Maratha–Mysore War - Revision history

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	\| name = ~~Maratha-Mysore War~~		\| name = Battle Of Sira and Madgiri
	\| date = 1785-1787		\| date = 1785-1787
	\| place = [[Deccan]]		\| place = [[Deccan]]

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{{short description|18th century conflict between the Maratha Empire and the Kingdom of Mysore}}
{{Content|date=July 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2017}}
{{Refimprove|date=August 2021}}
{{infobox military conflict
| name = Maratha-Mysore War
| date = 1785-1787
| place = [[Deccan]]
| result = Mysore victory
| combatant1 = [[File:Flag of the Maratha Empire.svg|border|22px]] [[Maratha Empire]]
| combatant2 = {{flagicon image|Flag of Mysore.svg}}[[Kingdom of Mysore]]
| commander1 = [[Hari Pant]]<br>Kolapant Pethe<br>Vyankatrao Bhave<br>Mushir-ul-Mulk
| commander2 = [[Tipu Sultan]]
| strength1 = 40,000 [[soldiers]]
| strength2 = 70,000-80,000 [[soldiers]]
| conflict = Conflict between Marathas and Mysore
}}
The '''Maratha–Mysore Wars''' was a conflict in the 18th century [[India]], between the [[Maratha Empire]] and the [[Kingdom of Mysore]]. Though initial hostilities between the sides started in [[1770s]], the actual warfare began on February 1785 and ended in 1787.<ref> https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/South_Asian_History_1750_1950/SgnWCgAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=%22Maratha%E2%80%93Mysore+War%22+-wikipedia&pg=PA37&printsec=frontcover </ref> It is widely believed that the war broke out as a result of the desire of the ever-expanding Marathas to recover lost territories from the state of Mysore.

== Situation on the Indian subcontinent in the 18th century ==

18th century saw a steady decline of once a dominant power on the whole subcontinent – [[Mughal Empire]]. Apart from the [[Nader Shah's invasion of India|disastrous invasion by the Afsharid ruler of Iran, Nader Shah]] in 1739, Mughals were successfully contested by Maratha Empire. Meanwhile, the [[East India Company|British East India Company]] was asserting its influence in India and was engaged in a series of wars with Mysore which eventually resulted in the region falling under [[Company rule in India|Company rule]].<ref>Chopra et al. (2003), pp. 79–80; Kamath (2001), pp. 233–234</ref>

== Mysore wars with the British ==

Mysore was a relatively small kingdom in the beginning of 1700s. However, able rulers such as [[Hyder Ali]] and [[Tipu Sultan]] transformed the kingdom and [[Westernization|westernized]] the army that it soon turned into a military threat both to the British and Maratha Empire.<ref>Roy Kaushik, "War, Culture and Society in Early Modern South Asia, 1740-1849"; 2011; Routledge; p. 70 </ref> Upon Haidar Ali’s death, Mysore covered 80,000 sq. miles and had a population of approximately 6 million.<ref>Roy Kaushik, "War, Culture and Society in Early Modern South Asia, 1740-1849"; 2011; Routledge; p. 74</ref>

Starting from 1767, Kingdom of Mysore had overall had four military confrontations (1767–69; 1780–84; 1790–92; and 1799),<ref>Encyclopedia Britannica, https://www.britannica.com/event/Mysore-Wars</ref> all of which were largely unsuccessful and the outcome ultimately disastrous.

About 1761, commander in chief of the state of Mysore, Hyder Ali proclaimed himself absolute ruler of the Kingdom and started military campaigns to expand the territory of the state. In 1766, the [[East India Company|British East India Company]] joined forces with the local ruler of [[Hyderabad]] against Hyder Ali, but by 1769, the British were left alone in a war with Mysore Kingdom. In 1769 Hyder Ali made his way to [[Madras]] (location of the Company's government) and demanded a [[peace treaty]].<ref>Encyclopedia Britannica, https://www.britannica.com/event/Mysore-Wars</ref>

In the second war, Hyder Ali made an alliance with the Marathas and invaded [[Karnataka]] in 1780, which triggered corresponding actions form the British. The Company gained an upper hand with the arrival of supplementary troops from [[Calcutta]], and by coincidence, the death of Hyder Ali in 1782. As a result, peace was concluded with Hyder Ali's son Tippu Sultan in 1784.

The third war started in 1790, and ended with Tippu Sultan ceding half of his dominions in 1792.

The final war was initiated by [[Lord Mornington|Governor-General Lord Mornington]] who suspected that Tippu was receiving the French aid and was preparing for yet another war. British troops invaded the Kingdom of Mysore in May 1799.

== Maratha-Mysore Wars ==

Although clashes between the Mysore ruler [[Hyder Ali]] and Marathas had taken place occasionally before 1785, the actual warfare started in February 1785.

After the Second Anglo-Mysore War, the ruler of Mysore Tipu Sultan sought to keep offensive moves by the Marathas at bay. Marathas had established a military alliance with the ruler of Hyderabad with a common purpose of recovering territories both had lost to Mysore in previous conflicts. Much of the desired territory was subject to marches, countermarches, and sieges of fortified points. The Marathas also attempted to draw the British East India Company into the pending conflict, but a neutrality policy implemented by the new governor-general, Lord Charles Cornwallis made its participation impossible.

===Major conflicts===
*Battle of Rutehalli Fort (1764)<ref name="Mehta">{{citation|title=Advanced Study in the History of Modern India 1707-1813|page=457|isbn=9781932705546|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=d1wUgKKzawoC&q=hyder+ali+marathas+tribute&pg=PA457|last1=Mehta|first1=Jaswant Lal|date=January 2005}}</ref>
*Battle of Sira and Madgiri (1767)<ref name="Mehta458">{{citation|title=Advanced Study in the History of Modern India 1707-1813|page=458|isbn=9781932705546|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=d1wUgKKzawoC&q=hyder+ali+marathas+tribute&pg=PA457|last1=Mehta|first1=Jaswant Lal|date=January 2005}}</ref>
*Battle of Chinkurli (1771)<ref>{{Cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3amnMPTPP5MC&q=maratha-Mysore+war+Chinkurli+&pg=PA137 |title = Dictionary of Battles and Sieges: A-E|isbn = 9780313335372|last1 = Jaques|first1 = Tony|year = 2007}}</ref>
*Battle of Saunshi (1777)<ref>{{Cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tW_eEVbVxpEC&q=mughal-maratha+wars+battle+of+saunshi&pg=PA1294 |title = Dictionary of Battles and Sieges: P-Z|isbn = 9780313335396|last1 = Jaques|first1 = Tony|year = 2007}}</ref>
*Siege of Nargund, February 1785
*Siege of Badami, May 1786
*Siege of Adoni, June 1786
*Battle of Gajendragad, June 1786
*Battle of Savanur, 10 October 1786
*Siege of Bahadur Benda, January 1787

== Outcome ==
The Maratha-Mysore War ended after the final conflict during the siege of Bahadur Benda in January 1787, and later settled for peace with the kingdom of Mysore, to which Tipu Sultan obliged with the signing of the treaty of Gajendragad in April 1787. Tipu had to pay an annual tribute of 12 lakhs per year to the Marathas, thus ending hostilities with them, which allowed him to focus on his rivalry with the British.
The Battle of Gajendragadh was fought between the Marathas and Tipu Sultan from March 1786 to March 1787 in which Tipu Sultan was defeated by the Marathas. By the victory in this battle, the border of the Maratha territory extended till Tungabhadra river. <ref>{{Cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hkbJ6xA1_jEC&pg=PA105 | title=History of Tipu Sultan| isbn=9788187879572| last1=Hasan| first1=Mohibbul| year=2005}}</ref><ref name=Naravane>{{Cite book |last=Naravane |first=M.S. |title=Battles of the Honorourable East India Company |publisher=A.P.H. Publishing Corporation |year=2014 |isbn=9788131300343 |pages=175}}</ref>

Maratha-Mysore war ended in April 1787, following the finalizing of ''treaty of Gajendragad'', as per which, Tipu Sultan of Mysore was obligated to pay 4.8 million rupees as a war cost to the Marathas, and an annual tribute of 1.2 million rupees. In addition to returning all the territory captured by [[Hyder Ali]],<ref>{{Cite book | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=bxsa3jtHoCEC&q=tipu+48+lacs+maratha&pg=PA175 | title = Battles of the Honourable East India Company: Making of the Raj | isbn = 978-81-313-0034-3 | last1 = Naravane | first1 = M. S | date = 1 January 2006}}</ref><ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=Y-kanqrtVhYC&lpg=PA59&dq=gajendragad%201787&pg=PA54#v=onepage&q=gajendragad%201787&f=false ''Anglo-Maratha relations, 1785-96'']</ref> Tipu also agreed to pay 4 year's arrears of the tribute, which Mysore owed to the Marathas, through Hyder Ali.<ref>{{Cite book | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=Y-kanqrtVhYC&q=battle+of+gajendragad+mysore+marathas&pg=PA58| title = Anglo-Maratha Relations, 1785-96, Volume 2 | author1 = Sailendra Nath Sen| isbn = 9788171547890 | year = 1994 }}</ref>

Tipu would release Kalopant and return Adoni, Kittur, and Nargund to their previous rulers. Badami would be ceded to the Marathas. Tipu would also pay an annual tribute of 12 lakhs per year to the Marathas. In return, Tipu would get all the places that they had captured in the war, including Gajendragarh and Dharwar. Tipu would also be addressed by the Marathas by an honorary title of "Nabob Tipu Sultan, Fateh Ali Khan".<ref>{{Cite book|last=Hasan|first=Mohibbul|url=https://books.google.ca/books?id=hkbJ6xA1_jEC&pg=PA105|title=History of Tipu Sultan|date=2005|publisher=Aakar Books|isbn=978-81-87879-57-2|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Sen|first=Sailendra Nath|url=https://books.google.ca/books?id=Y-kanqrtVhYC&lpg=PA59&hl=en|title=Anglo-Maratha Relations, 1785-96|date=1994|publisher=Popular Prakashan|isbn=978-81-7154-789-0|language=en}}</ref>

== Bibliography ==

* Duff, James Grant. [https://books.google.com/books?id=e_Pc4ZQMoy0C&dq=duff%20mahratta%20nargund%201785&pg=PA166#v=onepage&q&f=false ''A history of the Mahrattas'', Volume 2]
* Kumar, Raj. [https://books.google.com/books?id=5L_2-w13fMMC&lpg=PA71&dq=nargund%201785&pg=PA71#v=onepage&q=nargund%201785&f=false ''Essays on modern India'']
* Sen, Sailendra Nath. [https://books.google.com/books?id=Y-kanqrtVhYC&lpg=PA59&dq=gajendragad%201787&pg=PA54#v=onepage&q=gajendragad%201787&f=false ''Anglo-Maratha relations, 1785-96'']

==References==
{{reflist}}{{MarathaEmpire}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Maratha-Mysore War}}
[[Category:Conflicts in 1786]]
[[Category:Conflicts in 1787]]
[[Category:1786 in India]]
[[Category:1787 in India]]
[[Category:Wars involving the Kingdom of Mysore]]
[[Category:Wars involving the Maratha Empire|*]]