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{{short description|Hindu concept}}
{{about|concept of Manu in Hinduism|Surya's son and the current Manu|Vaivasvata Manu|other uses|Manu (disambiguation){{!}}Manu}}
{{More citations needed|date=December 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2016}}
[[File:Deletion error 108.jpg|thumb|[[Matsya]] protecting [[Vaivasvata Manu]] and the [[Saptarishi|seven sages]] at the time of Deluge/Great Flood]]

'''Manu''' ({{lang-sa|मनु}}) is a term found as various meanings in [[Hinduism]]. In early texts, it refers to the archetypal man, or to the first man ([[Protoplast (religion)|progenitor of humanity]]). The Sanskrit term for 'human', मानव ([[International Alphabet of Sanskrit Transliteration|IAST]]: mānava) means 'of Manu' or 'children of Manu'.<ref name="Dalal2010p242">{{cite book|author=Roshen Dalal |title=Hinduism: An Alphabetical Guide |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DH0vmD8ghdMC |year=2010|publisher=Penguin Books|isbn=978-0-14-341421-6 |pages=242 }}</ref> In later texts, Manu is the title or name of fourteen rulers of earth, or alternatively as the head of dynasties that begin with each cyclic ''[[kalpa (aeon)|kalpa]]'' (aeon) when the universe is born anew.<ref name="Dalal2010p242"/> The title of the text ''[[Manusmriti]]'' uses this term as a prefix, but refers to the first Manu – Svayambhuva, the spiritual son of [[Brahma]].<ref name=dalalp229/><ref>{{Cite book|last=Erdosy|first=George|title=Language, Material Culture and Ethnicity. The Indo-Aryans of Ancient South Asia: Rgvedic history: poets, chieftains and politics|last2=Witzel|first2=Michael|publisher=De Gruyter|year=1995|isbn=|location=|pages=202–204}}</ref> In the [[Hindu cosmology]], each ''kalpa'' consists of fourteen [[Manvantara]]s, and each Manvantara is headed by a different Manu.<ref name="Dalal2010p242"/> The current universe, is asserted to be ruled by the 7th Manu named [[Vaivasvata]].<ref name=dalalp229>{{cite book|author=Roshen Dalal |title=The Religions of India: A Concise Guide to Nine Major Faiths |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pNmfdAKFpkQC |year=2010|publisher=Penguin Books |isbn=978-0-14-341517-6 |pages=229 }}</ref> Vaivasvata was the king of [[Dravida Kingdom|Dravida]] before the [[flood myth|great flood]].<ref>{{cite book |author=Alain Daniélou |title=A Brief History of India |url=https://archive.org/details/briefhistoryofin00dani |url-access=registration |date=11 February 2003 |publisher=Inner Traditions / Bear & Co |isbn=978-1-59477-794-3 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/briefhistoryofin00dani/page/19 19]–}}</ref> He was warned of the flood by the [[Matsya]] (fish) [[avatar]] of [[Vishnu]], and built a boat that carried the Vedas, Manu's family and the [[Saptarishi|seven sages]] to safety, helped by Matsya. The tale is repeated with variations in other texts, including the [[Mahabharata]] and a few other [[Puranas]]. It is similar to other floods such as those associated with [[Gilgamesh flood myth|Gilgamesh]] and [[Noah's Ark|Noah]].<ref>{{cite book |author=Klaus K. Klostermaier |title=A Survey of Hinduism: Third Edition |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=E_6-JbUiHB4C&pg=PA97 |date=5 July 2007 |publisher=SUNY Press |isbn=978-0-7914-7082-4 |page=97 }}</ref>

==Fourteen Manus==

There are fourteen Manus that rule in succession during each ''[[Kalpa (aeon)|Kalpa]]'' (day of [[Brahma]]). The current ''Kalpa'' has the following Manus:

{| class="wikitable sortable"
! colspan="6" |List of Manus according to Source
|-
! Manvantara !![[Bhagavata Purana]]<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2-VhBAAAQBAJ&pg=PT109|title=Teachings of Lord Caitanya (Third Edition): The Golden Avatara|author=His Divine Grace A. C. Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupada|publisher=The Bhaktivedanta Book Trust|isbn=978-91-7149-730-7|pages=109\u2013}}</ref>
![[Brahma Purana]]<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/brahma_purana_english_full|title=Brahma Purana - Parts I - IV|last=Motilal Banarsidass|date=1955-01-01|pages=[https://archive.org/details/brahma_purana_english_full/page/n40 29] (3.4-7)}}</ref>
![[Linga Purana]]<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/LingaPuranaJ.L.ShastriPart1|title=Linga Purana - English Translation - Part 1 of 2|last=J.L.Shastri|date=1951|pages=[https://archive.org/details/LingaPuranaJ.L.ShastriPart1/page/n29 24] (7.22-28)}}</ref>
![[Skanda Purana|Skanda Purana 1]]<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/dli.bengal.10689.13010|title=THE SKANDA-PURANA PART. 2|last=N.A|date=1950|publisher=MOTILAL BANARSIDASS PUBLISHERS PVT. LTD, DELHI|pages=[https://archive.org/details/dli.bengal.10689.13010/page/n55 45] (5.71-75)}}</ref>
![[Skanda Purana|Skanda Purana 2]]<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/dli.bengal.10689.13008|title=THE SKANDA-PURANA PART. 7|last=N.A|date=1951|publisher=MOTILAL BANARSIDASS PUBLISHERS PVT. LTD, DELHI|pages=[https://archive.org/details/dli.bengal.10689.13008/page/n327 317] (25.22-24)}}</ref>
|-
| 1 || colspan="5" | [[Swayambhuva Manu|Swayambhuva]]
|-
| 2 || colspan="5" | Svarocisha
|-
| 3 || colspan="5" | Uttama
|-
| 4 || colspan="5" | Tapasa/Tamasa
|-
| 5 || colspan="5" | Raivata
|-
| 6 || colspan="5" |[[Chakshusha]]
|-
| 7 || colspan="5" | [[Vaivasvata Manu|Vaivasvata]]
|-
| 8 || colspan="5" |[[Savarni Manu|Savarni]]
|-
| 9 || Daksha-savarni
|Raibhya
|Dharma
|Brahma-savarni
|Bhautya
|-
| 10 || Brahma-savarni
|Raucya
|Savarnika
|Rudra-savarni
|Raucya
|-
| 11 || Dharma-savarni
| rowspan="4" |The [[Four Kumaras|four Merusavarnis]]
|Pisanga
|Daksa-sarvarni
|Brahma-savarni
|-
| 12 || Rudra-savarni
|Apisangabha
|Dharma-savarni
|Rudra-savarni
|-
| 13 || Deva-savarni
|Sabala
|Raucya
|Meru-savarni
|-
| 14 || Indra-savarni
|Varnaka
|Bhautya
|Daksha-savarni
|}

===Swayambhuva Manu===
The '''first Manu'''. He was the mind born son of the god [[Brahma]], and husband of [[Shatarupa]]. He had three daughters, namely Akuti, Devahuti and Prasuti. Devahuti was given in marriage to Prajapati [[Kardama]] and she gave birth to nine daughters, and a single son named [[Kapila]]. Prasuti gave birth to several daughters including [[Khyati]], [[Anasuya]] amongst many, and Akuti gave birth to one son named [[Yajna (avatar)|Yajna]] and one daughter. Both Kapila and Yajna, who were sons of Devahuti and Akuti respectively, were incarnations of Vishnu. Svayambhuva Manu, along with his wife, Satarupa, went into the forest to practice austerities on the bank of the River Sunanda. At some point of time, Rakshasas attacked them, but Yajna, accompanied by his sons, the demigods, swiftly killed them. Then Yajna personally took the post of Indra, the King of the heavenly planets. Svayambhuva Manu's abode is [[Brahmavarta]], with the town of Barhismati as the capital. Barhismati was formed when Visnu in his cosmic boar form ([[Varaha]]) shook his body, there fell large hair, which turned into the town. The small hairs which fell turned into kusa and kasa grass.<ref>Motilal Bansaridas Bhagavata Purana, Book 1, Skandha III Page 345</ref>

In this Manvantara, the Saptarshis were [[Marichi]], [[Atri]], [[Angiras (sage)|Angiras]], [[Pulaha]], [[Kratu]], [[Pulastya]], and [[Vashishtha]].<ref name="Manu">[http://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/vp/vp075.htm Account of the several Manus and Manwantaras] [[Vishnu Purana]], translated by [[Horace Hayman Wilson]], 1840, Book III: Chapter I. p. 259, The first Manu was [[Swáyambhuva]], then came [[Swárochisha]], then [[Auttami]], then [[Támasa]], then [[Raivata]], then [[Chakshusha|Chákshusha]]: these six Manus have passed away. The Manu who presides over the seventh Manwantara, which is the present period, is [[Vaivaswata]], the son of the sun...</ref>
In Svayambhuva-manvantara, Lord Vishnu's avatar was called [[Yajna (avatar)|Yajna]].

===Swarochisha Manu===
The Saptarshis were Urjastambha, Agni, Prana, Danti, Rishabha, Nischara, and Charvarivan.
In Svarocisha-manvantara, Lord Vishnu's avatar was called Vibhu.

The '''second Manu''', whose name was Svarocisha, was the son of Agni, and His sons were headed by Dyumat, Sushena and Rochishmat. He invented clothing and made it for mankind. At his deathbed, Devala Rishi was born from Shiva's third eye to succeed Svarochisa Manu in making clothes for mankind. and In the age of this Manu, Rochana became Indra, the ruler of the heavenly planets, and there were many demigods, headed by Tushita. There were also many saintly persons, such as Urjastambha. Among them was Vedasira, whose wife, Tushita, gave birth to Vibhu. Vibhu was the incarnation of Vishnu for this [[Manvantara]]. He remained a Brahmachari all his life and never married. He instructed eighty-eight thousand dridha-vratas, or saintly persons, on sense-control and austerity.

===Uttama Manu===
The Saptarshis for this Manvantara were Kaukundihi, Kurundi, Dalaya, Sankha, Pravahita, Mita, and Sammita.
In Uttama-manvantara, Lord Vishnu's avatar was called Satyasena.

Uttama, the son of Priyavrata, was the '''third Manu'''. Among his sons were Pavana, Srinjaya and Yajnahotra. During the reign of this Manu, the sons of Vashista, headed by Pramada, became the seven saintly persons. The Satyas, Devasrutas and Bhadras became the demigods, and Satyajit became Indra. From the womb of Sunrita, the wife of Dharma, the Supreme Lord Narayana appeared as Satyasena, and killed all the evil Rakshasas who created havoc in all the worlds, along with Satyajit, who was Indra at that time.

===Tapasa/Tamasa Manu===
Saptarshis list: Jyotirdhama, Prithu, Kavya, Chaitra, Agni, Vanaka, and Pivara.
In Tapasa-manvantara, Lord Vishnu's avatar was called Hari.

Tapasa/Tamasa, the brother of the third Manu, was the '''fourth Manu''', and he had ten sons, including Prithu, Khyati, Nara and Ketu. During his reign, the Satyakas, Haris, Viras and others were demigods, the seven great saints were headed by Jyotirdhama, and Trisikha became Indra. Harimedha begot a son named Hari, who was the incarnation of Vishnu for this Manvantara, by his wife Harini. Hari was born to liberate the devotee [[Gajendra]].

===Raivata Manu===
Saptarshis list: Hirannyaroma, Vedasrí, Urddhabahu, Vedabahu, Sudhaman, Parjanya, and Mahámuni.
In Raivata-manvantara, Lord Vishnu's avatar was called Vaikuntha, not to be confused with [[Vaikuntha|Vishnu's divine realm]], of the same name.

Vaikuntha came as Raivata Manu, the twin brother of Tamasa. His sons were headed by Arjuna, Bali and Vindhya. Among the demigods were the Bhutarayas, and among the seven brahmanas who occupied the seven planets were Hiranyaroma, Vedasira and Urdhvabahu.

===Chakshusha Manu===
[[File:SUDYUMNAN SEES RUDRA AND PARVATI.jpg|thumb|[[Ila (Hinduism)|Sudyumnan]] sees [[Shiva|Rudra]] and [[Parvati]]]]
Saptarshis list: Sumedhas, Virajas, Havishmat, Uttama, Madhu, Abhináman, and Sahishnnu.
In Chakshusha-manvantara, Lord Vishnu's avatar was called Ajita.

Ajita came as Chakshsusa Manu, the son of the demigod Chakshu. He had many sons, headed by Puru, Purusa and Sudyumna. During the reign of Chakshusa Manu, the King of heaven was known as Mantradruma. Among the demigods were the Apyas, and among the great sages were Havisman and Viraka. He had a daughter named Jyothismati, who wished for the most powerful being as her husband. When asking Indra, the king of gods, Indra replied that his storms could be pushed away by Vayu. Vayu said that his winds could not push away the earth, and thus Bhumavat, the male personification of the earth, was stronger. Bhumavat said that Adishesha, who holds both Vishnu and the earth, is the strongest. Adishesh told Manu and Jyothishmati that his second avatar on earth would be stronger than himself, and thus Jyothishmati was reborn as Revati to marry that avatar, Krishna's brother Balarama.

===Vaivasvata Manu===
The '''Seventh Manu'''
Saptarshis list: [[Marichi]], [[Atri]], [[Angiras (sage)|Angiras]], [[Pulaha]], [[Kratu]], [[Pulastya]], and [[Vashishtha]] , and other like[[Jamadagni]], [[Kashyapa]], [[Gautama Maharishi|Gautama]], [[Vishvamitra]], [[Bharadvaja]].{{citation needed|date=December 2021}} During Vaivasvata-manvantara, Lord Vishnu's avatar is called [[Matsya]].

The '''seventh Manu''', who is the son of [[Surya|Vivasvan]], is known as Sraddhadeva (or satyavrata) or Vaivasvat (son of Vivasvan). He has ten sons, named [[Iksvaku|Ikshvaku]], Nabhaga, Dhrsta, Saryati, Narisyanta, Dista (Nabhanedista), Tarusa (Karusha), Prsadhra, Vasuman (Pramshu) and [[Ila (Hinduism)|Ila]] (Sudyumna). In this manvantara, or reign of Manu, among the demigods are the Adityas, Vasus, Rudras, Visvedevas, Maruts, Asvini-kumaras and Rbhus. The king of heaven, Indra, is known as [[Indra#The 14 Indras|Purandara]], and the seven sages are known as
Jamadagni, Kashyapa, Atri, Vashista, Gautama, Agastya and Bharadwaja

===Surya Savarni Manu===
Saptarshis list: Diptimat, Galava, [[Parasurama]], [[Kripa]], Drauni or [[Ashwatthama]], [[Vyasa]], and [[Rishyasringa]].<ref>[http://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/vp/vp076.htm Maharishi Aswathama] Retrieved 2015-02-15</ref> In Savarnya-manvantara, Lord Vishnu's avatar will be called Sarvabhauma.

In the period of the '''eighth Manu''', the Manu is [[Surya Savarnika Manu]]. He is the son of Surya by his second wife, [[Chhaya]]. He is thus the half-brother to Shraddhadeva Manu. His sons are headed by Nirmoka, and among the demigods are the Sutapas. [[Mahabali|Bali]], the son of [[Virochana]], is [[Indra]], and Galava and Parasurama are among the seven sages. In the age of this Manu, Lord Vishnu's avatar will be called Sarvabhauma, the son of Devaguhya.

===Daksa Savarni Manu===
Saptarshis list: Savana, Dyutimat, Bhavya, Vasu, Medhatithi, Jyotishmán, and Satya.
In Daksha-savarnya-manvantara, Lord Vishnu's avatar will be called Rishabha.

The '''ninth Manu''' is Daksha-savarni. He is the son of Lord Varuna. His sons are headed by Bhutaketu, and among the demigods are the Maricigarbhas. Adbhuta is Indra, and among the seven sages is Dyutiman. Rishabha would be born of Ayushman and Ambudhara...

===Brahma Savarni Manu===
Saptarshis list: Havishmán, Sukriti, Satya, Apámmúrtti, Nábhága, Apratimaujas, and Satyaket.
In Brahma-savarnya-manvantara, Lord Vishnu's avatar will be called Vishvaksena.

In the period of the '''tenth Manu''', the Manu is Brahma-savarni. He is the son of Upsaloka( The son of lord [[Kartikeya]]) Among his sons is Bhurishena, and the seven sages are Havishman and others. Among the demigods are the Suvasanas, and Sambhu is Indra. Vishvaksena would be a friend of Sambhu and will be born from the womb of Vishuci in the house of a brahmana named Visvasrashta.

===Dharma Savarni Manu===
Saptarshis list: Niśchara, Agnitejas, Vapushmán, Vishńu, Áruni, Havishmán, and Anagha.
In Dharma-savarnya-manvantara, Lord Vishnu's avatar will be called Dharmasetu.

In the period of the '''eleventh Manu''', the Manu is Dharma-savarni, the son of [[Satya Yuga]]. He has ten sons, headed by Satyadharma. Among the demigods are the Vihangamas, Indra is known as Vaidhrita, and the seven sages are Aruna and others. Dharmasetu will be born of Vaidhrita and Aryaka.

===Rudra Savarni Manu===
Saptarshis list: Tapaswí, Sutapas, Tapomúrtti, Taporati, Tapodhriti, Tapodyuti, and Tapodhan.
In Rudra-savarnya-manvantara, Lord Vishnu's avatar will be called Sudhama.

In the period of the '''twelfth Manu''', the Manu is Rudra-savarni, whose sons are headed by Devavan. The demigods are the Haritas and others, Indra is Ritadhama, and the seven sages are Tapomurti and others. Sudhama, or Svadhama, who will be born from the womb of Sunrita, wife of a Satyasaha.

According to Manava Purana, Rudra Savarni Manu is the son of [[Shiva]] and [[Parvati]].

===Raucya or Deva Savarni Manu===
Saptarshis list: Nirmoha, Tatwadersín, Nishprakampa, Nirutsuka, Dhritimat, Avyaya, and Sutapas.
In Deva-savarnya-manvantara, Lord Vishnu's avatar will be called Yogeshwara.

In the period of the '''thirteenth Manu''', the Manu is Deva-savarni. Among his sons is Chitrasena, the demigods are the Sukarmas and others, Indra is Divaspati, and Nirmoka is among the sages. Yogeshwara will be born of Devahotra and Brihati.

===Indra Savarni Manu===
Saptarshis list: Agnibáhu, Śuchi, Śhukra, Magadhá, Gridhra, Yukta, and Ajita.
In Indra-savarnya-manvantara, Lord Vishnu's avatar will be called Brihadbhanu.

In the period of the '''fourteenth Manu''', the Manu is Indra-savarni. Among his sons are Uru and Gambhira, the demigods are the Pavitras and others, Indra is Suci, and among the sages are Agni and Bahu. Brihadbhanu will be born of Satrayana from the womb of Vitana.

Almost all literature refers to the first 9 Manus with the same names but there is a lot of disagreement on names after that, although all of them agree with a total of 14.<ref>Summary of Manu in Ancient Literature ''[http://www.transliteral.org/dictionary/मनु-आदिपुरुष/word मनु (आदिपुरुष)]'' Ghanshyam Dusane</ref>

==Bibliography==
{{main|Manusmriti}}
The texts ascribed to the [[Svayambhuva Manu]] include ''Manava Grihyasutra'', ''Manava Sulbasutra'' and ''Manava Dharmashastra'' (''[[Manusmṛti]]'' or "rules of Manu").<ref>[http://oaks.nvg.org/pv6bk4.html The Laws of Manu] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130417155321/http://oaks.nvg.org/pv6bk4.html |date=17 April 2013 }}. See 63: ''These seven very glorious Manus, the first among whom is Svayambhuva, produced and protected this whole movable and immovable (creation), each during the period (allotted to him).''</ref>

==In Jainism==
{{Main|Kulakara}}
Jain theology mentions the 14th patriarch named [[Nabhi]]raja, mentioning him also as Manu.{{sfn|Natubhai Shah|2004|pp=15–16}} This, state scholars, links Jain tradition to Hindu legends, because the 14 patriarchs in Jain tradition are similar to the 14 Manus in Hindu legends.{{sfn|Natubhai Shah|2004|pp=15–16}} The Manu of [[Jainism]] is the father of 1st ''[[Tirthankara]]'' [[Rishabhanatha]] (Adinatha).{{sfn|Natubhai Shah|2004|pp=15–16}} This ancient story is significant as it includes one of earliest mentions of ''ikshu'' ([[sugarcane]]) processing.{{sfn|Natubhai Shah|2004|pp=15–16}}

==See also==
* [[Adam]]
* [[Proto-Indo-European religion#Brothers|Proto-Indo-European religion, §Brothers]]
* [[Minos]], king of Crete, son of Zeus and Europa.
* [[Manu and Yemo]]
* [[Mannus]], progenitor of humanity in Germanic mythology according to [[Tacitus]].
* [[Manes of Lydia|Manes]], king of Lydia
* [[Nu'u]], Hawaiian mythological character who built an ark and escaped a Great Flood.
* [[Nüwa]], goddess in Chinese mythology best known for creating mankind.
* [[Noah]]
* [[Ziusudra]], hero of the Sumerian flood epic
* [[Atra-Hasis]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==Sources==
* {{citation |last=Shah |first=Natubhai |author-link=Natubhai Shah |title=Jainism: The World of Conquerors |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qLNQKGcDIhsC |volume=I |date=2004 |orig-year=First published in 1998 |publisher=[[Motilal Banarsidass]] |isbn=81-208-1938-1 |ref={{sfnref|Natubhai Shah|2004}} }}

==External links==
* [http://vaniquotes.org/wiki/Category:Manu Manu in Vedic scripture]
{{Legendary progenitors}}
{{Adam and Eve}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Characters in Hindu mythology]]
[[Category:Hindu law jurists]]
[[Category:Mythological kings]]
[[Category:Legendary progenitors]]
[[Category:Flood myths]]
[[Category:Water and Hinduism]]
[[Category:Mythological first humans]]

Manu (Hinduism) - Revision history

Ajay Kumar: Created a new article