Manipur - Revision history

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103.60.175.15 at 12:45, 23 December 2023

2023-12-23T12:45:51Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 18:15, 23 December 2023
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	{{Contains special characters\|Meitei}}		{{Contains special characters\|Meitei}}
	'''Manipur''' ({{IPAc-en\|ˌ\|m\|ʌ\|n\|ɪ\|ˈ\|p\|ʊər}},<ref>{{Cite dictionary \|url=http://www.lexico.com/definition/Manipur \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210516231153/https://www.lexico.com/definition/Manipur \|archive-date=16 May 2021 \|title=Manipur \|dictionary=[[Lexico]] UK English Dictionary \|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]}}</ref> {{IPAc-en\|USalso\|ˌ\|m\|æ\|n\|ɪ\|ˈ\|p\|ʊər}}:<ref>{{MW\|Manipur}}</ref> {{lang-mni\|'''Kangleipak'''}}{{efn\|"Kangleipak" is a popular historical as well as present day endonym of "Manipur". Historically, in the 18th century, the [[Meitei language]] term "Kangleipak" was replaced by the Sanskrit term "Manipur" but the name "Kangleipak" is not just a historical name but also a present day most popular endonym of the land in [[Meitei language]] (officially known as [[Manipuri language]]), the sole official language of Manipur State.}}<ref name="books_CzSQKVmveUC_pa89">{{Cite book \|last=Sanajaoba \|first=Naorem \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-CzSQKVmveUC&dq=kangleipak&pg=PA89 \|title=Manipur, Past and Present: The Heritage and Ordeals of a Civilization \|date=1988 \|publisher=Mittal Publications \|isbn=978-81-7099-853-2 \|pages=89 \|language=en \|access-date=28 July 2022 \|archive-date=12 January 2023 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230112140708/https://books.google.com/books?id=-CzSQKVmveUC&dq=kangleipak&pg=PA89 \|url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="books_Z1piEAAAQBAJ_pa242">{{Cite book \|last=Yamahata \|first=Chosein \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Z1piEAAAQBAJ&dq=kangleipak&pg=PA242 \|title=Social Transformations in India, Myanmar, and Thailand: Identity and Grassroots for Democratic Progress \|date=2022 \|publisher=Springer Nature \|isbn=978-981-16-7110-4 \|pages=242 \|language=en \|access-date=28 July 2022 \|archive-date=12 January 2023 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230112140708/https://books.google.com/books?id=Z1piEAAAQBAJ&dq=kangleipak&pg=PA242 \|url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="books_7xsfEAAAQBAJ_pa121">{{Cite book \|last=Sahoo \|first=Ajaya K. \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7xsfEAAAQBAJ&q=kangleipak+an+indigenous+and+historical+terminology+of+Manipur&pg=PA121 \|title=Routledge Handbook of Asian Diaspora and Development \|date=2021-03-30 \|publisher=Routledge \|isbn=978-1-000-36686-0 \|pages=121 \|language=en \|access-date=28 July 2022 \|archive-date=12 January 2023 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230112140707/https://books.google.com/books?id=7xsfEAAAQBAJ&q=kangleipak+an+indigenous+and+historical+terminology+of+Manipur&pg=PA121 \|url-status=live }}</ref>) is a [[~~States~~ and territories of India\|state]] in [[~~northeast~~ India]], with the city of [[Imphal]] as its capital.<ref>''Manipur: Treatise & Documents'', Volume 1, {{ISBN\|978-8170993995}}, Introduction</ref> It is bounded by the Indian states of [[Nagaland]] to the north, [[Mizoram]] to the south and [[Assam]] to the west. It also borders two regions of [[Myanmar]], [[Sagaing Region]] to the east and [[Chin State]] to the south. The state covers an area of {{cvt\|22327\|km2}}. The official and most widely spoken language is [[Meitei language]] (officially known as [[Manipuri language]]). Native to the [[Meitei people]], it is also used as a [[lingua franca]] by smaller communities, who speak a variety of other [[Sino-Tibetan languages]].<ref>{{Cite encyclopedia \|entry=Manipuri language \|encyclopedia=Britannica \|entry-url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Manipuri-language \|access-date=2022-07-09 \|language=en \|archive-date=11 July 2022 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220711165900/https://www.britannica.com/topic/Manipuri-language \|url-status=live }}</ref> Manipur has been at the crossroads of Asian economic and cultural exchange for more than 2,500 years.<ref>Naorem Sanajaoba (editor), ''Manipur, Past and Present: The Heritage and Ordeals of a Civilization'', Volume 4, Chapter 1: NK Singh, {{ISBN\|978-8170998532}}</ref> Said exchange connects the [[Indian subcontinent]] and [[Central Asia]] to [[Southeast Asia]], [[East Asia]], [[Siberia]], regions in the [[Arctic]], [[Micronesia]] and [[Polynesia]] enabling migration of people, cultures and religions.<ref>Naorem Sanajaoba (editor), ''Manipur, Past and Present: The Heritage and Ordeals of a Civilization'', Volume 4, Chapter 4: K Murari, {{ISBN\|978-8170998532}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web \|url=http://e-pao.net/epSubPageExtractor.asp?src=manipur.History_of_Manipur.Trade_connection_of_Manipur_with_Southeast_Asia_in_Pre_British_period_Part_2_By_Budha_Kamei \|title=Trade connection of Manipur with Southeast Asia in Pre British period Part 2 by Budha Kamei \|access-date=7 July 2018 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180708044726/http://e-pao.net/epSubPageExtractor.asp?src=manipur.History_of_Manipur.Trade_connection_of_Manipur_with_Southeast_Asia_in_Pre_British_period_Part_2_By_Budha_Kamei \|archive-date=8 July 2018 \|url-status=live \|df=dmy-all}}</ref>		'''Manipur''' ({{IPAc-en\|ˌ\|m\|ʌ\|n\|ɪ\|ˈ\|p\|ʊər}},<ref>{{Cite dictionary \|url=http://www.lexico.com/definition/Manipur \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210516231153/https://www.lexico.com/definition/Manipur \|archive-date=16 May 2021 \|title=Manipur \|dictionary=[[Lexico]] UK English Dictionary \|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]}}</ref> {{IPAc-en\|USalso\|ˌ\|m\|æ\|n\|ɪ\|ˈ\|p\|ʊər}}:<ref>{{MW\|Manipur}}</ref> {{lang-mni\|'''Kangleipak'''}}{{efn\|"Kangleipak" is a popular historical as well as present day endonym of "Manipur". Historically, in the 18th century, the [[Meitei language]] term "Kangleipak" was replaced by the Sanskrit term "Manipur" but the name "Kangleipak" is not just a historical name but also a present day most popular endonym of the land in [[Meitei language]] (officially known as [[Manipuri language]]), the sole official language of Manipur State.}}<ref name="books_CzSQKVmveUC_pa89">{{Cite book \|last=Sanajaoba \|first=Naorem \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-CzSQKVmveUC&dq=kangleipak&pg=PA89 \|title=Manipur, Past and Present: The Heritage and Ordeals of a Civilization \|date=1988 \|publisher=Mittal Publications \|isbn=978-81-7099-853-2 \|pages=89 \|language=en \|access-date=28 July 2022 \|archive-date=12 January 2023 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230112140708/https://books.google.com/books?id=-CzSQKVmveUC&dq=kangleipak&pg=PA89 \|url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="books_Z1piEAAAQBAJ_pa242">{{Cite book \|last=Yamahata \|first=Chosein \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Z1piEAAAQBAJ&dq=kangleipak&pg=PA242 \|title=Social Transformations in India, Myanmar, and Thailand: Identity and Grassroots for Democratic Progress \|date=2022 \|publisher=Springer Nature \|isbn=978-981-16-7110-4 \|pages=242 \|language=en \|access-date=28 July 2022 \|archive-date=12 January 2023 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230112140708/https://books.google.com/books?id=Z1piEAAAQBAJ&dq=kangleipak&pg=PA242 \|url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="books_7xsfEAAAQBAJ_pa121">{{Cite book \|last=Sahoo \|first=Ajaya K. \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7xsfEAAAQBAJ&q=kangleipak+an+indigenous+and+historical+terminology+of+Manipur&pg=PA121 \|title=Routledge Handbook of Asian Diaspora and Development \|date=2021-03-30 \|publisher=Routledge \|isbn=978-1-000-36686-0 \|pages=121 \|language=en \|access-date=28 July 2022 \|archive-date=12 January 2023 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230112140707/https://books.google.com/books?id=7xsfEAAAQBAJ&q=kangleipak+an+indigenous+and+historical+terminology+of+Manipur&pg=PA121 \|url-status=live }}</ref>) is a landlocked [[states and union territories of India\|state]] in [[Northeast India]], with the city of [[Imphal]] as its capital.<ref>''Manipur: Treatise & Documents'', Volume 1, {{ISBN\|978-8170993995}}, Introduction</ref> It is bounded by the Indian states of [[Nagaland]] to the north, [[Mizoram]] to the south and [[Assam]] to the west. It also borders two regions of [[Myanmar]], [[Sagaing Region]] to the east and [[Chin State]] to the south. The state covers an area of {{cvt\|22327\|km2}}. The official and most widely spoken language is [[Meitei language]] (officially known as [[Manipuri language]]). Native to the [[Meitei people]], it is also used as a [[lingua franca]] by smaller communities, who speak a variety of other [[Sino-Tibetan languages]].<ref>{{Cite encyclopedia \|entry=Manipuri language \|encyclopedia=Britannica \|entry-url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Manipuri-language \|access-date=2022-07-09 \|language=en \|archive-date=11 July 2022 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220711165900/https://www.britannica.com/topic/Manipuri-language \|url-status=live }}</ref> Manipur has been at the crossroads of Asian economic and cultural exchange for more than 2,500 years.<ref>Naorem Sanajaoba (editor), ''Manipur, Past and Present: The Heritage and Ordeals of a Civilization'', Volume 4, Chapter 1: NK Singh, {{ISBN\|978-8170998532}}</ref> Said exchange connects the [[Indian subcontinent]] and [[Central Asia]] to [[Southeast Asia]], [[East Asia]], [[Siberia]], regions in the [[Arctic]], [[Micronesia]] and [[Polynesia]] enabling migration of people, cultures and religions.<ref>Naorem Sanajaoba (editor), ''Manipur, Past and Present: The Heritage and Ordeals of a Civilization'', Volume 4, Chapter 4: K Murari, {{ISBN\|978-8170998532}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web \|url=http://e-pao.net/epSubPageExtractor.asp?src=manipur.History_of_Manipur.Trade_connection_of_Manipur_with_Southeast_Asia_in_Pre_British_period_Part_2_By_Budha_Kamei \|title=Trade connection of Manipur with Southeast Asia in Pre British period Part 2 by Budha Kamei \|access-date=7 July 2018 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180708044726/http://e-pao.net/epSubPageExtractor.asp?src=manipur.History_of_Manipur.Trade_connection_of_Manipur_with_Southeast_Asia_in_Pre_British_period_Part_2_By_Budha_Kamei \|archive-date=8 July 2018 \|url-status=live \|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

	During the days of the [[British Raj]], the [[Kingdom of Manipur]] was one of the [[princely state]]s.<ref>Naorem Sanajaoba (Editor), ''Manipur, Past and Present: The Heritage and Ordeals of a Civilization'', Volume 4, Chapter 2: NT Singh, {{ISBN\|978-8170998532}}</ref> Between 1917 and 1939, some people of Manipur pressed the princely rulers for democracy. By the late 1930s, the princely state of Manipur negotiated with the British administration its preference to continue to be part of the Indian Empire, rather than part of [[Burma]], which was being separated from India. These negotiations were cut short with the outbreak of [[World War II]] in 1939. On 11 August 1947, [[Maharaja Budhachandra]] signed an [[Instrument of Accession]], joining the new Indian Union.<ref name=CIRCA>{{citation \|title=Why Pre-Merger Political Status for Manipur: Under the Framework of the Instrument of Accession, 1947 \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oKZoDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA26 \|year=2018 \|publisher=Research and Media Cell, CIRCA \|id=GGKEY:8XLWSW77KUZ \|page=26 \|ref={{sfnref\|CIRCA, Why Pre-Merger Political Status for Manipur\|2018}} \|access-date=19 August 2018 \|archive-date=10 January 2022 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220110133940/https://books.google.com/books?id=oKZoDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA26 \|url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{harvnb\|Singh, Socio-religious and Political Movements in Modern Manipur\|2011\|loc=Chapter 6, p. 139}}</ref> Later, on 21 September 1949, he signed a Merger Agreement, merging the kingdom into India, which led to its becoming a [[Part C State]].<ref>U. B. Singh, ''India Fiscal Federalism in Indian Union'' (2003), p. 135</ref><ref>{{cite book \|author1=K.R. Dikshit \|author2=Jutta K Dikshit \|title=North-East India: Land, People and Economy \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iorHBAAAQBAJ \|year=2013 \|publisher=Springer Science \|isbn=978-94-007-7055-3 \|page=56}}</ref> This merger was later disputed by groups in Manipur, as having been completed without consensus and under duress.<ref>{{cite book \|author1=Kalpana Kannabiran \|author2=Ranbir Singh \|title=Challenging The Rules(s) of Law \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yreGAwAAQBAJ \|year=2008 \|publisher=SAGE Publications \|isbn=978-81-321-0027-0 \|page=264}}</ref> The dispute and differing visions for the future has resulted in a 50-year insurgency in the state for independence from India, as well as in repeated episodes of violence among ethnic groups in the state.<ref name=hrwm/> From 2009 through 2018, the conflict was responsible for the violent deaths of over 1000 people.<ref name=satp9413/>		During the days of the [[British Raj]], the [[Kingdom of Manipur]] was one of the [[princely state]]s.<ref>Naorem Sanajaoba (Editor), ''Manipur, Past and Present: The Heritage and Ordeals of a Civilization'', Volume 4, Chapter 2: NT Singh, {{ISBN\|978-8170998532}}</ref> Between 1917 and 1939, some people of Manipur pressed the princely rulers for democracy. By the late 1930s, the princely state of Manipur negotiated with the British administration its preference to continue to be part of the Indian Empire, rather than part of [[Burma]], which was being separated from India. These negotiations were cut short with the outbreak of [[World War II]] in 1939. On 11 August 1947, [[Maharaja Budhachandra]] signed an [[Instrument of Accession]], joining the new Indian Union.<ref name=CIRCA>{{citation \|title=Why Pre-Merger Political Status for Manipur: Under the Framework of the Instrument of Accession, 1947 \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oKZoDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA26 \|year=2018 \|publisher=Research and Media Cell, CIRCA \|id=GGKEY:8XLWSW77KUZ \|page=26 \|ref={{sfnref\|CIRCA, Why Pre-Merger Political Status for Manipur\|2018}} \|access-date=19 August 2018 \|archive-date=10 January 2022 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220110133940/https://books.google.com/books?id=oKZoDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA26 \|url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{harvnb\|Singh, Socio-religious and Political Movements in Modern Manipur\|2011\|loc=Chapter 6, p. 139}}</ref> Later, on 21 September 1949, he signed a Merger Agreement, merging the kingdom into India, which led to its becoming a [[Part C State]].<ref>U. B. Singh, ''India Fiscal Federalism in Indian Union'' (2003), p. 135</ref><ref>{{cite book \|author1=K.R. Dikshit \|author2=Jutta K Dikshit \|title=North-East India: Land, People and Economy \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iorHBAAAQBAJ \|year=2013 \|publisher=Springer Science \|isbn=978-94-007-7055-3 \|page=56}}</ref> This merger was later disputed by groups in Manipur, as having been completed without consensus and under duress.<ref>{{cite book \|author1=Kalpana Kannabiran \|author2=Ranbir Singh \|title=Challenging The Rules(s) of Law \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yreGAwAAQBAJ \|year=2008 \|publisher=SAGE Publications \|isbn=978-81-321-0027-0 \|page=264}}</ref> The dispute and differing visions for the future has resulted in a 50-year insurgency in the state for independence from India, as well as in repeated episodes of violence among ethnic groups in the state.<ref name=hrwm/> From 2009 through 2018, the conflict was responsible for the violent deaths of over 1000 people.<ref name=satp9413/>

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	{{Short description\|State in North-east India}}		{{Short description\|State in North-east India}}
	{{other uses}}		{{other uses}}
	~~{{pp-vandalism\|small=yes}}~~
	{{Use Indian English\|date=June 2016}}		{{Use Indian English\|date=June 2016}}
	{{Use dmy dates\|date=January 2021}}		{{Use dmy dates\|date=January 2021}}

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	{{Infobox settlement		{{Infobox settlement
	<!-- See Template:Infobox settlement for additional fields and descriptions -->		<!-- See Template:Infobox settlement for additional fields and descriptions -->
	\| name = Manipur <br /> ({{lang-omp\|~~Kangleipak~~}}) <br /> ({{lang-mni\|Kangleipak}})		\| name = Manipur <br /> ({{lang-omp\|Kang Leipak}}) <br /> ({{lang-mni\|Kangleipak}})
	\| type = [[States and union territories of India\|State]]		\| type = [[States and union territories of India\|State]]
	\| image_skyline = {{Photomontage		\| image_skyline = {{Photomontage
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	\| official_name =		\| official_name =
	}}		}}
	'''Manipur''' ({{IPAc-en\|m\|ʌ\|n\|ɪ\|'\|p\|ʊər\|,_\|m\|æ\|n\|ə\|'\|p\|ʊər}})<ref>{{lexico\|Manipur}}</ref><ref>{{MW\|Manipur}}</ref>({{lang-omp\|~~Kangleipak~~}}, {{lang-mni\|Kangleipak}}) is a [[States and territories of India\|state]] in [[Northeast India]], with the city of [[Imphal]] as its capital.<ref>''Manipur: Treatise & Documents'', Volume 1, {{ISBN\|978-8170993995}}, Introduction</ref> It is bounded by the Indian states of [[Nagaland]] to the north, [[Mizoram]] to the south and [[Assam]] to the west. It also borders two regions of [[Myanmar]], [[Sagaing Region]] to the east and [[Chin State]] to the south. The state covers an area of {{convert\|22327\|km2}} and has a population of almost 3 million, including the [[Meitei people\|Meitei]], who are the majority group in the state, the [[Pangal\|Meitei Pangals]] (Manipuri Muslims), [[Naga people\|Naga]] tribes, [[Kuki people\|Kuki]]/[[Zo people\|Zo]] tribes and other communities, who speak a variety of [[Sino-Tibetan languages]]. Manipur has been at the crossroads of Asian economic and cultural exchange for more than 2,500 years.<ref>Naorem Sanajaoba (editor), ''Manipur, Past and Present: The Heritage and Ordeals of a Civilization'', Volume 4, Chapter 1: NK Singh, {{ISBN\|978-8170998532}}</ref> It connects the [[Indian subcontinent]] to [[South east Asia]] enabling migration of people, cultures and religions.<ref>Naorem Sanajaoba (editor), ''Manipur, Past and Present: The Heritage and Ordeals of a Civilization'', Volume 4, Chapter 4: K Murari, {{ISBN\|978-8170998532}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web \| url=http://e-pao.net/epSubPageExtractor.asp?src=manipur.History_of_Manipur.Trade_connection_of_Manipur_with_Southeast_Asia_in_Pre_British_period_Part_2_By_Budha_Kamei \| title=Trade connection of Manipur with Southeast Asia in Pre British period Part 2 by Budha Kamei \| access-date=7 July 2018 \| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180708044726/http://e-pao.net/epSubPageExtractor.asp?src=manipur.History_of_Manipur.Trade_connection_of_Manipur_with_Southeast_Asia_in_Pre_British_period_Part_2_By_Budha_Kamei \| archive-date=8 July 2018 \| url-status=live \| df=dmy-all }}</ref>		'''Manipur''' ({{IPAc-en\|m\|ʌ\|n\|ɪ\|'\|p\|ʊər\|,_\|m\|æ\|n\|ə\|'\|p\|ʊər}})<ref>{{lexico\|Manipur}}</ref><ref>{{MW\|Manipur}}</ref>({{lang-omp\|Kang Leipak}}, {{lang-mni\|Kangleipak}}) is a [[States and territories of India\|state]] in [[Northeast India]], with the city of [[Imphal]] as its capital.<ref>''Manipur: Treatise & Documents'', Volume 1, {{ISBN\|978-8170993995}}, Introduction</ref> It is bounded by the Indian states of [[Nagaland]] to the north, [[Mizoram]] to the south and [[Assam]] to the west. It also borders two regions of [[Myanmar]], [[Sagaing Region]] to the east and [[Chin State]] to the south. The state covers an area of {{convert\|22327\|km2}} and has a population of almost 3 million, including the [[Meitei people\|Meitei]], who are the majority group in the state, the [[Pangal\|Meitei Pangals]] (Manipuri Muslims), [[Naga people\|Naga]] tribes, [[Kuki people\|Kuki]]/[[Zo people\|Zo]] tribes and other communities, who speak a variety of [[Sino-Tibetan languages]]. Manipur has been at the crossroads of Asian economic and cultural exchange for more than 2,500 years.<ref>Naorem Sanajaoba (editor), ''Manipur, Past and Present: The Heritage and Ordeals of a Civilization'', Volume 4, Chapter 1: NK Singh, {{ISBN\|978-8170998532}}</ref> It connects the [[Indian subcontinent]] to [[South east Asia]] enabling migration of people, cultures and religions.<ref>Naorem Sanajaoba (editor), ''Manipur, Past and Present: The Heritage and Ordeals of a Civilization'', Volume 4, Chapter 4: K Murari, {{ISBN\|978-8170998532}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web \| url=http://e-pao.net/epSubPageExtractor.asp?src=manipur.History_of_Manipur.Trade_connection_of_Manipur_with_Southeast_Asia_in_Pre_British_period_Part_2_By_Budha_Kamei \| title=Trade connection of Manipur with Southeast Asia in Pre British period Part 2 by Budha Kamei \| access-date=7 July 2018 \| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180708044726/http://e-pao.net/epSubPageExtractor.asp?src=manipur.History_of_Manipur.Trade_connection_of_Manipur_with_Southeast_Asia_in_Pre_British_period_Part_2_By_Budha_Kamei \| archive-date=8 July 2018 \| url-status=live \| df=dmy-all }}</ref>

	During the days of the [[British Raj\|British Indian Empire]], the [[Kingdom of Manipur]] was one of the [[princely state]]s.<ref>Naorem Sanajaoba (Editor), ''Manipur, Past and Present: The Heritage and Ordeals of a Civilization'', Volume 4, Chapter 2: NT Singh, {{ISBN\|978-8170998532}}</ref> Between 1917 and 1939, some people of Manipur pressed the princely rulers for democracy. By the late 1930s, the princely state of Manipur negotiated with the British administration its preference to continue to be part of the Indian Empire, rather than part of [[Burma]], which was being separated from India. These negotiations were cut short with the outbreak of [[World War II]] in 1939. On 11 August 1947, [[Maharaja Budhachandra]] signed an [[Instrument of Accession]], joining India.<ref name=CIRCA>{{citation \|title=Why Pre-Merger Political Status for Manipur: Under the Framework of the Instrument of Accession, 1947 \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oKZoDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA26 \|year=2018 \|publisher=Research and Media Cell, CIRCA \|id=GGKEY:8XLWSW77KUZ \|page=26 \|ref={{sfnref\|CIRCA, Why Pre-Merger Political Status for Manipur\|2018}} \|access-date=19 August 2018 \|archive-date=10 January 2022 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220110133940/https://books.google.com/books?id=oKZoDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA26 \|url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{harvnb\|Singh, Socio-religious and Political Movements in Modern Manipur\|2011\|loc=Chapter 6, p. 139}}</ref> Later, on 21 September 1949, he signed a Merger Agreement, merging the kingdom into India, which led to its becoming a [[Part C State]].<ref>U. B. Singh, ''India Fiscal Federalism in Indian Union'' (2003), p. 135</ref><ref>{{cite book\|author1=K.R. Dikshit\|author2=Jutta K Dikshit\|title=North-East India: Land, People and Economy\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iorHBAAAQBAJ \|year=2013\|publisher=Springer Science \|isbn=978-94-007-7055-3\|page=56}}</ref> This merger was later disputed by groups in Manipur, as having been completed without consensus and under duress.<ref>{{cite book\|author1=Kalpana Kannabiran\|author2=Ranbir Singh\|title=Challenging The Rules(s) of Law \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yreGAwAAQBAJ \|year=2008\|publisher=SAGE Publications\|isbn=978-81-321-0027-0\|page=264}}</ref> The dispute and differing visions for the future has resulted in a 50-year insurgency in the state for independence from India, as well as in repeated episodes of violence among ethnic groups in the state.<ref name=hrwm/> From 2009 through 2018, the conflict was responsible for the violent deaths of over 1000 people.<ref name=satp9413/>		During the days of the [[British Raj\|British Indian Empire]], the [[Kingdom of Manipur]] was one of the [[princely state]]s.<ref>Naorem Sanajaoba (Editor), ''Manipur, Past and Present: The Heritage and Ordeals of a Civilization'', Volume 4, Chapter 2: NT Singh, {{ISBN\|978-8170998532}}</ref> Between 1917 and 1939, some people of Manipur pressed the princely rulers for democracy. By the late 1930s, the princely state of Manipur negotiated with the British administration its preference to continue to be part of the Indian Empire, rather than part of [[Burma]], which was being separated from India. These negotiations were cut short with the outbreak of [[World War II]] in 1939. On 11 August 1947, [[Maharaja Budhachandra]] signed an [[Instrument of Accession]], joining India.<ref name=CIRCA>{{citation \|title=Why Pre-Merger Political Status for Manipur: Under the Framework of the Instrument of Accession, 1947 \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oKZoDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA26 \|year=2018 \|publisher=Research and Media Cell, CIRCA \|id=GGKEY:8XLWSW77KUZ \|page=26 \|ref={{sfnref\|CIRCA, Why Pre-Merger Political Status for Manipur\|2018}} \|access-date=19 August 2018 \|archive-date=10 January 2022 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220110133940/https://books.google.com/books?id=oKZoDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA26 \|url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{harvnb\|Singh, Socio-religious and Political Movements in Modern Manipur\|2011\|loc=Chapter 6, p. 139}}</ref> Later, on 21 September 1949, he signed a Merger Agreement, merging the kingdom into India, which led to its becoming a [[Part C State]].<ref>U. B. Singh, ''India Fiscal Federalism in Indian Union'' (2003), p. 135</ref><ref>{{cite book\|author1=K.R. Dikshit\|author2=Jutta K Dikshit\|title=North-East India: Land, People and Economy\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iorHBAAAQBAJ \|year=2013\|publisher=Springer Science \|isbn=978-94-007-7055-3\|page=56}}</ref> This merger was later disputed by groups in Manipur, as having been completed without consensus and under duress.<ref>{{cite book\|author1=Kalpana Kannabiran\|author2=Ranbir Singh\|title=Challenging The Rules(s) of Law \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yreGAwAAQBAJ \|year=2008\|publisher=SAGE Publications\|isbn=978-81-321-0027-0\|page=264}}</ref> The dispute and differing visions for the future has resulted in a 50-year insurgency in the state for independence from India, as well as in repeated episodes of violence among ethnic groups in the state.<ref name=hrwm/> From 2009 through 2018, the conflict was responsible for the violent deaths of over 1000 people.<ref name=satp9413/>

SonOfZeus at 15:38, 1 April 2022

2022-04-01T15:38:10Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 21:08, 1 April 2022
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	{{Short description\|State in North-east India}}		{{Short description\|State in North-east India}}
	{{other uses}}		{{other uses}}

	{{Use Indian English\|date=June 2016}}		{{Use Indian English\|date=June 2016}}
	{{Use dmy dates\|date=January 2021}}		{{Use dmy dates\|date=January 2021}}
	{{Infobox settlement		{{Infobox settlement
	<!-- See Template:Infobox settlement for additional fields and descriptions -->		<!-- See Template:Infobox settlement for additional fields and descriptions -->
	\| name = Manipur		\| name = Manipur <br /> ({{lang-omp\|Kangleipak}}) <br /> ({{lang-mni\|Kangleipak}})
	\| type = [[States and union territories of India\|State]]		\| type = [[States and union territories of India\|State]]
	\| image_skyline = {{Photomontage		\| image_skyline = {{Photomontage
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	}}		}}
	'''Manipur''' ({{IPAc-en\|m\|ʌ\|n\|ɪ\|'\|p\|ʊər\|,_\|m\|æ\|n\|ə\|'\|p\|ʊər}})<ref>{{lexico\|Manipur}}</ref><ref>{{MW\|Manipur}}</ref> is a [[States and territories of India\|state]] in [[Northeast India]], with the city of [[Imphal]] as its capital.<ref>''Manipur: Treatise & Documents'', Volume 1, {{ISBN\|978-8170993995}}, Introduction</ref> It is bounded by the Indian states of [[Nagaland]] to the north, [[Mizoram]] to the south and [[Assam]] to the west. It also borders two regions of [[Myanmar]], [[Sagaing Region]] to the east and [[Chin State]] to the south. The state covers an area of {{convert\|22327\|km2}} and has a population of almost 3 million, including the [[Meitei people\|Meitei]], who are the majority group in the state, the [[Pangal\|Meitei Pangals]] (Manipuri Muslims), [[Naga people\|Naga]] tribes, [[Kuki people\|Kuki]]/[[Zo people\|Zo]] tribes and other communities, who speak a variety of [[Sino-Tibetan languages]]. Manipur has been at the crossroads of Asian economic and cultural exchange for more than 2,500 years.<ref>Naorem Sanajaoba (editor), ''Manipur, Past and Present: The Heritage and Ordeals of a Civilization'', Volume 4, Chapter 1: NK Singh, {{ISBN\|978-8170998532}}</ref> It connects the [[Indian subcontinent]] to [[South east Asia]] enabling migration of people, cultures and religions.<ref>Naorem Sanajaoba (editor), ''Manipur, Past and Present: The Heritage and Ordeals of a Civilization'', Volume 4, Chapter 4: K Murari, {{ISBN\|978-8170998532}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web \| url=http://e-pao.net/epSubPageExtractor.asp?src=manipur.History_of_Manipur.Trade_connection_of_Manipur_with_Southeast_Asia_in_Pre_British_period_Part_2_By_Budha_Kamei \| title=Trade connection of Manipur with Southeast Asia in Pre British period Part 2 by Budha Kamei \| access-date=7 July 2018 \| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180708044726/http://e-pao.net/epSubPageExtractor.asp?src=manipur.History_of_Manipur.Trade_connection_of_Manipur_with_Southeast_Asia_in_Pre_British_period_Part_2_By_Budha_Kamei \| archive-date=8 July 2018 \| url-status=live \| df=dmy-all }}</ref>		'''Manipur''' ({{IPAc-en\|m\|ʌ\|n\|ɪ\|'\|p\|ʊər\|,_\|m\|æ\|n\|ə\|'\|p\|ʊər}})<ref>{{lexico\|Manipur}}</ref><ref>{{MW\|Manipur}}</ref>({{lang-omp\|Kangleipak}}, {{lang-mni\|Kangleipak}}) is a [[States and territories of India\|state]] in [[Northeast India]], with the city of [[Imphal]] as its capital.<ref>''Manipur: Treatise & Documents'', Volume 1, {{ISBN\|978-8170993995}}, Introduction</ref> It is bounded by the Indian states of [[Nagaland]] to the north, [[Mizoram]] to the south and [[Assam]] to the west. It also borders two regions of [[Myanmar]], [[Sagaing Region]] to the east and [[Chin State]] to the south. The state covers an area of {{convert\|22327\|km2}} and has a population of almost 3 million, including the [[Meitei people\|Meitei]], who are the majority group in the state, the [[Pangal\|Meitei Pangals]] (Manipuri Muslims), [[Naga people\|Naga]] tribes, [[Kuki people\|Kuki]]/[[Zo people\|Zo]] tribes and other communities, who speak a variety of [[Sino-Tibetan languages]]. Manipur has been at the crossroads of Asian economic and cultural exchange for more than 2,500 years.<ref>Naorem Sanajaoba (editor), ''Manipur, Past and Present: The Heritage and Ordeals of a Civilization'', Volume 4, Chapter 1: NK Singh, {{ISBN\|978-8170998532}}</ref> It connects the [[Indian subcontinent]] to [[South east Asia]] enabling migration of people, cultures and religions.<ref>Naorem Sanajaoba (editor), ''Manipur, Past and Present: The Heritage and Ordeals of a Civilization'', Volume 4, Chapter 4: K Murari, {{ISBN\|978-8170998532}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web \| url=http://e-pao.net/epSubPageExtractor.asp?src=manipur.History_of_Manipur.Trade_connection_of_Manipur_with_Southeast_Asia_in_Pre_British_period_Part_2_By_Budha_Kamei \| title=Trade connection of Manipur with Southeast Asia in Pre British period Part 2 by Budha Kamei \| access-date=7 July 2018 \| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180708044726/http://e-pao.net/epSubPageExtractor.asp?src=manipur.History_of_Manipur.Trade_connection_of_Manipur_with_Southeast_Asia_in_Pre_British_period_Part_2_By_Budha_Kamei \| archive-date=8 July 2018 \| url-status=live \| df=dmy-all }}</ref>

	During the days of the [[British Raj\|British Indian Empire]], the [[Kingdom of Manipur]] was one of the [[princely state]]s.<ref>Naorem Sanajaoba (Editor), ''Manipur, Past and Present: The Heritage and Ordeals of a Civilization'', Volume 4, Chapter 2: NT Singh, {{ISBN\|978-8170998532}}</ref> Between 1917 and 1939, some people of Manipur pressed the princely rulers for democracy. By the late 1930s, the princely state of Manipur negotiated with the British administration its preference to continue to be part of the Indian Empire, rather than part of [[Burma]], which was being separated from India. These negotiations were cut short with the outbreak of [[World War II]] in 1939. On 11 August 1947, [[Maharaja Budhachandra]] signed an [[Instrument of Accession]], joining India.<ref name=CIRCA>{{citation \|title=Why Pre-Merger Political Status for Manipur: Under the Framework of the Instrument of Accession, 1947 \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oKZoDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA26 \|year=2018 \|publisher=Research and Media Cell, CIRCA \|id=GGKEY:8XLWSW77KUZ \|page=26 \|ref={{sfnref\|CIRCA, Why Pre-Merger Political Status for Manipur\|2018}} \|access-date=19 August 2018 \|archive-date=10 January 2022 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220110133940/https://books.google.com/books?id=oKZoDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA26 \|url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{harvnb\|Singh, Socio-religious and Political Movements in Modern Manipur\|2011\|loc=Chapter 6, p. 139}}</ref> Later, on 21 September 1949, he signed a Merger Agreement, merging the kingdom into India, which led to its becoming a [[Part C State]].<ref>U. B. Singh, ''India Fiscal Federalism in Indian Union'' (2003), p. 135</ref><ref>{{cite book\|author1=K.R. Dikshit\|author2=Jutta K Dikshit\|title=North-East India: Land, People and Economy\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iorHBAAAQBAJ \|year=2013\|publisher=Springer Science \|isbn=978-94-007-7055-3\|page=56}}</ref> This merger was later disputed by groups in Manipur, as having been completed without consensus and under duress.<ref>{{cite book\|author1=Kalpana Kannabiran\|author2=Ranbir Singh\|title=Challenging The Rules(s) of Law \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yreGAwAAQBAJ \|year=2008\|publisher=SAGE Publications\|isbn=978-81-321-0027-0\|page=264}}</ref> The dispute and differing visions for the future has resulted in a 50-year insurgency in the state for independence from India, as well as in repeated episodes of violence among ethnic groups in the state.<ref name=hrwm/> From 2009 through 2018, the conflict was responsible for the violent deaths of over 1000 people.<ref name=satp9413/>		During the days of the [[British Raj\|British Indian Empire]], the [[Kingdom of Manipur]] was one of the [[princely state]]s.<ref>Naorem Sanajaoba (Editor), ''Manipur, Past and Present: The Heritage and Ordeals of a Civilization'', Volume 4, Chapter 2: NT Singh, {{ISBN\|978-8170998532}}</ref> Between 1917 and 1939, some people of Manipur pressed the princely rulers for democracy. By the late 1930s, the princely state of Manipur negotiated with the British administration its preference to continue to be part of the Indian Empire, rather than part of [[Burma]], which was being separated from India. These negotiations were cut short with the outbreak of [[World War II]] in 1939. On 11 August 1947, [[Maharaja Budhachandra]] signed an [[Instrument of Accession]], joining India.<ref name=CIRCA>{{citation \|title=Why Pre-Merger Political Status for Manipur: Under the Framework of the Instrument of Accession, 1947 \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oKZoDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA26 \|year=2018 \|publisher=Research and Media Cell, CIRCA \|id=GGKEY:8XLWSW77KUZ \|page=26 \|ref={{sfnref\|CIRCA, Why Pre-Merger Political Status for Manipur\|2018}} \|access-date=19 August 2018 \|archive-date=10 January 2022 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220110133940/https://books.google.com/books?id=oKZoDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA26 \|url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{harvnb\|Singh, Socio-religious and Political Movements in Modern Manipur\|2011\|loc=Chapter 6, p. 139}}</ref> Later, on 21 September 1949, he signed a Merger Agreement, merging the kingdom into India, which led to its becoming a [[Part C State]].<ref>U. B. Singh, ''India Fiscal Federalism in Indian Union'' (2003), p. 135</ref><ref>{{cite book\|author1=K.R. Dikshit\|author2=Jutta K Dikshit\|title=North-East India: Land, People and Economy\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iorHBAAAQBAJ \|year=2013\|publisher=Springer Science \|isbn=978-94-007-7055-3\|page=56}}</ref> This merger was later disputed by groups in Manipur, as having been completed without consensus and under duress.<ref>{{cite book\|author1=Kalpana Kannabiran\|author2=Ranbir Singh\|title=Challenging The Rules(s) of Law \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yreGAwAAQBAJ \|year=2008\|publisher=SAGE Publications\|isbn=978-81-321-0027-0\|page=264}}</ref> The dispute and differing visions for the future has resulted in a 50-year insurgency in the state for independence from India, as well as in repeated episodes of violence among ethnic groups in the state.<ref name=hrwm/> From 2009 through 2018, the conflict was responsible for the violent deaths of over 1000 people.<ref name=satp9413/>

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← Older revision		Revision as of 14:55, 25 February 2022
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	===Security and insurgency===		===Security and insurgency===
	{{main\|Insurgency in Manipur}}		{{main\|Insurgency in Manipur}}
	The violence in Manipur extends beyond the conflict between Indian security forces and insurgent armed groups. There is violence between the Meiteis, Nagas, Kukis, and other tribal groups.<ref name=hrwm/> Splinter groups have arisen within some of the armed groups, and disagreement between them is rife. Other than the UNLF, PLA, and PREPAK, Manipuri insurgent groups include the Revolutionary Peoples Front (RPF), Manipur Liberation Front Army (MLFA), Kanglei Yawol Kanba Lup (KYKL), Revolutionary Joint Committee (RJC), Kangleipak Communist Party (KCP), Peoples United Liberation Front (PULF), Manipur Naga People Front (MNPF), National Socialist Council of Nagaland (NSCN-K), National Socialist Council of Nagaland (NSCN-I/M), United Kuki Liberation Front (UKLF), Kuki National Front (KNF), Kuki National Army (KNA), Kuki Defence Force (KDF), Kuki Democratic Movement (KDM), Kuki National Organisation (KNO), Kuki Security Force (KSF), Chin Kuki Revolutionary Front (CKRF), Kom Rem Peoples Convention (KRPC), Zomi Revolutionary Volunteers (ZRV), Zomi Revolutionary Army (ZRA), Zomi Reunification Organisation (ZRO), and Hmar Peoples Convention (HPC).<ref>{{Cite news\|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/Centre-inks-peace-accord-with-Naga-insurgent-outfit/article10293606.ece\|title=Centre inks peace accord with Naga insurgent outfit\|last=Singh\|first=Vijaita\|work=The Hindu\|access-date=12 March 2017\|language=en\|archive-date=27 November 2020\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201127182029/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/Centre-inks-peace-accord-with-Naga-insurgent-outfit/article10293606.ece\|url-status=live}}</ref~~><ref name=hrwm/~~>		The violence in Manipur extends beyond the conflict between Indian security forces and insurgent armed groups. There is violence between the Meiteis, Nagas, Kukis, and other tribal groups.<ref name=hrwm/> Splinter groups have arisen within some of the armed groups, and disagreement between them is rife. Other than the UNLF, PLA, and PREPAK, Manipuri insurgent groups include the Revolutionary Peoples Front (RPF), Manipur Liberation Front Army (MLFA), Kanglei Yawol Kanba Lup (KYKL), Revolutionary Joint Committee (RJC), Kangleipak Communist Party (KCP), Peoples United Liberation Front (PULF), Manipur Naga People Front (MNPF), National Socialist Council of Nagaland (NSCN-K), National Socialist Council of Nagaland (NSCN-I/M), United Kuki Liberation Front (UKLF), Kuki National Front (KNF), Kuki National Army (KNA), Kuki Defence Force (KDF), Kuki Democratic Movement (KDM), Kuki National Organisation (KNO), Kuki Security Force (KSF), Chin Kuki Revolutionary Front (CKRF), Kom Rem Peoples Convention (KRPC), Zomi Revolutionary Volunteers (ZRV), Zomi Revolutionary Army (ZRA), Zomi Reunification Organisation (ZRO), and Hmar Peoples Convention (HPC).<ref name=hrwm/><ref>{{Cite news\|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/Centre-inks-peace-accord-with-Naga-insurgent-outfit/article10293606.ece\|title=Centre inks peace accord with Naga insurgent outfit\|last=Singh\|first=Vijaita\|work=The Hindu\|access-date=12 March 2017\|language=en\|archive-date=27 November 2020\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201127182029/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/Centre-inks-peace-accord-with-Naga-insurgent-outfit/article10293606.ece\|url-status=live}}</ref>

	The Meitei insurgent groups seek independence from India. The Kuki insurgent groups want a separate state for the Kukis to be carved out from the present state of Manipur. The Kuki insurgent groups are under two umbrella organisations: the Kuki National Organisation (KNO) and United Peoples Forum.<ref>{{cite web\|url=http://www.kukination.net\|title=仏壇修理・洗浄なら石川県羽咋市の宮本仏檀店\|work=kukination.net\|access-date=1 September 2015\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150424145258/http://www.kukination.net/\|archive-date=24 April 2015\|url-status=dead}}</ref> The Nagas wish to annex part of Manipur and merge with a greater Nagaland or Nagalim, which is in conflict with Meitei insurgent demands for the integrity of their vision of an independent state. There have been many tensions between the tribes and numerous clashes between Naga and Kukis, Meiteis and Muslims.<ref name=hrwm/>		The Meitei insurgent groups seek independence from India. The Kuki insurgent groups want a separate state for the Kukis to be carved out from the present state of Manipur. The Kuki insurgent groups are under two umbrella organisations: the Kuki National Organisation (KNO) and United Peoples Forum.<ref>{{cite web\|url=http://www.kukination.net\|title=仏壇修理・洗浄なら石川県羽咋市の宮本仏檀店\|work=kukination.net\|access-date=1 September 2015\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150424145258/http://www.kukination.net/\|archive-date=24 April 2015\|url-status=dead}}</ref> The Nagas wish to annex part of Manipur and merge with a greater Nagaland or Nagalim, which is in conflict with Meitei insurgent demands for the integrity of their vision of an independent state. There have been many tensions between the tribes and numerous clashes between Naga and Kukis, Meiteis and Muslims.<ref name=hrwm/>

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	{{Use Indian English\|date=June 2016}}		{{Use Indian English\|date=June 2016}}
	{{Use dmy dates\|date=January 2021}}		{{Use dmy dates\|date=January 2021}}

->BrownHairedGirl: Rescuing 21 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.8.5

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Rescuing 21 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.8.5

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← Older revision		Revision as of 02:11, 2 July 2023
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	{{Short description\|State in North-east India}}		{{Short description\|State in North-east India}}
	{{other uses}}		{{other uses}}
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	{{Use Indian English\|date=June 2016}}		{{Use Indian English\|date=June 2016}}
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← Older revision		Revision as of 16:20, 30 January 2022
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	{{Short description\|State in North-east India}}		{{Short description\|State in North-east India}}
	{{other uses}}		{{other uses}}
	~~{{pp-vandalism\|small=yes}}~~
	{{Use Indian English\|date=June 2016}}		{{Use Indian English\|date=June 2016}}
	{{Use dmy dates\|date=January 2021}}		{{Use dmy dates\|date=January 2021}}