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{{Infobox oil field
| name = Mangala Area (Mangala, Bhagyam and Aishwariya Fields)
| image =
| caption =
| location_map =
| location_map_width =
| location_map_text =
| coordinates =
| coordinates_ref =
| country = [[India]]
| region =
| location =
| block = RJ-ON-90-2
| offonshore = Onshore
| operators = [[Cairn Energy#Cairn India|Cairn India]]
| partners = [[Oil and Natural Gas Corporation]]
| contractors =
| discovery = 1999
| start_development =
| start_production = Nov 2005
| peak_year =
| abandonment = 2041 (expected)
| peak_of_production_oil_bbl/d =
| peak_of_production_oil_tpy =
| peak_of_production_gas_mmcuft/d =
| peak_of_production_gas_mmscm/d =
| peak_of_production_gas_bcm/y =
| oil_production_bbl/d = 200000
| oil_production_tpy =
| production_year_oil =
| production_gas_mmcuft/d =
| production_gas_mmscm/d =
| production_gas_bcm/y =
| production_year_gas =
| est_oil_bbl = 3600
| est_oil_t =
| recover_oil_bbl =
| recover_oil_t =
| est_gas_bft =
| est_gas_bcm =
| recover_gas_bft =
| recover_gas_bcm =
| formations = Tertiary, Palaeocene, Fatehgarh
}}

The '''Mangala Area''', located in Block RJ-ON-90-1 (the ''Rajasthan Block''), is a major oil field located in the [[India]]n State of [[Rajasthan]]. The Mangala area consists of over 16 separate oil and gas fields of which the majority of the reserves are located in the three fields of Mangala, Bhagyam and Aishwariya. The Mangala Area sits in [[Barmer, Rajasthan|Barmer]] Basin and is thought to contain oil in place volumes of {{Convert|3.6|Goilbbl|m3}}, of which {{Convert|1|Goilbbl|m3}} are thought to be recoverable. Cairn India is the operator of the field, a subsidiary of [[Vedanta Limited|Vedanta Group]].

==Field participation history==
[[Royal Dutch Shell]] won the licensing round for Block RJ-ON-90-1 in 1992 from the Indian Government, entering into a Production Sharing Contract (PSC) with them.

In 1998, [[Royal Dutch Shell]] sunk a well in the area and put a logging tool probe (which detects [[hydrocarbons]]) down the bore. However, the electronic readings came up negative.<ref>{{cite news| url=https://www.forbes.com/global/2005/0110/016.html | work=Forbes | date=October 1, 2005 | title=A Scottish Vindaloo}}</ref> A worker for Cairn Energy at the site (which then held a 10% stake in the leasehold) noticed that the probe was actually dripping in oil.<ref>{{cite news| url=https://www.forbes.com/global/2005/0110/016.html | work=Forbes | date=October 1, 2005 | title=A Scottish Vindaloo}}</ref> - This was later found to be oil from the calibration run, inserted to the well at ground level to test the logging tool.

27% of this contract was then sold to Cairn Energy in 1998 in return for covering some historical costs and drilling the next exploration well. Cairn's stake increased to 50% in 1999 by offering in exchange to fund the second exploration well.

Subsequently, Cairn purchased 40% of Shell's leaseholding and the remaining 50% in 2002 for $7.25 million. [https://www.forbes.com/global/2005/0110/016.html]

$100 million was spent by Cairn Energy on wells. In January 2004, 3.7 billion barrels of oil equivalent was found in Mangala, making it 2004's biggest discovery of on-shore oil in the world. [https://archive.is/20130123024639/http://www.financialexpress.com/news/cairnupgradesreserveestimatesofrajasthanoilfields/594650/0]

In 2005 the national Indian oil company [[ONGC]] exercised their right as part of the terms of the PSC to acquire a 30% stake in the two larger fields discovered to date. The company retains this option on all further discoveries in the block. 2006 saw a restructuring of Cairn Energy into three companies, Cairn Energy, Cairn India and Capricorn Energy. Block RJ-ON-90-1 was included in the assets of Cairn India, which was floated on the Indian stock market in the same year, raising almost $2 billion.

==Reservoir properties==
{{Unreferenced section|date=March 2011}}
Despite containing a massive {{Convert|3.6|Goilbbl|m3}} of in-situ oil, the recovery factor for the field is roughly around 30%, giving it reserves of approximately {{Convert|1|Goilbbl|m3}}. This level of recovery is a result of the properties of the oil rather than to do with the geological settings of the reservoir which can often hamper recovery factors. The oil has an [[API gravity]] of between 25 and 30, which makes it slightly heavier than [[Brent Crude]] at 38 API. However, more importantly, the oil is very waxy. This waxiness causes it to be a solid at room temperature (20 °C, which is much lower than typical daytime temperatures of Mangala). Brent crude typically has a pour point at 3 °C while Mangala oil has a pour point of 42 °C.

To assist with increasing the recovery factor, two types of Enhanced Oil Recovery (EOR) are being evaluated which could increase the recovery by up to 25%. The less riskier and costly of them would be to undertake a Polymer flood instead of a traditional water flood. This is strategy is not very dependent on the oil price, well location or extensive testing. The other option is to undertake Alkaline-Surfactant-Polymer flooding (ASP). ASP flooding would be riskier in terms of costs, well spacing, development time (five years), and would be more sensitive to the oil price. However, the rewards for it are significantly higher, potentially increasing the incremental reserves by 25% when compared to polymer or water flooding.

==Exploration and development==
Cairn (and previously Shell) have drilled 184 wells during the exploration stage, of which 22 were discoveries, the most significant being the Mangala discovery well which confirmed the field's large reserves. The well intersected two separate reservoirs with a total oil column of 320 meters.

Cairn India expects to drill in excess of 100 wells developing the fields in the Mangala Area. First production was scheduled to begin in 2007; however, this has thought to have slipped to 2009 due to the tight oil market for equipment and services.

Peak production was expected to plateau at {{Convert|175000|oilbbl/d|m3/d}}. It is now expected to be 250,000 barrels per day. [https://archive.is/20130123024639/http://www.financialexpress.com/news/cairnupgradesreserveestimatesofrajasthanoilfields/594650/0]

India-based Oil and Natural Gas (ONGC) has given nod for its $560m project to improve oil recovery at Mangala oilfield in Rajasthan.

==References==
{{Reflist}}
*{{cite web | title=Cairn India Corporate Presentation May 2007| work=Cairn India Website | url=http://cairnindia.com/pdf/Corporate%20Presentation%20-%20May%202007%20110507%20Final_WOLetter.pdf | accessdate=June 12, 2007 }} {{Dead link|date=October 2010|bot=H3llBot}}
*{{cite web|title=Operating & Exploration Review Continued |work=Cairn Energy |url=http://www.cairn-energy.plc.uk/2006/AR/rajasthan_basin.htm |accessdate=June 13, 2007 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070501233010/http://www.cairn-energy.plc.uk/2006/AR/rajasthan_basin.htm |archivedate=May 1, 2007 }}
*{{cite news | title=Cairn delays India oilfield start | work=BBC News| url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/business/4804222.stm| accessdate=June 13, 2007 | date=March 14, 2006}}
*{{cite news | title=Cairn ready to float Indian arm | work=BBC News| url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/business/5315884.stm| accessdate=June 13, 2007 | date=September 5, 2006}}
*{{cite web|title=Hunting for Black Gold - Kevin Hart at Cairn Energy |work=Financeweek |url=http://www.financeweek.co.uk/cgi-bin/item.cgi?id=4013 |accessdate=June 13, 2007 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070822001129/http://www.financeweek.co.uk/cgi-bin/item.cgi?id=4013 |archivedate=August 22, 2007 }}

{{Coord missing|Rajasthan}}

[[Category:Oil fields in India]]
[[Category:Energy in Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Thar Desert]]
[[Category:Vedanta oil and gas fields]]
[[Category:ONGC oil and gas fields]]

Mangala Area - Revision history

imported>Kautilya3: Adding/removing wikilink(s)