2402:8100:2460:E8DD:0:0:0:1: /* Mappila Cuisine */It is not raita. Its Curd!

2023-07-26T14:18:34Z

Mappila Cuisine: It is not raita. Its Curd!

Yohanan Gheevargheese: Added information on Mappila marriage system

2023-07-14T08:07:49Z

Added information on Mappila marriage system

← Older revision		Revision as of 13:37, 14 July 2023
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	* Kolkkali was a popular dance form among the Muslims of Kerala. It is played in group of 12 people with two sticks, similar to the [[Dandiya Raas\|Dandiya]] dance of Gujarat.		* Kolkkali was a popular dance form among the Muslims of Kerala. It is played in group of 12 people with two sticks, similar to the [[Dandiya Raas\|Dandiya]] dance of Gujarat.
	* [[Duffmuttu\|Duff Muttu]]<ref>{{cite web\|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4WcJ7kNsdrA \|title=Madikeri, Coorg, "Gaddige Mohiyadeen Ratib" Islamic religious "dikr" is held once in a year. \|publisher=YouTube \|access-date=17 February 2012}}</ref> (also called Dubh Muttu) was an art form prevalent among Muslims of Kerala, using the traditional ''duff'', or [[daf]], also known as ''tappitta''. Participants dance to the rhythm as they beat the duff.		* [[Duffmuttu\|Duff Muttu]]<ref>{{cite web\|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4WcJ7kNsdrA \|title=Madikeri, Coorg, "Gaddige Mohiyadeen Ratib" Islamic religious "dikr" is held once in a year. \|publisher=YouTube \|access-date=17 February 2012}}</ref> (also called Dubh Muttu) was an art form prevalent among Muslims of Kerala, using the traditional ''duff'', or [[daf]], also known as ''tappitta''. Participants dance to the rhythm as they beat the duff.

			=== Mappila marriage : Arabi Kalyanam ===
			Mappila marriage traditionally were simple affairs done in Islamic style with exchange of Mahar or Mehr, by the groom to his bride. Until well into the European period, the Muslims were almost exclusively concentrated in the port cities. Middle Eastern sailors had to rely on lighterage at most of the Kerala ports in the medieval period. This led them to enter into beneficial sexual relationships with the traditional lower caste fishermen community. This practice was called Arabi Kalyanam in Malayalam, and Mutah in Arabic. And the children born out of this were called "Mappilas". As Mappilas followed Matrilinear system, the Arabi Kalyanam did not pose a hinderance to property inheritance.

	===Mappila Cuisine===		===Mappila Cuisine===

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2022-01-30T10:52:48Z

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← Older revision		Revision as of 16:22, 30 January 2022
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	~~{{pp\|small=yes}}~~
	{{short description\|Muslim community}}		{{short description\|Muslim community}}
	{{about\|the Muslim Mappila Community\|other uses of the title Mappila\|Mappila (disambiguation)}}		{{about\|the Muslim Mappila Community\|other uses of the title Mappila\|Mappila (disambiguation)}}

->Grayfell: Undid revision 1045994755 by Styxolash (talk) WP:BE

2021-10-05T00:30:45Z

Undid revision 1045994755 by Styxolash (talk) WP:BE

← Older revision		Revision as of 06:00, 5 October 2021
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	{{Infobox ethnic group		{{Infobox ethnic group
	\| group = Mappila Muslims of Kerala and Lakshadweep<br />		\| group = Mappila Muslims of Kerala and Lakshadweep<br />
	\| image = ~~File:Muslim people of Kerala (1914) (cropped)~~.jpg		\| image = Cheraman juma masjid Old.jpg
	\| caption = A ~~Mappila Muslim family~~ of ~~Malabar (1914)~~		\| caption = A rebuilt structure of the old [[Cheraman Juma Mosque]], [[Kodungallur]]
	\| population = {{Circa\|'''9 million'''\|lk=yes}} (2011)<ref>T. Nandakumar, "54.72 % of population in Kerala are Hindus" ''The Hindu'' August 26, 2015 [http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Thiruvananthapuram/5472-of-population-in-kerala-are-hindus/article7581145.ece]</ref><ref name="Miller1"/>		\| population = {{Circa\|'''9 million'''\|lk=yes}} (2011)<ref>T. Nandakumar, "54.72 % of population in Kerala are Hindus" ''The Hindu'' August 26, 2015 [http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Thiruvananthapuram/5472-of-population-in-kerala-are-hindus/article7581145.ece]</ref><ref name="Miller1"/>
	\| popplace = [[Kerala]], [[Lakshadweep]],<ref>{{cite book		\| popplace = [[Kerala]], [[Lakshadweep]],<ref>{{cite book
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	\| native_name_lang =		\| native_name_lang =
	\| languages = [[Malayalam]], [[Arabi Malayalam]]<ref>{{Cite journal\|last=Kottaparamban\|first=Musadhique\|date=1 October 2019\|title=Sea, community and language: a study on the origin and development of Arabi- Malayalam language of mappila muslims of Malabar\|url=https://mjsshonline.com/index.php/journal/article/view/97\|journal=Muallim Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities\|language=en\|pages=406–416\|doi=10.33306/mjssh/31\|issn=2590-3691\|doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal\|last=Kuzhiyan\|first=Muneer Aram\|title=Poetics of Piety Devoting and Self Fashioning in the Mappila Literary Culture of South India\|url=http://hdl.handle.net/10603/213506\|publisher=The English and Foreign Languages University, Hyderabad\|hdl=10603/213506}}</ref>		\| languages = [[Malayalam]], [[Arabi Malayalam]]<ref>{{Cite journal\|last=Kottaparamban\|first=Musadhique\|date=1 October 2019\|title=Sea, community and language: a study on the origin and development of Arabi- Malayalam language of mappila muslims of Malabar\|url=https://mjsshonline.com/index.php/journal/article/view/97\|journal=Muallim Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities\|language=en\|pages=406–416\|doi=10.33306/mjssh/31\|issn=2590-3691\|doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal\|last=Kuzhiyan\|first=Muneer Aram\|title=Poetics of Piety Devoting and Self Fashioning in the Mappila Literary Culture of South India\|url=http://hdl.handle.net/10603/213506\|publisher=The English and Foreign Languages University, Hyderabad\|hdl=10603/213506}}</ref>
	\| religions = [[Islam]]		\| religions = [[Sunni Islam]]
	}}		}}
	{{Islam}}		{{Islam}}
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	'''Mappila Muslim''', often shortened to '''Mappila''', formerly anglicized as '''Moplah/Mopla''' and historically known as '''Jonaka/Chonaka Mappila''' or '''Moors Mopulars/Mouros da Terra''' and '''Mouros Malabares,''' in general, is a member of the [[Muslim]] community of same name found predominantly in [[Kerala]] and [[Lakshadweep]] Islands , in southern India.<ref name="Miller1">{{cite book \|last=Miller \|first=Roland E. \|authorlink=Roland E. Miller \|title=Mappila Muslim Culture \|date=27 April 2015 \|publisher=State University of New York Press \|page=xi \|isbn=978-1-4384-5601-0}}</ref><ref name=Panikkar>{{cite book \|last=Panikkar \|first=K. N. \|authorlink=K. N. Panikkar \|title=Against Lord and State: Religion and Peasant Uprisings in Malabar 1836–1921 \|publisher=Oxford University Press \|year=1989 \|isbn=978-0-19562-139-6}}</ref> Muslims of Kerala make up 26.56% of the population of the state (2011), and as a religious group they are the second largest group after [[Hindu]]s (54.73%).<ref name="census_2016_religion">{{cite web \|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-01/DDW00C-01%20MDDS.XLS \|title=Population by religious community – 2011 \|publisher=Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner \|work=[[2011 Census of India]] \|access-date=25 August 2015 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150825155850/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-01/DDW00C-01%20MDDS.XLS \|archive-date=25 August 2015}}</ref> Mappilas share the common language of [[Malayalam]] with the other religious communities of Kerala.<ref name="brill">Miller, Roland. E., "Mappila" in "The Encyclopedia of Islam". Volume VI. E. J. Brill, Leiden. 1987 [https://books.google.com/books?id=ChEVAAAAIAAJ]. pp. 458–56.</ref><ref>" "Oh! Calicut!" ''Outlook Traveller'' {{cite web \|url=http://traveller.outlookindia.com/issuecontent.aspx?pagenum=0&id=1077 \|title=Archived copy \|access-date=2012-02-17 \|url-status=dead \|archive-url=https://archive.today/20120715200049/http://traveller.outlookindia.com/issuecontent.aspx?pagenum=0&id=1077 \|archive-date=15 July 2012 \|df=dmy-all }} December, 2009</ref>		'''Mappila Muslim''', often shortened to '''Mappila''', formerly anglicized as '''Moplah/Mopla''' and historically known as '''Jonaka/Chonaka Mappila''' or '''Moors Mopulars/Mouros da Terra''' and '''Mouros Malabares,''' in general, is a member of the [[Muslim]] community of same name found predominantly in [[Kerala]] and [[Lakshadweep]] Islands , in southern India.<ref name="Miller1">{{cite book \|last=Miller \|first=Roland E. \|authorlink=Roland E. Miller \|title=Mappila Muslim Culture \|date=27 April 2015 \|publisher=State University of New York Press \|page=xi \|isbn=978-1-4384-5601-0}}</ref><ref name=Panikkar>{{cite book \|last=Panikkar \|first=K. N. \|authorlink=K. N. Panikkar \|title=Against Lord and State: Religion and Peasant Uprisings in Malabar 1836–1921 \|publisher=Oxford University Press \|year=1989 \|isbn=978-0-19562-139-6}}</ref> Muslims of Kerala make up 26.56% of the population of the state (2011), and as a religious group they are the second largest group after [[Hindu]]s (54.73%).<ref name="census_2016_religion">{{cite web \|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-01/DDW00C-01%20MDDS.XLS \|title=Population by religious community – 2011 \|publisher=Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner \|work=[[2011 Census of India]] \|access-date=25 August 2015 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150825155850/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-01/DDW00C-01%20MDDS.XLS \|archive-date=25 August 2015}}</ref> Mappilas share the common language of [[Malayalam]] with the other religious communities of Kerala.<ref name="brill">Miller, Roland. E., "Mappila" in "The Encyclopedia of Islam". Volume VI. E. J. Brill, Leiden. 1987 [https://books.google.com/books?id=ChEVAAAAIAAJ]. pp. 458–56.</ref><ref>" "Oh! Calicut!" ''Outlook Traveller'' {{cite web \|url=http://traveller.outlookindia.com/issuecontent.aspx?pagenum=0&id=1077 \|title=Archived copy \|access-date=2012-02-17 \|url-status=dead \|archive-url=https://archive.today/20120715200049/http://traveller.outlookindia.com/issuecontent.aspx?pagenum=0&id=1077 \|archive-date=15 July 2012 \|df=dmy-all }} December, 2009</ref>

	According to some scholars, the Mappilas are the oldest settled native Muslim community in South Asia.<ref name="Miller1" /><ref name="TheEncyclopediaofIslam2"/> In general, a Mappila is either a descendant of any native convert to Islam or a mixed descendant of any Middle Eastern — Arab or non Arab — individual.<ref name="HafizMohamadNP">Hafiz Mohamad, N. P. "Socioeconomic determinants of the continuity of matrilocal family system among Mappila Muslims of Malabar" Unpublished Ph.D. thesis (2013) Department of History, University of Calicut [http://hdl.handle.net/10603/11310]</ref><ref name="PPRazakAbdul">P. P., Razak Abdul "Colonialism and community formation in Malabar: a study of Muslims of Malabar" Unpublished Ph.D. thesis (2013) Department of History, University of Calicut [http://hdl.handle.net/10603/13105]</ref> Mappilas are but one among the many communities that form the Muslim population of Kerala. No Census Report where the Muslim communities were mentioned separately is also available.<ref name="KunhaliV">Kunhali, V. "Muslim Communities in Kerala to 1798" Ph.D. Dissertation Aligarh Muslim University (1986) [http://ir.amu.ac.in/2736/1/T%205242.pdf]</ref>		According to some scholars, the Mappilas are the oldest settled native Muslim community in [[South Asia]].<ref name="Miller1" /><ref name="TheEncyclopediaofIslam2"/> In general, a Mappila is either a descendant of any native convert to Islam or a mixed descendant of any Middle Eastern — Arab or non Arab — individual.<ref name="HafizMohamadNP">Hafiz Mohamad, N. P. "Socioeconomic determinants of the continuity of matrilocal family system among Mappila Muslims of Malabar" Unpublished Ph.D. thesis (2013) Department of History, University of Calicut [http://hdl.handle.net/10603/11310]</ref><ref name="PPRazakAbdul">P. P., Razak Abdul "Colonialism and community formation in Malabar: a study of Muslims of Malabar" Unpublished Ph.D. thesis (2013) Department of History, University of Calicut [http://hdl.handle.net/10603/13105]</ref> Mappilas are but one among the many communities that form the Muslim population of Kerala. No Census Report where the Muslim communities were mentioned separately is also available.<ref name="KunhaliV">Kunhali, V. "Muslim Communities in Kerala to 1798" Ph.D. Dissertation Aligarh Muslim University (1986) [http://ir.amu.ac.in/2736/1/T%205242.pdf]</ref>

	The Mappila community originated primarily as a result of the West Asian contacts with Kerala, which was fundamentally based upon commerce ("the spice trade").<ref name=Panikkar /> As per local tradition, [[Islam]] reached [[Malabar Coast]], of which the Kerala state is a part of, as early as the 7th century AD.<ref name="brill" /> Before being overtaken by the Europeans in the spice trade, Mappilas were a prosperous trading community, settled mainly in the coastal urban centres of Kerala. The continuous interaction of the Mappilas with the [[Middle East]] has created a profound impact on their life, customs, and culture. This has resulted in the formation of a unique Indo-Islamic synthesis — within the large spectrum of Kerala culture — in literature, art, food, language, and music.<ref name="brill" /><ref name="TheEncyclopediaofIslam2">{{cite encyclopedia \|last=Miller \|first=Roland E. \|author-link=Roland E. Miller \|article=Mappila \|encyclopedia=The Encyclopedia of Islam \|volume=VI \|publisher=E. J. Brill \|year=1988 \|pages=458–66}}</ref>		The Mappila community originated primarily as a result of the West Asian contacts with Kerala, which was fundamentally based upon commerce ("the spice trade").<ref name=Panikkar /> As per local tradition, [[Islam]] reached [[Malabar Coast]], of which the Kerala state is a part of, as early as the 7th century AD.<ref name="brill" /> Before being overtaken by the Europeans in the spice trade, Mappilas were a prosperous trading community, settled mainly in the coastal urban centres of Kerala. The continuous interaction of the Mappilas with the [[Middle East]] has created a profound impact on their life, customs, and culture. This has resulted in the formation of a unique Indo-Islamic synthesis — within the large spectrum of Kerala culture — in literature, art, food, language, and music.<ref name="brill" /><ref name="TheEncyclopediaofIslam2">{{cite encyclopedia \|last=Miller \|first=Roland E. \|author-link=Roland E. Miller \|article=Mappila \|encyclopedia=The Encyclopedia of Islam \|volume=VI \|publisher=E. J. Brill \|year=1988 \|pages=458–66}}</ref>
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	By the early decades of the 14th century, travellers speak of [[Kozhikode\|Calicut (Kozhikode)]] as the major port city in Kerala.<ref name=":3" /> Some of the important administrative positions in the kingdom of Calicut, such as that of the port commissioner, were held by Muslims. The port commissioner, the "shah bandar", represented commercial interests of the Muslim merchants. In his account, Ibn Batttutah mentions Shah Bandars in Calicut and Quilon (Ibrahim Shah Bandar and Muhammed Shah Bandar). The "nakhudas", merchant magnates owning ships, spread their shipping and trading business interests across the Indian Ocean. The famous nakhuda Mishkal who possessed ships for the trade with China, Yemen and Persia was active in Calicut in the 1340s. But unlike in some of the other regions of the Indian Ocean, in Kerala, it seems that the nakhudas did not held any positions of commercial, communal leadership.<ref name=":3" /> The Muslim line of Ali Rajas of Arakkal, near Cannanore, who were the vassals of the Kolathiri, ruled over the [[Lakshadweep]].<ref name="MorseStephens1897" /> Zayn al-Din Makhdum (c. 1498–1581) estimates that 10% of the population of Malabar was Muslim by the midpoint of the 16th century AD.<ref name="TheEncyclopediaofIslam2" />		By the early decades of the 14th century, travellers speak of [[Kozhikode\|Calicut (Kozhikode)]] as the major port city in Kerala.<ref name=":3" /> Some of the important administrative positions in the kingdom of Calicut, such as that of the port commissioner, were held by Muslims. The port commissioner, the "shah bandar", represented commercial interests of the Muslim merchants. In his account, Ibn Batttutah mentions Shah Bandars in Calicut and Quilon (Ibrahim Shah Bandar and Muhammed Shah Bandar). The "nakhudas", merchant magnates owning ships, spread their shipping and trading business interests across the Indian Ocean. The famous nakhuda Mishkal who possessed ships for the trade with China, Yemen and Persia was active in Calicut in the 1340s. But unlike in some of the other regions of the Indian Ocean, in Kerala, it seems that the nakhudas did not held any positions of commercial, communal leadership.<ref name=":3" /> The Muslim line of Ali Rajas of Arakkal, near Cannanore, who were the vassals of the Kolathiri, ruled over the [[Lakshadweep]].<ref name="MorseStephens1897" /> Zayn al-Din Makhdum (c. 1498–1581) estimates that 10% of the population of Malabar was Muslim by the midpoint of the 16th century AD.<ref name="TheEncyclopediaofIslam2" />
			[[File:Early Muslim Settlements.jpg\|thumb\|left\|Early Arab Settelments in Kerala upto 1496]]


	The Middle Eastern Muslims controlled the lucrative western arm of the overseas long-distance trade (to the ports of the [[Red Sea]], and the [[Persian Gulf]]) from the Malabar Coast. Export items across the Arabian Sea included spices such as pepper, ginger and cardamom, trans-shipped textiles, coconuts and associated products. Gold, copper, and silver, horses, silk and various aromatics were imported into Kerala. The native Muslims dominated the trade to Pegu, Mergui, Melaka (in Myanmar and Malasia) and points east, and the Indian coastal trade (Canara, Malabar, [[Ceylon]], Maldives and Coromandel Coast, and other [[Bay of Bengal]] shores) with the Chettis from [[Coromandel Coast]]. Muslims, with Gujarati Vanias, also took part in the trade with ports of Gujarat.<ref name="Subrahmanyam2">Subrahmanyam, Sanjay."The Political Economy of Commerce: Southern India 1500–1650" Cambridge University Press, (2002)</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite book\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-DZciX6WxgUC\|title=The Portuguese Empire in Asia, 1500–1700: A Political and Economic History\|last=Subrahmanyam\|first=Sanjay\|date=2012-04-30\|publisher=John Wiley & Sons\|isbn=9780470672914\|language=en}}</ref> The Indian coastal trade included goods such as coconuts, coir, pepper, cardamom, cinnamon and rice. Rice was a major import item into Kerala, from the Canara and the Coromandel Coast. Low-value but high-volume trade in foodstuffs that passed through the Gulf of Mannar was also handled by the native Muslims.<ref name=":2" />		The Middle Eastern Muslims controlled the lucrative western arm of the overseas long-distance trade (to the ports of the [[Red Sea]], and the [[Persian Gulf]]) from the Malabar Coast. Export items across the Arabian Sea included spices such as pepper, ginger and cardamom, trans-shipped textiles, coconuts and associated products. Gold, copper, and silver, horses, silk and various aromatics were imported into Kerala. The native Muslims dominated the trade to Pegu, Mergui, Melaka (in Myanmar and Malasia) and points east, and the Indian coastal trade (Canara, Malabar, [[Ceylon]], Maldives and Coromandel Coast, and other [[Bay of Bengal]] shores) with the Chettis from [[Coromandel Coast]]. Muslims, with Gujarati Vanias, also took part in the trade with ports of Gujarat.<ref name="Subrahmanyam2">Subrahmanyam, Sanjay."The Political Economy of Commerce: Southern India 1500–1650" Cambridge University Press, (2002)</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite book\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-DZciX6WxgUC\|title=The Portuguese Empire in Asia, 1500–1700: A Political and Economic History\|last=Subrahmanyam\|first=Sanjay\|date=2012-04-30\|publisher=John Wiley & Sons\|isbn=9780470672914\|language=en}}</ref> The Indian coastal trade included goods such as coconuts, coir, pepper, cardamom, cinnamon and rice. Rice was a major import item into Kerala, from the Canara and the Coromandel Coast. Low-value but high-volume trade in foodstuffs that passed through the Gulf of Mannar was also handled by the native Muslims.<ref name=":2" />

imported>Jellysandwich0 at 16:43, 20 August 2021

2021-08-20T16:43:25Z

Show changes

← Older revision		Revision as of 16:22, 30 January 2022
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	~~{{pp\|small=yes}}~~
	{{short description\|Muslim community}}		{{short description\|Muslim community}}
	{{about\|the Muslim Mappila Community\|other uses of the title Mappila\|Mappila (disambiguation)}}		{{about\|the Muslim Mappila Community\|other uses of the title Mappila\|Mappila (disambiguation)}}

Mappila Muslims - Revision history

2402:8100:2460:E8DD:0:0:0:1: /* Mappila Cuisine */It is not raita. Its Curd!

Yohanan Gheevargheese: Added information on Mappila marriage system

CleanupBot: /* top */robot: remove incorrect protection templates

->Grayfell: Undid revision 1045994755 by Styxolash (talk) WP:BE

imported>Jellysandwich0 at 16:43, 20 August 2021