language|*]]
[[Category:Indo-Aryan phonologies]]

Marathi phonology - Revision history

imported>Fdom5997: Undid revision 1027674431 by 137.205.1.65 (talk) uncited