DinahFlo5043561: general cleaned up intro for clarity and updated info

2026-03-12T23:43:55Z

general cleaned up intro for clarity and updated info

Ajay Kumar: Created a new article

2023-08-30T03:41:37Z

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{{short description|Tropical evergreen tree species in the flowering plant family Sapotaceae}}
{{stack|
{{speciesbox
|name =
|image = സപ്പോട്ട.jpg
|status = LC
|status_system = IUCN3.1
|status_ref = <ref name=IUCN>{{cite iucn | author1 = Martínez Salas, E. | author2 = Samain, M. | author3 = Oldfield, S. | name-list-style = amp | title = ''Manilkara zapota'' | page = e.T61964429A61964470 | year = 2021 | access-date = 23 June 2022}}</ref>
|genus = Manilkara
|species = zapota
|authority = ([[Carl Linnaeus|L.]]) P.Royen
|synonyms = [[#Synonyms|See text]]
}}
{{nutritional value
| name=Sapodilla, raw
| image=Sapodilla.jpg
| caption=Fruit, cross-section
| kJ=347
| protein=0.44 g
| fat=1.1 g
| carbs=19.96 g
| fiber=5.3 g
| calcium_mg=21
| iron_mg=0.8
| magnesium_mg=12
| phosphorus_mg=12
| potassium_mg=193
| sodium_mg=12
| zinc_mg=0.1
| vitC_mg=14.7
| riboflavin_mg=0.02
| niacin_mg=0.2
| pantothenic_mg=0.252
| vitB6_mg=0.037
| folate_ug=14
| source_usda = 1
| note=[https://fdc.nal.usda.gov/fdc-app.html#/food-details/167759/nutrients Link to USDA Database entry]
}}
}}

'''''Manilkara zapota''''', commonly known as '''sapodilla''' ({{IPAc-es|ˌ|s|a|p|o|ˈ|d|i|y|a}}),<ref name=PLANTS>{{PLANTS | symbol = MAZA | taxon = Manilkara zapota | access-date = 23 June 2022}}</ref> '''sapote''', '''chicozapote''', '''chicoo''', '''chicle''', '''naseberry''', or '''nispero''', among other names,<ref name="GRIN">{{GRIN | access-date = 23 June 2022}}</ref><ref name="Small">{{cite book |last1=Small |first1=Ernest |title=Top 100 Exotic Food Plants |publisher=CRC Press |isbn=9781439856888 |page=515}}</ref> is an [[evergreen]] tree native to southern Mexico, Central America and the Caribbean. An example natural occurrence is in coastal [[Yucatán Peninsula|Yucatán]] in the [[Petenes mangroves]] ecoregion, where it is a subdominant plant species.<ref>World Wildlife Fund. eds. Mark McGinley, C.Michael Hogan & C. Cleveland. 2010. [http://www.eoearth.org/article/Petenes_mangroves?topic=49597 ''Petenes mangroves''. Encyclopedia of Earth. National Council for Science and the Environment. Washington DC] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111015030054/http://www.eoearth.org/article/Petenes_mangroves?topic=49597 |date=2011-10-15 }}</ref> It was introduced to the Philippines during Spanish colonization. It is grown in large quantities in Mexico and in tropical Asia including India, Pakistan, Thailand, Malaysia, Cambodia, Indonesia, Vietnam, Bangladesh.

The [[Specific epithet (botany)|specific epithet]] ''zapota'' is from the Spanish {{lang|es|zapote}} {{IPA-es|saˈpote|}}, which ultimately derives from the [[Nahuatl]] word [[Sapote|''tzapotl'']].

==Description==
[[image:Sapodilla tree.jpg|thumb|left|Sapodilla tree]]
Sapodilla can live up to one hundred years.<ref>[https://indiaagronet.com/horticulture/CONTENTS/sapota.htm#:~:text=It%20is%20evergreen%2C%20tropical%20fruit,is%20eaten%20as%20dessert%20fruit. Horticulture: Crop Plantation Guidence - The Sapota (Chickoo)]. ''India Agro''. Retrieved 8 August, 2023.</ref><ref>[https://www.agrifarming.in/sapota-grafting-methodschikoo-pruning-training#introduction-to-sapota Introduction to Sapota]. ''Agri Farming''. Retrieved 14 August, 2023.</ref> It can grow to more than {{convert|30|m|ft|0|abbr=on}} tall with a trunk diameter of up to {{convert|1.5|m|ft|0|abbr=on}}. The average height of cultivated specimens, however, is usually between {{convert|9|and|15|m|ft|abbr=on}} with a trunk diameter not exceeding {{convert|50|cm|in|abbr=on}}.<ref>[http://www.worldagroforestry.org/treedb2/AFTPDFS/Manilkara_zapota.pdf ''Manilkara zapota'' Sapotaceae (L.) van Royen], Orwa C, Mutua A, Kindt R, Jamnadass R, Simons A. 2009. Agroforestree Database:a tree reference and selection guide version 4.0 (http://www.worldagroforestry.org/af/treedb/)</ref> It is wind-resistant and the bark is rich in a white, gummy [[latex]] called [[chicle]]. The ornamental leaves are medium green and glossy. They are alternate, elliptic to ovate, {{convert|7–15|cm|0|abbr=on}} long, with an entire margin. The white flowers are inconspicuous and bell-like, with a six-lobed corolla. An unripe fruit has a firm outer skin and when picked, releases white chicle from its stem. A fully ripened fruit has saggy skin and does not release chicle when picked.

The fruit is a large berry, {{convert|4–8|cm|0|abbr=on}} in diameter.<ref>{{citation |url=http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=1&taxon_id=200017540 |title=Flora of North America |volume=8}}</ref><ref name="Harris2009">{{cite book|last1=Harris|first1=Kate|title=Trees of Belize|date=2009|publisher=Bay Cedar Publishing|location=Belize|isbn=9780992758202|pages=94–95}}</ref> Inside, its flesh ranges from a pale yellow to an earthy brown color with a grainy texture akin to that of a well-ripened pear. Each fruit contains one to six seeds.<ref name="Harris2009"/> The seeds are hard, glossy, and black, resembling beans, with a hook at one end that can catch in the throat if swallowed.


The fruit has an exceptionally sweet, malty flavor. The unripe fruit is hard to the touch and contains high amounts of [[saponin]], which has [[astringent]] properties similar to [[tannin]], drying out the mouth.

The trees can survive only in warm, typically tropical environments (although it has low tolerance to drought and heat in its early years),<ref>[https://gardenoracle.com/images/manilkara-zapota.html#:~:text=Heat%20tolerant%3A%20These%20trees%20have,part%20shade%20in%20hot%20climates. Growing Sapodilla: Manilkara zapota]. ''Garden Oracle''. Retrieved 8 August, 2023. "Heat tolerant: These trees have difficulty when young, over 90°F, and when mature, over 105°F. They will need afternoon shade and extra water in these temperatures. Drought tolerant: Yes, after three years."</ref> dying easily if the temperature drops below freezing. From germination, the sapodilla tree will usually take anywhere from five to eight years to bear fruit. The sapodilla trees yield fruit twice a year, though flowering may continue year round.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Kute |first1=L.S. |last2=Shete |first2=M.B. |title=Handbook of Fruit Science and Technology |chapter=Sapota (Sapodilla) |date=1995 |publisher=CRC Press |pages=475-476 |url=https://doi.org/10.1201/9781482273458-31 |access-date=24 August 2022}}</ref>
{{clear left}}

==Other names==
[[image:Sapodilla in Guntur .jpg|thumb|right|Sapodilla fruits being sold on a street in [[Guntur]], India]]
Most of the common names of ''Manilkara zapota'' like "sapodilla" and "chicozapote" come from [[Spanish language|Spanish]] meaning "little [[sapote]]".<ref name="Small"/> Other common names in English for ''Manilkara zapota'' include '''bully tree''', '''sawo''', and '''marmalade plum'''.<ref name=EPPO>{{cite web | title = ''Manilkara zapota'' | url = https://gd.eppo.int/taxon/MNKZA | publisher = [[European and Mediterranean Plant Protection Organization]] (EPPO) | access-date = 23 June 2022}}</ref>

==Biological studies==

Compounds extracted from the leaves showed [[anti-diabetic]], [[antioxidant]] and [[Cholesterol-lowering drug|hypocholesterolemic]] ([[cholesterol]]-lowering) effects in rats.<ref>{{cite journal|vauthors=Fayek NM, Monem AR, Mossa MY, Meselhy MR, Shazly AH | title = Chemical and biological study of ''Manilkara zapota'' (L.) Van Royen leaves (Sapotaceae) cultivated in Egypt. | journal = Pharmacognosy Research | volume = 4 | issue = 2 | pages = 85–91 | year = 2012 | pmid = 22518080 | doi = 10.4103/0974-8490.94723 | pmc=3326762}}</ref>

Acetone extracts of the seeds exhibited ''[[in vitro]]'' antibacterial effects against strains of ''[[Pseudomonas oleovorans]]'' and ''[[Vibrio cholerae]]''.<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Kothari V, Seshadri S | title = In vitro antibacterial activity in seed extracts of ''Manilkara zapota'', ''Anona squamosa'', and ''Tamarindus indica''. | journal = Biol. Res. | volume = 43 | issue = 2 | pages = 165–8 | year = 2010 | pmid = 21031260 | doi = 10.4067/S0716-97602010000200003| doi-access = free }}</ref>

<gallery>
File:Manilkara-zapota-yucatan.jpg
File:Chikoo seeds.jpg
File:Manilkara zapota.jpg
File:Manilkara zapota - Nispero fruit and leaves 01.jpg
File:Manilkara zapota - Nispero fruit and leaves 04.jpg
File:Chikoo.JPG
</gallery>

==Synonyms==
[[Synonym (taxonomy)|Synonyms]] of this species include:<ref>{{citation
|url=http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl1.1/record/kew-120271
|title=The Plant List: A Working List of All Plant Species
|access-date=18 October 2015}}</ref>
{{columns-list|colwidth=22em|
*''Achradelpha mammosa'' (L.) O.F.Cook
*''Achras breviloba'' (Gilly) Lundell
*''Achras calderonii'' (Gilly) Lundell
*''Achras conzattii'' (Gilly) Lundell
*''Achras coriacea'' Lundell
*''Achras dactylina'' Lundell
*''Achras gaumeri'' (Gilly) Lundell
*''Achras latiloba'' Lundell
*''Achras lobulata'' (Lundell) Lundell
*''Achras lucuma'' Blanco
*''Achras mammosa'' L. nom. illeg.
*''Achras meridionalis'' (Gilly) Lundell
*''Achras occidentalis'' Cels ex Ten.
*''Achras paludosa'' Lundell
*''Achras petenensis'' (Lundell) Lundell
*''Achras rojasii'' (Gilly) Lundell
*''Achras sapatilla'' J.Paul & W.Arnold
*''Achras sapota'' L. [Spelling variant]
*''Achras striata'' (Gilly) Lundell
*''Achras tabogaensis'' (Gilly) Lundell
*''Achras tainteriana'' Lundell
*''Achras tchicoomame'' Perr.
*''Achras verrucosa'' Stokes
*''Achras zapota'' L.
*''Achras zapotilla'' (Jacq.) Nutt.
*''Calocarpum mammosum'' (L.) Pierre
*''Calospermum mammosum'' (L.) Pierre
*''Gambeya mammosa'' (L.) Pierre
*''Lucuma mammosa'' (L.) C.F.Gaertn.
*''Lucuma zapota'' (L.) Urb.
*''Manilkara achras'' (Mill.) Fosberg
*''Manilkara breviloba'' Gilly
*''Manilkara calderonii'' Gilly
*''Manilkara conzattii'' Gilly
*''Manilkara gaumeri'' Gilly
*''Manilkara grisebachii'' (Pierre) Dubard
*''Manilkara meridionalis'' Gilly
*''Manilkara rojasii'' Gilly
*''Manilkara striata'' Gilly
*''Manilkara tabogaensis'' Gilly
*''Manilkara zapotilla'' (Jacq.) Gilly
*''Manilkariopsis lobulata'' Lundell
*''Manilkariopsis meridionalis'' (Gilly) Lundell
*''Manilkariopsis petenensis'' Lundell
*''Manilkariopsis rojasii'' (Gilly) Lundell
*''Manilkariopsis striata'' (Gilly) Lundell
*''Manilkariopsis tabogaensis'' (Gilly) Lundell
*''Mimusops grisebachii'' Pierre
*''Nispero achras'' (Mill.) Aubrév.
*''Pouteria mammosa'' (L.) Cronquist
*''Sapota achras'' Mill.
*''Sapota zapotilla'' (Jacq.) Coville ex Safford
*''Vitellaria mammosa'' (L.) Radlk.
}}

==Uses==
The fruit is edible and a favorite in the tropical Americas.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Hargreaves|first1=Dorothy|last2=Hargreaves|first2=Bob|title=Tropical Trees of Hawaii|year=1964|publisher=Hargreaves|location=Kailua, Hawaii|page=14}}</ref> [[Chicle]] from the bark is used to make chewing gum.

==See also==
* [[Sapote]]

==References==

{{Reflist|32em}}

==External links==
* [http://www.crfg.org/pubs/ff/sapodilla.html CRFG Publications: Sapodilla]
* [http://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/morton/sapodilla.html Sapodilla – Fruits of Warm Climates – Julia F. Morton]

{{Taxonbar|from=Q14959}}

[[Category:Manilkara|zapota]]
[[Category:Flora of Mexico]]
[[Category:Flora of Belize]]
[[Category:Flora of Guatemala]]
[[Category:Crops originating from indigenous Americans]]
[[Category:Tropical fruit]]
[[Category:Saponaceous plants]]
[[Category:Plants described in 1753]]
[[Category:Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus]]

Manilkara zapota - Revision history

DinahFlo5043561: general cleaned up intro for clarity and updated info

Ajay Kumar: Created a new article