Rajesh Ghosh: added a place

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{{Use Indian English|date=August 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2016}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Mangan district
| native_name_lang = Nepali
| settlement_type = [[List of districts of Sikkim|District]] of [[Sikkim]]
| image_skyline = Sunset om Kangchengyao in North Sikkim.jpg
| image_alt =
| image_caption = [[Kangchengyao]] in Mangan district, Sikkim
| image_flag =
| flag_alt =
| image_seal =
| seal_alt =
| image_shield =
| shield_alt =
| nickname =
| motto =
| mottoeng =
| mapframe = yes
| mapframe-point = none
| map_alt =
| map_caption = Location in Sikkim
| coordinates = {{coord|27|31|N|88|32|E|display=inline,title}}
| coor_pinpoint =
| coordinates_footnotes =
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = {{flagicon image|Flag of the Government of Sikkim.svg}} [[Sikkim]]
| subdivision_type2 =
| subdivision_name2 =
| subdivision_type3 =
| subdivision_name3 =
| established_title =
| established_date =
| founder =
| seat_type = [[Headquarters]]
| seat = [[Mangan, India|Mangan]]
| government_footnotes =
| leader_party =
| leader_title = District Collector (DC)
| leader_name = Mr. Anant Jain <ref>{{Cite web|title=District Collectors|url=https://sikkim.gov.in/mygovernment/whos-who/district-collectors|website=sikkim.gov.in}}</ref>
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_total_km2 = 4226
| area_land_km2 =
| area_water_km2 =
| area_water_percent =
| area_note =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 610
| population_footnotes =
| population_total = 43,709
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_note =
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +05:30
| timezone1_DST =
| utc_offset1_DST =
| postal_code_type =
| registration_plate = SK-03
| postal_code =
| area_code_type =
| area_code =
| iso_code = [[ISO 3166-2:IN|IN-SK]]
| website = {{URL|https://mangan.nic.in}}
| footnotes =
| official_name =
}}

'''Mangan district''', formerly known as '''North Sikkim district''',<ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.telegraphindia.com/states/two-new-districts-to-be-created-in-sikkim/cid/1842637| title=thetelegraph.com}}</ref> is a [[list of Indian districts|district]] of the [[India]]n [[states and territories of India|state]] of [[Sikkim]]. Its district headquarters is [[Mangan, India|Mangan]]. It is the seventh least populous district in the country (out of [[Districts of India|640]]).<ref name="districtcensus">{{cite web |title=District Census Hand Book – Sikkim |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/13990/download/17113/DH_2011_1100_PART_A_DCHB_SIKKIM.PDF |website=[[Census of India]] |publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref>

==Geography==
[[File:Flowers and nature of North Sikkim India.jpg|thumb|Wildflowers of North Sikkim]]
[[File:A bridge wildflowers nature Himalayas Yumthang Valley Sikkim India.jpg|thumb|Flowering trees along stream valleys]]
Mangan is the largest of the six districts of Sikkim. The landscape is mountainous with dense vegetation all the way up to the alpine altitude before thinning out to desert scrub towards the northern tundra. Numerous waterfalls astride the main road make the trip to this district extremely picturesque.

The most prominent effect of the steepness of the valleys is the prevalence of landslides that at times drop debris anything between {{Convert|3000|and|5000|ft|m|-2|abbr=on}} carrying devastation along their course. Most of them are caused either by melting snow beds on top of the mountains or by erosive action of monsoon rains.

Most of the people of the state reside near Mangan, the district headquarters which is about {{Convert|3000|ft|m|-2}} above sea level. Further north the elevation increases with the vegetation turning from [[temperate]] to [[alpine climate|alpine]] to [[tundra]]. Temperatures range from about {{convert|25|°C|°F}} to below {{convert|−40|°C|°F}} in the extreme high reaches where the altitude is in excess of {{convert|6,000|m|ft|-3|disp=or}}. [[Kanchenjunga]] is the highest peak at over {{convert|8,000|m|ft|-3|disp=or}}, straddling its western border with [[Nepal]] and can be seen clearly from the town of [[Singhik]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=O'Neill |first1=Alexander |date=2017-03-29 |title=Sikkim claims India’s first mixed-criteria UNESCO World Heritage Site |url=http://www.currentscience.ac.in/Volumes/112/05/0893.pdf|journal=Current Science |volume=112 |issue=5 |pages=893–994 |access-date=2017-05-11 }}</ref>

===Assembly constituencies===
Since 2002, the district has been divided into three [[assembly constituency|assembly constituencies]].
# [[Kabi Lungchok (Vidhan Sabha Constituency)|Kabi Lungchok]] (BL)
# [[Djongu (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Djongu]] (BL)
# [[Lachen-Mangan (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Lachen-Mangan]] (BL)

==Economy==
Mangan is known as the [[Cardamom|Large Cardamom]] Capital of the world. The climate and terrain best suit the cultivation of the larger variety of Cardamom here.

The region has many power projects and enjoys almost uninterrupted electricity. The steep gradient and the innumerable lakes on the higher reaches facilitate ideal conditions for generation of hydro electric power.

In 2006 the [[Ministry of Panchayati Raj]] named North Sikkim one of the country's 250 [[Poverty in India|most backward districts]] (out of a total of [[Districts of India|640]]).<ref name=brgf/> It is the only district in Sikkim currently receiving funds from the Backward Regions Grant Fund Programme (BRGF).<ref name=brgf>{{cite web|author=Ministry of Panchayati Raj|date=8 September 2009|title=A Note on the Backward Regions Grant Fund Programme|publisher=National Institute of Rural Development|url=http://www.nird.org.in/brgf/doc/brgf_BackgroundNote.pdf|access-date=27 September 2011|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120405033402/http://www.nird.org.in/brgf/doc/brgf_BackgroundNote.pdf|archive-date=5 April 2012|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

===Tourism===
Most of North Sikkim is restricted to travellers and permits are needed to visit these areas. The area, which shares a sensitive border with the [[People's Republic of China]] is heavily patrolled by the [[Indian army]]. However, owing to the natural environment and scenery, a large number of tourists have started visiting the region.{{citation needed|date=July 2024}} Often unregulated tourism becomes a conservation issue in fragile ecosystem such as high mountains.<ref>Choudhury, A.U. (2011). Tourism pressure on high elevation IBAs. ''Mistnet'' 12(1): 11–12.</ref>

==Divisions==

===Administrative divisions===
{{multiple image
| caption_align = center
| direction = vertical
| width = 280
| footer = <br/>'''Scenes from the district'''
| image1 = Crows Lake in North Sikkim.jpg
| alt1 = Lake of crows
| caption1 = Crows Lake
| image2 = Yumthangnorth.jpg
| alt2 = Peaceful valley
| caption2 = Yumthang Valley
| image3 = Gumpa.jpg
| alt3 = Dancing up a storm
| caption3 = Gumpa dance at Lachung monastery
| image4 = View from Zero Point, North Sikkim.jpg
| caption4 = View from Zero Point, North Sikkim
| image5 = Zero Point Sikkim - North Sikkim.jpg
| caption5 = Zero Point Sikkim – After Earthquake, November 2011
| image6 =Yuemsamdong, Zero point.jpg
| caption6 = Yumesamdong, Zero Point, North Sikkim
}}

North Sikkim is divided into two sub-divisions:<ref>{{cite map |publisher=The Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India, New Delhi, Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India |title=Sikkim Administrative Divisions |url=http://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/maps/administrative_maps/SIKIM.pdf |language=en |format=PDF |year=2011 |access-date=29 September 2011 }}</ref>

{{North Sikkim image map}}

{| class="wikitable sortable" width=65% style="border:1px solid black"
|- bgcolor=#EDAFFF
| width="10%" | '''Name'''
| width="20%" | '''Headquarters'''
| width="20%" | '''Number of villages'''<ref name='MDDS'>{{cite web | url = http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/MDDS/mdds_dir_Rural_11.pdf | title = MDDS e-Governance Code (Sikkim Rural) | access-date = 15 October 2011 | year = 2011 | format = PDF | publisher = Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India}}</ref>
| width="10%" |'''Population<br>(2011)'''
| width="10%" | '''Area'''
| width="10%" | '''Location'''
|- bgcolor=#EFE4B0
| [[Chungthang subdivision|Chungthang]] || [[Chungthang]] || 9 || 10,038 || 3,285 || [[File:North Sikkim Subdivisions Chungthang.png|80px|center]]
|- bgcolor=#EFE4B0
| [[Mangan subdivision|Mangan]]|| [[Mangan, India|Mangan]]|| 46 || 33,671 || 941 || [[File:North Sikkim Subdivisions Mangan.png|80px|center]]
|}

==Demographics==
According to the [[2011 census of India|2011 census]] Mangan district has a [[Demographics of India|population]] of 43,709,<ref name="districtcensus"/> roughly equal to the nation of [[Liechtenstein]].<ref name="cia">{{cite web | author = US Directorate of Intelligence | title = Country Comparison:Population | url = https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2119rank.html | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070613004507/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2119rank.html | url-status = dead | archive-date = 13 June 2007 | access-date = 1 October 2011 | quote = 212 Liechtenstein 35,236 July 2011 est. The district was under the occupation of the Nepalese for 30 years in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries.
}}</ref> This gives it a ranking of 634th in India (out of a total of [[Districts of India|640]]).<ref name=districtcensus/> The district has a population density of {{convert| 10 |PD/sqkm|PD/sqmi}}.<ref name=districtcensus/> Its [[Family planning in India|population growth rate]] over the decade 2001–2011 was 5.66%.<ref name=districtcensus/> North Sikkim has a [[sex ratio]] of 769 [[Women in India|females]] for every 1000 males,<ref name=districtcensus/> and a [[Literacy in India|literacy rate]] of 77.39%. 10.62% of the population lives in urban areas. Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes make up 2.25% and 65.70% of the population respectively.<ref name=districtcensus/>

The people are mainly of Lepcha and Bhutia descent. Other groups include the Tibetan community. It also has one of the lowest populated regions of the state.

===Religion===
{{bar box
|title = Religion in Mangan district (2011)<ref name="Census">{{Cite web|url=https://www.census2011.com/census/district/462-west-sikkim.html|title=East Sikkim District Religion Census 2011|access-date=27 August 2021|archive-date=14 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210514153424/https://www.census2011.com/census/district/462-west-sikkim.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|titlebar=#Fcd116
|float=left
|bars=
{{bar percent|[[Buddhism]]|yellow|53.35}}
{{bar percent|[[Hinduism]]|darkorange|34.05}}
{{bar percent|[[Christianity]]|dodgerblue|6.09}}
{{bar percent|[[Kirat Mundhum]]|red|2.11}}
{{bar percent|[[Sikhism]]|darkkhaki|1.87}}
{{bar percent|[[Islam]]|green|1.86}}
{{bar percent|Other or not stated|black|0.67}}
}}

Buddhism is followed by majority of the people in Mangan district. Hinduism followed by a considerable population.<ref name="Religion">{{Cite web|date=2011|title=Table C-01 Population by Religion: Sikkim |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/11391/download/14504/DDW11C-01%20MDDS.XLS |website=censusindia.gov.in|publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref>

===Languages===
{{Pie chart
|caption = Languages of Mangan (2011)
|label1 = [[Lepcha language|Lepcha]] |value1 = 31.71 |color1 = darkblue
|label2 = [[Nepali language|Nepali]] |value2 = 23.24 |color2 = lightcoral
|label3 = [[Sikkimese language|Sikkimese]] |value3 = 14.41 |color3 = deepskyblue
|label4 = [[Limbu language|Limbu]] |value4 = 8.51 |color4 = lavender
|label5 = [[Hindi]] |value5 = 6.40 |color5 = orange
|label6 = [[Sherpa language|Sherpa]] |value6 = 3.63 |color6 = purple
|label7 = [[Tamang language|Tamang]] |value7 = 2.56 |color7 = skyblue
|label8 = [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]] |value8 = 1.75 |color8 = pink
|label9 = [[Bhojpuri language|Bhojpuri]] |value9 = 1.62 |color9 = gold
|label10 = [[Kiranti languages|Rai]] |value10 = 1.22 |color10 = limegreen
|label11 = [[Bengali language|Bengali]] |value11 = 1.08 |color11 = orchid
|label12 = Others |value12 = 3.87 |color12 = grey
}}
At the time of the [[2011 Census of India]], 31.71% of the population in the district spoke [[Lepcha language|Lepcha]], 23.24% [[Nepali language|Nepali]], 14.41% [[Sikkimese language|Sikkimese]], 8.51% [[Limbu language|Limbu]], 6.40% [[Hindi]], 3.63% [[Sherpa language|Sherpa]], 2.56% [[Tamang language|Tamang]], 1.75% [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]], 1.62% [[Bhojpuri language|Bhojpuri]], 1.22% [[Rai languages|Rai]] and 1.08% [[Bengali language|Bengali]] as their first language.<ref name="Language">{{cite web |title=Table C-16 Population by Mother Tongue: Sikkim |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/10221/download/13333/DDW-C16-STMT-MDDS-1100.XLSX |website=censusindia.gov.in|publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref>

==Transport==
Roads are in a poor condition owing to the frequent landslides.

==Flora and fauna==
North Sikkim is home to the [[red panda]] (''Ailurus fulgens''), a vulnerable species.<ref>Choudhury, A.U. (2001). An overview of the status and conservation of the red panda Ailurus fulgens in India, with reference to its global status. ''Oryx'' 35(3):250–259</ref> This animal is the pride of Sikkim and is also the State Animal. It is generally found between heights of 2000 m to 4000 m. It is as big as a domestic Siamese cat (approximately 2 ft long), has a triangular shaped face with a stripe on its cheek, with red fur and black eyes. It has a sprinkling of white on its back and chest. The tail is bushy, black or brown in colour and long like that of a skunk. They generally live on treetops.

In 1977 North Sikkim district became home to [[Khangchendzonga National Park]], which has an area of {{convert|1784|km2|mi2|abbr=on|1}}.<ref name=parks>{{cite web|author=Indian Ministry of Forests and Environment|title=Protected areas: Sikkim|url=http://oldwww.wii.gov.in/envis/envis_pa_network/index.htm|access-date=25 September 2011|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110823163836/http://oldwww.wii.gov.in/envis/envis_pa_network/index.htm|archive-date=23 August 2011|df=dmy-all}}</ref> It shares the park with [[West Sikkim district]]. It is also home to the Shingba ([[rhododendron]]) [[Wildlife Sanctuaries in India|Wildlife Sanctuary]], which was established in 1984 and has an area of {{convert|43|km2|mi2|abbr=on|1}}.<ref name=parks/>

==Important Towns and Cities==
*[[Mangan, India|Mangan]]
*[[Chungthang]]
*[[Lachen, Sikkim|Lachen]]
*[[Lachung]]
*[[Phodong]]
*[[Dikchu]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

[https://blog.yourtours.in/north-sikkim-tour-package/ 200 north sikkim tour package ]

==External links==
{{Commons category|Mangan district}}
* {{Official website|1=https://northsikkim.nic.in/}}
*{{Wikivoyage inline|North Sikkim}}

{{Geographic location
|Centre = Mangan
|North = ''[[China]]''
|Northeast =
|East = ''[[China]]''
|Southeast = [[Gangtok]]
|South = [[Namchi]]
|Southwest = [[Gyalshing]]
|West = {{NEP|Nepal}}
|Northwest =
}}

{{Sikkim}}

[[Category:Mangan district| ]]
[[Category:Districts of Sikkim]]

Mangan district - Revision history

Rajesh Ghosh: added a place